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THE PANDEX

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

In accordance with its annual custom,
The Pandex of The Press publishes in this
number the full text of the President's
Message to Congress, it being the only one
of the standard periodicals to afford its
readers this privilege.

Much demand for the issue containing
the Message having arisen heretofore after
the issue has been exhausted it has been
arranged to reprint the text under a
separate cover for so many as may wish
to preserve it in that form.

Separate pamphlets containing the
Message, therefore, may be had by sending
TEN cents in stamps to the office of The
Pandex of The Press, 24 Clay Street, San
Francisco. The pamphlet will also contain
the best cartoons on the Message.

170010

THE PANDEX OF THE PRESS

Edited by Arthur I. Street

INDEX TO CONTENTS

Series II.

JANUARY, 1907

Vol. V, No. 1

<30VER — Standard Oil Inquiry — Adapted from
\he Cleveland Plain-Dealer.

FRONTISPIECE — The Handwriting on the
Wall — Chicago Tribune.

EDITORIAL — Rising above the State 1

ALL, ALONG THE LINE 11

Roosevelt Wouldn't Hear 11

Suits Against the Standard 12

Old Check on Harriman 14

Strikes Three Big Systems 14

Light on Coal Frauds 16

Caused the Fuel Famine 18

Light on Railway Dividends IS

Car Famine up for Inquiry 19

Indictments Hit Four Railroads 20

Grip of Lumber Trust ; 22

Trust in Gunpowder Next 22

Move on Smelter Company 23

After Turpentine Trust 23

Burn Tobacco Factories 23

TRANSFORMATION IN NEW YORK 24

CORRECTING A MISAPPREHENSION — Verse. 26

IN A NEW SPIRIT 27

Corporations Raise Wages 28

Pays Uncalled-for Taxes 28

Chicago Roads to Make Raise 28

Ryan Leaves Companies 29

Attacks Money Practices 30

Points to a Trust Curb 32

Wants Justice for Railways 32

Defense of Standard Oil 34

Wings Sprouting on John D 34

350,000 Workmen Needed 35

Labor Adopts Policy 35

From Napkins to Oatmeal 35

OWN THEIR OWN COLLIERIES 36

SONG OF THE PLOW — Verse 38

BROADER THAN NATIONALITY 39

Foreign Complexities Confronted 40

National Trade Hits Snags 40

Canada Balks at Mall 40

Offers a Tariff Sop 42

German Meat Duty Hurts 42

To Send Poor to United States 42

In a Diplomatic Duel 44

Coast Has a Solution 45

Asiatic Hordes Elsewhere 45

Hindoos Invade Canada 45

Trying to Make 111 Feeling 46

Japan Not after Java 47

Knows Japan's Defenses 4S

Complications with Mexico 4S

Problem Is World Vexatious 49

America Gets into the Congo 50

May Lose Big Colony 51

Move to Overthrow Sultan 51

Bet'ween Germany and Turkey 51

Russia in Shah's Kingdom 52

Austrian Succession a Problem 52

First School for Diplomats 54

A New Idea in Warfare 54

ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENT 55

Plan for the Currency 55

Asks Power Against Trusts 56

Propose Federal Licenses 56

More Battleships Needed 57

Condition of the Finances 57

Anent the Money Stringency 5S

Tussles in Congress. The 60

Fight Against Child Labor 62

Tariff Revision after 1908 62

Revision of the Laws 63

THE HUMOR OF IT — Verse 64

SEEKING A SAFEGUARD 65

Plan for Great Sea Canal 65

Fifty Millions for Waterways 66

President Promises Aid 66

Hill Favors Gulf Canal 66

To Deepen Ohio River 67

Dream of Maritime Empire • • ■ ■ 68

President and Panama Canal 73

Shifts the Canal Heads 73

AWAY FROM ALL REBATES 75

Airships in Eery Home 75

Maxim Confirms the Hope 76

Professor Bell Also Optimistic 70

Santos-Dumont Resentful 78

France Builds War Fleet 79

British Are Alarmed 79

Woman Invents a Ship 80

VERSE S**

Old Sheep Wagon, The
Heartless Sheila Shea.

ON THE BASIS OP THE SOU, 81

Farmers' Loan Bill Passed 81

Epic of Farming-. An 82

They Make Railroads Rich 83

Weapon for War Time. A 83

New Variety of Alfalfa 83

Artificial Vegetables 84

Canning Industry. The 84

Wealth In the Prickly Pear 84

New Land of Corn Found 85

Cotton Clogs Its Road 86

Raise Chickens or Go 85

To Saw the Prairie Sod 86

Breeding a Setless Hen 88

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, POINTS FROM 90

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, IN FULL, 92

DRAMATIZING THE TIMES 114

Love. Labor, and Capital 114

Drama of Love and Politics 115

Gossip Costs Four Lives 116

Forgets Castellane Case 116

Rabbi Upholds a Play 117

Mud-rakes Medical Profession 118

Japanese Dream Play 118

Realism at Worst in Berlin 119

Courted by Mail Bight Years 120

Woman Lashed to Wheel 120

Chance Freed Him from Prison 122

Calls Love a Dream 122

New Marriage Solution 123

Still a Queen — of Dreams 124

PARENTS BECOME GYPSIES TO r-'HD

STOLEN DAUGHTER 126

A THANKSGIVING INQUIRY — Verse 129

NEED OF A DEEPER TONE 128

Religion Needed for Reform 129

Dawn of a New Religion 131

Storm about Mr.s. Eddy 131

Whistling Girl In Church 133

To Care for the Babies 134

Religion of the Occult 134

Objects to Thanksgiving 135

On the Trail of the Missionary 136

I.OVE IN THE CAR — Verse 140

FOR PREVENTING SUICIDE 140

I-AST COWBOY, THE 144

VERSE AND HUMOR 150

ERRATUMi — Thru an error In the making-up of
the December Pandex, the frontispieces failed to
receive credit from the New York Herald.

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THE PANDEX • SCHOOL OF CURRENT
HISTORY AND JOURNALISM?

Conducted by ARTHUR I. STREET, Editor
"The Pandex of The Press"

The reception accorded the aii-
A iiouiicement of the founding of

Successful TlIK PANDKX SCHOOL OP
Opening. CURRENT HISTORY AND
JOURNALISM has surpassed
the most hopeful expectations of all persons as-
sociated with its organization.

Apparently it has met a popular need and
is to become even a broader and more useful in-
stitution tiian its originatoi's had dared to hope
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Applications for matriculation have been re-
ceived from all parts of the country and from
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in the modern press and its high social function
quite as much as it does the interest of the ap-
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THE PANDEX SCHOOL OF
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School. the pui-pose of developing, as

far as possible, the same scien-
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sents that have long since obtained in other pro-
fessions; and it is, thei'efore, peculiarly gratify-
ing to its originators to discover so widespread
an interest in the School's undertaking.

Journalism, undoubtedly, is the most powerfid
single factor in modern public life, and the sys-
tematic study of its far-reaching elements, be-
comes, for this reason, one of the most important
phases of popular education, albeit thus far one
of the most neglected phases. As the number,
scope, and variety of publications thruout the
world are more likely to increase than diminish
in the future, the demand for intelligent work-
ers and leaders must increase proportionately;

and, unless there is some adequate pi(i\ision
made to furnish the material, the standard of
.journalism will not advance in accordance with
the advance in the other standai'ds of current
life.

Hitherto the e<iuipment lor the
Filling .journalistic career in America

an has consisted chiefly of ex-

Empty Gap. perience, taken how and where
it could be found — an excellent
school, and indispensable. But there has been
comparatively little, if any, effort to. formulate
the experience, or to establish pi'inciples and
teachings by which the acquirements of the pres-
ent (lay could be preserved and utilized for
pedagogic purposes.

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stands it.self, its function will be the bridging
of this gap. Its founders, thru many years of
training and a method of study conducted and
tested in all parts of the world, have elaborated
a comprehensive and exhaustive system, which
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from the rudiments to the most advanced levels.
And all the benefits of this system are offered
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The courses open January 1st, simultaneously
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The applicant should sign his name to the
following blank, and forward the same to THE
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THE PANDEX

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Copy of the first announcement of the School,
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Note: — Thru a most regrettable circumstance, it has been found neces-
sary to substitute another name for that of Mr. W. C. Morrow on the
staff of the School. Negotiations are now pending whereby it is expected
to associate with the School in Mr. Morrow's stead, a man of much dis-
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in several of the most important phases of his PANDEX work and who
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THE PANDEX

The Moving Finger writes: and having writ,
Moves on; nor all your Piety nor Wit
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it.

— Omar Khayyam.
—Adapted from Spokane Spokesman-Review.

amspiipss

THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL.

-Chicago Tribune.

THE PANDEX OF THE PRESS.

JANUARY, 1907

Series II

Vol. V No. 1

Rising Above the State?

A Rebuke

from a

President

How important it is that the
T^nited States should be at
a point where some fixed
policy and some fixed social
trend may be considered as "Accepted"
(see editorial in December Pandex)- becomes
iipparent when such a crisis develops as has
been created by President Roosevelt's mes-
sage on the Japanese question. Not the
crisis in the relations with Japan, for o!^
that there may be none; but the crisis in
the relations of the nation with itself.

When a President so popular as Mr. Roose-
velt and so completely in the common con-
fidence finds that local conditions in any one
section of the country Bierit the threat of
Federal intervention, it is time, indeed, that
there should be some unity not subject to
electoral change, ;^ome overwhelming na-
tional sentimeiit that will survive the con-
troversial turmoil of State Rights.

For, after all, State Rights constitute but
an enlarged phage; of individual rights; and,
in these .days when the American possessions
reach out into the far seas and American
influence dominates in the councils of most
of the leading powers of the world, it is vital
that the State, as well as the man, should

be of as large, altruistic, and unrestricted
grasp as possible.

Altered
Individual
Standards

Alreadj-, whether it be in
contravention of the under-
lying principles of a demo-
cratic form of government
or not, we have grown to the stage wherein
the purely selfish administration of one's
personal life and labors is no longer possible.

SAN FRANCISCO:
'Just Wait Till I Get You Outside!"

— St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

THE PANDEX

AFTER THE MESSAGE.
If somebody is asked to be President of the
world in the next few years, the Japanese, after
failing to elect the Mikado, ought to vote for
Roosevelt. — Chicago New.s

The very mass and intricacy of the social
organization forbids it. And, altho it be
true that the founders of the nation came to
its soil to escape the severities and exactions
of a too centralized state and ehareh. cen-
tralization has again been attained, and the
shadow of government control stands over
the w^ork and deeds of every citizen. To say
to men of trade and finance that they can
no longer hide their aims and ways behind
the traditional privileges of what is an in-
dividual's "own business" may grate
harshly upon the spirit which has thus far
been the principal impulse and component
of American prosperity; but the possibility
of further national progress under any other
rule is probably removed forever.

Business success under the moral of sauve
qui pent has led too frequently to the son,
of crafty and astute iniquity which is being
exhibited to public gaze by the Grand Jury
inquiries in San Francisco or by the recent
gambling exposures in New York. It has
erected too stoutly the domineering com-
mercialism of trusts and monopolies. It has
written too long a tale of the subordination
of labor, of constantly increasing costs of
living, of ruthless fuel shortages at the open-
ing of winter, of- such inhuman grinding and
ruin as followed in the wake of the coal land
thefts in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.

them.

And these things public con-
science no longer approves,
because public convenience
can no longer survive under
Their restraint and regulation have

Conscience

and
Convenience.

become both imperative and unavoidable.
Were this not true, the corporations would
never have permitted either the nomination
or the election of Mr. Hughes, who so merci-
lessly exposed them in the insurance investi-
gation ; the agricultural vote would not have
defeated Congressman Wadsworth who an-
tagonized the meat inspection bills; Stand-
ard Oil would have succeeded in overthrow-
ing Governor Hoch in Kansas ; and Missouri
would have remained 'pat' in the Republican
column as a rebuke to the courage and honor
of Governor Folk.

With such colossal interests at stake as
are now represented in the Union-Pacific and
its limitless chain of affiliations (including
lately the Illinois Central and, presumably,
the Baltimore and Ohio), nothing but the
most unescapable of conditions and circum-
stances would lead- Mr. Harriman and his
associates to accept or approve in the
smallest particle an Administration which
purposes to take away from private control
the remaining coal lands, or which threatens
with further relentless prosecution the men
who have gained possession of coal and tim-
ber lands by methods which once were not
regarded with disapprobation.

With the ceaseless new interlacing of the

Design for new police uniform (suggested by
the recent anti-vice crusade in St. Louis and else-
where).

— St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

THE PANDEX

3

various lines of trade under the control of toward the three-cent fare ; or in the scotch-

a limited few, so that the trail of the Stand- ing of Mr. Bailey in Texas because he "bor-

ard Oil appears in everything from petro- rowed money" from the Waters-Pierce Oil

leum to wheat and from the manufacture of Company in ostensible return for political

alcohol to the operation of trolley lines in favors.

POOR LITTLE CHAP I

Always Forgotten.

— Chicago News.

so small a town as Martinez in California,
il is not likely that anything but helpless
submission to the trend of the times would
be driving the sponsors of this interlacing to
the acceptance of such Berious commercial
consequences as are involved in the persist-
ent policies of Dr. Wiley and his cleansing
of food and standardizing of labels ; or in
the steady progress of the city of Cleveland

Influential Men
Change Their
Standpoints

Probably few remaining men
of consequence, either com-
mercially or politically, fail
to realize that the order of
things is irrevocably changed; and that,
where formerly both ingenuity and defiance
were employed to evade or overpower the
wish of the community, the stress of persua-
sion and the force of prestige can better be

THE P AND EX

exerted for the euds that favor the many
^s well as the few, for the achievements
.^•hich will bring honor as well as wealth.

Men like Mr! Hill, the father of the North- '
em Securities Company, turn from the mak-
ing of unlawful mergers to the advocacy of
iiavi*gable waterways from Chicago to New
Orleans. Men like Mr. Ilarriman attend a
Transmississippi Congress and endeavor to
prove themselves at one in opinion and i)ur-
ipose with Secretary Root of the President's
ijeebinet. Even Mr. Rockefeller alters tactics
.'and receives the subpena of a deputy
-jUnited States marshal with the grace of a
'iiost in his drawing room; while Corporation
;*Counsel Lewis, of Chicago, implacable enemy
j)of corporations tho he is supposed to be,
ieiieQunteri*'no obstacles'- in proving, for the
purposes of taxation, that a single factor
lies behind the proposed consolidation of a}l
the light, power, transit, and terminal facili-
ties in the ^indy City.

New Line of

Political
Controversy

To be sure, the mental
process involved in such a
transformation can hai'dly
be said to have been worked
out in full, but nevertheless it is indubitably
true that the wealthy man, as well as the
average man, has begun to realize -that all
forms of business occupation, trade, 'or pro-
fession must hereafter be administered quite
a>: much in the interest of the community
as in the interest of the individual. And the
public controversy henceforth is likely to be
much more as to the manner and degree of
adjustment than as to the question of
whether there .should be any adjustment- at
all.

Railroads, for instance, not only accept,
but find themselves unexpectedly pleased
with the interstate commerce laws passed at
the last Congress. Beef-packers already
clamor for more of the inspection which so
recently they spurned, because they have
found that, without the Federal seal upon
their goods, they are again the victims of
European exclusion. A shortage of cars,
which but a brief while ago the railroads
would have deemed it an impertinence upon
the part of the Government to look into,

officials of all lines seem now glad enough to
pass up to the consideration of the public's
board of railroad directors, the Interstate
Commerce Commissioners, apparently con-
■ vinced that the diffiduftres and problems
concerned are so conyilex'and so extensive
that, without popular -aids the solution of
them nuist bo iiidelinitely despaired of.

„ ,, 'Again, the big shipper, de-

No More . ,' , n ., ■ , . 4.

_ ,.„ prived by law or the right to

Indifference to ^ . , ■ „

Law Evasion special; transportation favor
upon which, in many in-
sianees^ he has risen to a thrift altogether
inordinate and-unrighteous, finds, with satis-
faction, that his own j^leas' may be taken to
the same court of popular appeal as are the
pleas of the corporation or of the small
shipper. And, mollifietl by the assurance of
a better justice than he has Jjefore been' able
to expect, he withdraws. ' in proportionate
<'.egree from the mercantile world the com-
plaisant indift'erence to law evasion, upon
which have rested numy of the inequities
oT the past and out ol which have grown,
ultimately, the spirit of^graft and the count-
less phases of petty thievery and extortion
which are familiar to e^ery community.

The idea of attaining special
Disappearance „ ... ,

ravor in business, as has

„ • , -n been necessary heretofore.

Special Favor < . •' '

thus begins to go into re-
jected history along with the idea of special
iavor in Federal polities which President
Roosevelt long since drc^e out of Washing-
ton. Men begin to realize that it is as un-
just to seek to buy in trade by the coercion
of money what in the fairness of open bar-
gain would be denied them as it is to gain
in legislation by the trickery of the lobby or
the play of the "long green."

So, too, the labor unions, moved by the
Icnowledge that the Federal Government is
aiding them in their contention for an eight-
hour day, and feeling secure in the con-
sciousness that when an anthracite or a
bituminous coal strike seems unavoidable,
there is a disinterested chief executive or a
fair-minded national committee (now about
to be re-enforced by the President's applica-

THE PANDEX

WHERE OVERCROWDING MIGHT BE JUSTIFIED.

Design for Special Cell to Be Occupied by L ocal Traction Magnates Responsible for Fatal

Accidents.

— Chicaao News.

THE PA NDEX

tion of the funds of the Nobel peace prize)
to whom arbitration may safely be referred,
come to have little hesitation in clearing
their own consciences of the blunders and
crimes of a teamsters' strike in Chicago;
and they look forward hopefully to the pos-
sibilities that lie before them of electing
their own men to Congress or of constituting
their own factions within the legislatures of
the various states.

Thus, in all classes, the conception of in-
dividual occupation is widely and liberally
expanding. The laboring man moves steadily
forward to the point where his progress will
seem better even to him if bereft of the
malice and envy by which he has justified
the regime of a Ruef; and to where there
need be no reddened passions attempting to
elect a governor in the Empire or any other
state. The corporations, released from the
pressure of a perjured system of special
privilege and robbery, which extends from
the poor devil who is used by coal and tim-
ber embezzlers to file fraudulent claims on
government lands to the influential merchant
who asks reduced rates because of the mag-
nitude of his patronage, begin to be able to
heed the equities of wages, to remember that
the yearning for better homes, better dress,
more travel and more pleasure is as apt to
grow among the workmen and their families
as it is among the employers and managers,
and to exercise their philanthropic instincts
to prevent the need of philanthropy as well
as to rectify ills which once have come into
being.

Following

a New

Purpose

Instead of giving their ab-
sorbing heed to the making
of money, the successful men
are learning to shift to the
making of society. They realize that exactly
in proportion to the ability they or their
forbears have exhibited in amassing indus-
trial and financial thrift is the responsibility
for further directing, administering, and
improving social conditions. Henceforth,
probably, more and more will men like Mr.
Low, of New York, discover the civic value
of remitting unpaid taxes, even tho no de-
mand is made for the same by public ofificials.

More and more will men like Mr. Rudolph
Spreckles, of San Francisco, even tho said
to be piqued into it in the first instance by
financial animosity, find the gratification and
perhaps the thrill that comes of standing
sponsor for the clearing out of a city's rot-
tenness and the preparation of a community
for adequate building up to its naturally
distinguished and noble destiny.

And, if this evolution transpires, we shall
be gravitating rapidly toward that desirable
era wherein, as in the older countries of
Europe, it is as usual to see the conscientious
man of wealth in the national parliament as
it is to see the poorer patriot whose very
poverty tempts both him and his betrayer to
the treason of bad legislation. We shall in
reality be going back to where the Republic
was at its beginning, when Washington, as
the nation's chief, was one of its richest
landed proprietors and at the same time its
most trusted patriot; or to the days of the
Civil War when Jay Cooke, as the nation's
financial agent, was at the same time one of
the nation's most unselfish upholders. Or,
we are moving forward to where, as in En-
gland, we shall have a Burns for a member
in the Federal Cabinet, as we already have
an E. E. Clark in the Interstate Commerce
Commission; or to where, as in Germany, a
Bebel will be a leader on the floor of the
Parliament; or to where, as in France, the
Socialistic and Labor influence has been
making and unmaking ministries for more
than a decade.

Getting

Rid of

Commercialism

In other words, we shall
reach the stage where we
shall be divested of this
"commercialism," which has
been mocked at and derided by the observers
in Europe ever since the days of Charles
Dickens, and which but lately caused the
great Russian novelist to write of New York
as a mere show place of gold and golden
vanity. Leader and common people alike,
we shall be able to lift our eyes above the
vision of the counting table ; we shall be able
once more to shape up the larger ideals of
statecraft, the forecasts of which are already
being felt in the return of the country at

THE PANDEX

LONG-RANGE SNAPSHOT FROM LINCOLN, NEB.

CREAK FROM THE DREDGE— "Huh! I
now, of course, he's 'the man behind the shovel!'

large to an era of public speech and oratory.
Our cities, our commonwealths, our Federal
Union we shall be able to imbue with prin-
ciples that reach far out beyond local
bounds, preparing each for more intimate
participation in the other and the Union for
wiser and stronger sharing in the union of
nations.

In the Event

of Public

Ownership

If, therefore, in the shaping
of our destinies, it be muni-
cipal ownership that we are
to go into, we shall not find
before us the crossings and obstacles and
disheartenments that have stood in the way
of Chicago's efforts to acquire her street

've been digging up this stuff for years, and

- — Chicago News.

railways, or the corruption and selfishness
that have threatened to render abortive the
desire of San Francisco to provide herself
with her own water supply. If it is to be
state ownership that we are to go into, we
shall be qualified to escape the pitfalls that
buried the proposal of Kansas to have her
own oil refinery, or the barbed fences that have
rendered difficult the functions of many state
railroad commissions. Or, if it is to be gov-
ernment ownership, sheer and outright, with
all its enormous magnitude !»nd all its de-
fiance of the impracticable, we shall have
men who will have the same pride in success-
ful management that the Harrimans or the
Rogerses or the Armours or the Camcies

8

THE P A N D E X

now have in what has been done under the
opposite law of individual supremacy.

Or if, on the far contrary, we are to have
none- of these radical advances, but are to
abide within the custom and form by which
we have lived thru one hundred , and thirty
years of republican entity, nevertheless we

will have been trained to that edge where,
tho every shop might have to be "open"
and every port free to the entrance of every
race, such a condition of indulgence and
laisscz faire might cheerfully and welcomely
be indulged for the sake of the greater gain
io be thus acquired and the greater contribu-

DOING OLD ATLAS OUT OF HIS JOB.

-Detroit News Tiibuno.

shall have the men who will have been edu-
cated up to the same enlarged and highly
visualized standards, the same spreading
and loftier conceptions of social life and
function that lift the cities out of their city-
hood, the states out of their statehood, and
the nation into the great plane of inter-
national courtesy and federation.

Where a city, such as San Francisco, is
not only in great strife but also in the heart-
breaking throes of a catastrophe's after-
math, both moneyed man and workingman

t\on thus to be rendered to the future good
of all cities and peoples.

Value of
National
Council

Where a state, such as
Georgia, in common with
many of its sisters of the
south, falls under the agony
of a negro problem, both white men and
black will have been led to the conviction
that there is probably a larger efficacy, in
calling the councils of the nation into con-
ference than in driying at solution with the

T HE P A N D E X

H
Q

w

U
M

EQ

M
Q
H
M

a

l-l
Q

w

o

10

THE PANDEX

impetuosity of a Tillman or the bigotry of
a Vardaman.

Where an entire continental slope, such as
that which trims the Pacific from Nome to
San Diego, is in urgent quest of the trade of
an awakening and enlivening Orient, the
merchant and the editor will have discovered
that there is a commerce of race as well as
of coin, and that where goods eased in pine
and goods cased in bamboo mingle in one
invoice, it may be better to give common
education to the children who dress in
trousers and those who wear the sam, and
to lend, in this as in other respects, the same
dignity of consideration from nation to
nation that each by itself thinks it deserves.

Where a nation such as the United States,
from shore to shore and boundary to bound-
ary, finds the impact of both social and mer-
cantile exchange hardened and irritated by
the aspersities of a high and prohibitive
tariif, the statesmen and the common voters
alike will be ready to give ever greater en-
couragement to the "intermediate tariffs"

offered by a friendly neighl»or on the north
or to the meat concessions of an admiring
monarchy across the Atlantic, or the petro-
leum relief proffered by a land of dreams
and art which already has led the way into
an international institute of agriculture.

Thus, from the lowest rung

„ , to the highest, will there
Toward „

Internationalism <^*^^«1°P ^"PP°^t *°^ ^hat
phase of an able, daring,

and earnest Chief Executive's policy which
surmounts current conditions and looks
away into a progressive and pioneering
future. Thus will there be internally and
externally, within nation, state and city, the
unity of leavening principle which, in the
final analysis, is the probable end toward
which President Roosevelt's messages
"preach," and which rises superior to all
Japanese school questions, as it does to those
of railroad regulation, of corporation pub-
licity, of Panama Canal construction, and of
labor adjudication.

THE OCTOPUS— "This Begins to Look Serious."

— Deti-oit .Toiirnal.

THE PANDEX

11

UKCLE SAM— "It's your move, Mr. Rockef eUer. ' '

— Spokane Spokesman-Revi«w.

AH Along the Line

FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS MOVE UP SHARPLY AGAINST

ALL TRUST VIOLATIONS.— STANDARD OIL, HILL AND HAR-

RIMAN AND OTHER BIG CORPORATIONS ARE

STRONGLY ASSISTED BY THE COURTS

WHETHER or not the controversy over
the schools in San Francisco eventu
ally forces the United States into unpleasant
relations with Japan, the movement within
the American nation which makes for the "
purification of its trade and the re-standardiz-
ation of its morals continues with promising
persistence. The President, who was re-
sponsible in the main for its initiation, re-
mains the guiding and impelling impulse,
and one by one the factors which have been
most strenuously opposed to him acknow-
ledge the virtue of his program. His war-
fare at length has touched the most strongly
intrenched of the corrupt business elements,

and there is scarcely an institution amen-
able to prosecution that is not subject to
some manner of official attack. If there is
to be an ultimate recasting of commercial
principles, it is evident that the time of its
final acknowledgment is not far removed.

ROOSEVELT WOULDN'T HEAR

Standard Oil Men Tried to Prevent the Govern-
ment's Prosecution.

That the new movement has indeed pene-
tiated into the most powerful of modern
organizations is evident from the following
from the Kansas City Times:

Washington. — The suit filed by the attorney
general against the Standard Oil Company in the

.12

THE PANDEX

federal court at St. Louis is the beginning of a
'legal contest that is to be one of the great eiforts
of President Roosevelt's administration. The
trust has exerted its utmost influence to forestall

'the government's action. Those most active and
prominent in its councils })ersoually have argued
the matter with President Roosevelt. Henry H.
Rogers and John 1). Archbold came to Washing-
ton and spent hours at the White House, but
every move they have made has only served to
strengthen the determination of the president to
take action.

The suit filed in no way involves a criminal
prosecution. Such action is reserved for further
consideration by the Department of Justice. In

•the statement issued by Attorney General Moody
regarding the suit he does not refer to the possi-
bility of a criminal action. . It is known, ho\y-
ever, that the administration will stop at nothing
it can hope to achieve in its plans to put the
Standard out of business as a monopoly.

SUITS AGAINST THE STANDARD

Federal Government Fines Would Wipe Out
Company's Capital Stock.

The comprehensiveness and the relentless-
ness of the Federal prosecution is manifest
in the following from the correspondence of
"Raymond" in the Chicago Tribune:

Washington, D. C— If the United States should
win all of its cases of alleged rebating now pend-
ing in the court, and the maximum fine should be
imposed on each count of each indictment it
would wijje out the entire capital stock of the
Standard Oil Company.

It is too much to expect that courts and juries
would sustain every count of every indictment,
but it is not too much to expect that enough of
these counts shall be established according to
law, and that enough fines shall be imposed to
make the Standard Oil Company, great though it
is, howl for mercy.

These rebate suits are entirely independent of
the proceedings instituted at St. Louis which
seek to dissolve the great Standard Oil system
itself. The rebate suits proceed upon indict-
ments, and the corporation is charged with being
guilty of a misdemeanor in accepting secret fa-
vors from railroads. If found guilty each misde-
meanor is punishable by a fine of from $1000 to
$20,000.

Taking advantage of this fact, the government,
through the Department of Justice, has endeav-
ored to collect evidence to establish thousands of
different cases, eaeh a separate misdemeanor and
each punishable on its own account.

The plan of campaign has been carefully
studied out, evidence has been piled up in the
offices of the different district attorneys, and
there is ground for the belief that enough heavy
fines can be imposed to cripple the financial end
of the Standard Oil Company for a little while, at ■
least.

Everybody can see that a great system like the
Standard, which is not only capitalized for $110,-
000,000 but which has properties of its own
amounting to many times that sum, would not
care much for an odd fine of $20,000 now and
then. It would be a mere pin prick. It could be
made, up by a fraction of a cent added to the
price of oil in some territory, and in many cases
the maximum fine for an individual offense would
not begin to equal the actual profit to the Stand-
ard from that particular secret rate of which
that misdemeanor was but a type.-

No Danger of Prison.

When Senator Elkins secured the passage of
his rebate act he slipped through a provision
which eliminated the imnishnient of imprison-
ment, so that neither tlie heads of the Standard
Oil Company nor their agents nor clerks stood in
the slightest danger, of getting behind the bai's
in spite of repeated violations of the law.

The heavy fine was substituted for imprison-
ment and the Standard Oil Company, the steel,
coal, and other trusts went on receiving and de-
manding rebates in the belief that they could not
be reached except for individual instances where
the fine would not be more than a mere fraction
of the total financial benefit to be gained by the
violation of the law.

A slight experience convinced everybody that
the elimination of imprisonment was a great mis-
take in the enactment of the Elkins law, and that
it was probably done at the instance of the
Standard Oil and other great combinations. Im-
piisomnent as a punisliment for rebate was re-
enacted by the new railroad rate law, but of
course it does not cover any offenses before that
law went into effect.

Rogers Laughs No More.

For a time H. H. Rogers and his associates in
the great system had the laugh on the govern-
ment. They knew they could be convicted of
some rebates here and there, but fines had no ter-
rors for them. They did not realize, however,
that every time a separate shipment of oil left
Whiting for Evansville or East St. Louis under
a secret rate in defiance of law a separate offense
against the people of the United States was com-
mitted.

Shrewd as these men were they had forgotten
this, or else they did not think the government
would be honest enough to take advantage of the
situation. But President Roosevelt, Attorney
General Moody, and their subordinates have in-
stituted a series of prosecutions under the crimi-
nal section of the Elkins law,- the like of which
probably has never been seen in this or any other
country. Indictment has been piled on indict-
ment, and each has been fortified by instance
after instance of the illegal practice, each form-
ing a separate count of the indictment, and each
creating a separate liability to the maximum fine.

This has been a distinct plan of campaign on
the part of the government, and so it comes, as I
stated in the beginning, that if the suits insti-
tuted this fall are successfully carried to the end,
and the maximum penalty on each count is in-

THE PANDEX

13

14

THE PANDEX

flicted, the capital stock of the Standard Oil
Company and its reserve will be wiped out of
existence, and there will be an additional liability
of $50,000,000 or so, for the stockholders — Rocke-
feller, Rogers, and the rest of them— to make
good.

These suits have been filed in the northern dis-
trict of Illinois at Chicago, in the western dis-
trict of Tennessee, and in the western district of
New York, in which places it has been found a
simple matter to secure the strongest kind of evi-
dence. Taking the total number of counts al-
leged in each indictment, it is possible to make
up a striking table of the maximum and minimum
fines, as follows:

Minimum Maximum
fine. fine.

Illinois $6,428,000 $128,560,000

Tennessee 1,524,000 30,480,000

New York 146,000 2,920,000

$8,098,000 $181,960,000

OLD CHECK ON HARBIMAN

U. S. Finds a Provision for Attacking His Bail-
way Mergers.

Intimately affiliated with the Standard Oil
is the extensive railroad system controlled,
or said to be controlled, by Edward H. Har-
riman. That something is vulnerable here,
too, from the national point of view, is shown
in the following from the Chicago Inter-
Oeean :

Washington D. C. — In the sweeping investiga-
tion that the Interstate Commerce Commission is
making into the affairs of the Union Pacific
merger with the Illinois Central, B. & 0., and
other Harriman properties, the original federal
charter of the Union Pacific has been carefully
studied and it has been discovered that the gov-
ernment has a grip on the situation entirely dis-
tinct from the powers conferred on the Commis-
sion by the new rate law.

The act of Congress chartering the Union Pa-
cific provides: "That whenever it appears that
the net earnings of the entire railroad and tele-
graph, including the amount allowed for services
rendered for the United States after deducting
all expenses, including repairs and the furnish-
ing, running, and managing of said road, shall
exceed ten per centum upon its cost, exclusive of
the five per centum to be paid to the United
States, Congress may reduce the fare thereon if
unreasonable in amount, and may fix and estab-
lish the same rate by law. ' '

Provisions Still in Effect.

When a reorganization of the system was ef-
fected some years ago the government waived
its five per centum share in the earnings of the
road, but, it is claimed by the experts who have
studied the charter, that the remaining provisions

of the law still stand and are in full effect. As the
cost of the property and not the capitalization
made the basis of the computation of the earning
capacity, it is claimed that the road has long
passed the point where the government's regu-
lating powers become effective.

Under the new rate law a complaint is needed
before an action for the change of rates becomes
a matter for the Commission to investigate. In
the light of the charter provision this will not be
necessary in the case of the Union Pacific, though
as a matter of fact the Interstate Commission can
conduct any investigation it sees fit, involving
the operation and manipulation of railroad prop-
erties. As generally understood, the investigation
now going on in regard to the Harriman lines is
for the use of the attorney general in basing a
suit on the same lines as the Northern Securities

STRIKES THREE BIG SYSTEMS

Hill Beads Fall Under the Ban of the Anti-Trust
Proceedings.

An interest to which Mr. Harriman and
his associates were at one time attached, but
which is said to have reverted to its original
sponsors, is assailed in the same manner that
Mr. Harriman 's mergers are assailed. Said
John Callan O'Laughlin in the Chicago
Tribune :

Washington, D. C. — An investigation of the
three great railroad systems of the country — the
Union Pacific, the Great Northern, and the
Northern Pacific — has been begun by the Inter-
state Commerce Commission.

The Union Pacific inquiry, or to give it the
title used by the Commission, the "Harriman
situation," arises through an alleged combina-
tion in restraint of trade and commerce of the
Union Pacific, the Oregon Short Line, the Oregon
Railway and Navigation Company, the Southern
Pacific and affiliated lines, and the Illinois Cen-
tral.

The Great Northern and Northern Pacific in-
quiry is for the purpose of ascertaining if these
roads are observing the decree of the Supreme
Court, which dissolved the Northern Securities
Company, a holding corporation which had com-
bined them, and if, as alleged, they are suppress-
ing competition by an agreed-on rate, and are
under common operation.

Although the Commission has been considering
the advisability of instituting these investigations
for some time, and the Great Northern and
Northern Pacific investigation actually has been
in progress for nearly two weeks, it was Presi-
dent Roosevelt who directed that they be begun
with as little delay as the other business before
the Commission permitted. Indeed, the presi-
dent has stated he had more complaints against
the Union Pacific than against any railroad sys-
tem in the country, not only in the form of writ-

THE P A N D E X

15

UNASSAILABLE.

— St. Louis Republic.

16

THE P AND EX

ten communieatioii, but by way of personal rep-
resentatives.

These complaints have extended over months
and have charged that the Union Pacific and the
Oregon Short liine had absolutely killed compe-
tition so far as the Southern Pacific was con-
cerned, and that the Oregon Short Line controls
the Oregon Eailway and Navigation Company
and has a majority of the stock of the Southern
Pacific, electing the governing board of the latter
line. It has been claimed that the two roads have
a common operating agent and a common traffic
manager. The effect has been to keep up rates
and to enforce harmful measures, from which
shippers on and between the two lines have no
redress.

A statement issued by the Interstate Commei-ce
Commission this afternoon ainiounces that an in-
vestigation is to be made "into the relations be-
tween the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific
railroad systems growing out of their common
management and control."

The Commission has selected Frank B. Kel-
logg, who was one of the government's counsel
in the Standard Oil prosecution, and his partner,
C. A. Severance. Their investigation, according
to a decision just reached, will extend from
New York to San Francisco.

LIGHT ON COAL FRAUDS

Existence of Ring to Steal Fuel Tracts in Utah,
Colorado, and Wyoming is Proved.

One of the most potential factors in the
building up of the great railroad systems
out of which Harriman and Hill have been
evolved has been, of course, the western coal
supply. How this has been handled, and
how the handling of it is being haled into
court, are told in part in the following by
"Raymond" in the Chicago Tribune:

Washington, D. C. — There will be plenty of
time between now and March 4, when he retires
from the Interior Department, for Secretary
Hitchcock to throw a flood of light upon the
operation.s of the corrupt ring which has been
stealing coal lands in Wyoming and other western
states from the government in the interest of the
various railroad corporations.

The facts developed by the Interstate Com-
merce Commission and by the investigation
which has been going on here under the personal
supervision of Secretary Hitchcock have estab-
lished the existence of the frauds beyond the
shadow of a doubt. The railroads employed
"dummies" to enter these lands, and one ques-
tion before the Department now is to fix the re-
sponsibility, because it is manifest that these
frauds could not have been committed in this
particular way without collusion on the part of
a whole string of government officials.

The present indications are that the clews

originally developed in Wyoming, Colorado, and
Utah lead more or less directly into the general
land office in Washington. Mr. Binger Hermann,
of Oregon, now a member of Congress from that
state, is to be tried next month for acts he is
alleged to have committed as a commissioner-
general of the Land Office. He resigned from
that office, and his alleged malfeasances were
developed afterwards, and, in fact, after he was
elected congressman.

Richards Asked to Explain.

Commissioner Hermann was succeeded in
charge of the General Land Office by W. A. Rich-
ards. He received his appointment through the
influence of Senator Warren, to whose state Mr.
Richards was credited. The present commis-
sioner sent in his resignation some time ago, but
since then he has been called upon for a report
in regard to certain gross irregularities in the
West. Until that report is approved it may be
a matter of uncertainty whether the acceptance
of his resignation may not be recalled, and Mr.
Richards forced to appear before the secretary
of the interior to answer to the charge of inter-
fering with the orderly conduct of ])ublic
business.

The secretary of the interior is anxious that
the entire matter should be cleared up before
Mr. Richards retires from the Land Department,
and this seems to be more necessary because
there are no criminal charges against him what-
soever, but there are serious allegations that he
has allowed personal influences to interfere with
the proper conduct of his bureau, and that he
has paid more attention to the personal influence
of Senator Warren than to the positive ordera
of the secretary of the interior himself.

Frauds Beyond Question.

There is, of course, no question as to the ex-
tent of the frauds and the criminality of the men
who perpetrated them upon the government. In
the affidavit made by Special Agent Myendorff
and the testimony submitted by him to the Inter-
state Commerce Commission at Salt Lake recently
it was alleged specifically that Senator Warren
tried to induce him to drop the investigation
of the Union Pacific and its connection with the
coal-land frauds. It also was asserted that the
General Land Office in Washington had for years
refused to listen to his report, hampered him in
every way possible, and finally had transferred
him.

The witness went on to say that Senator War-
ren had copies of his confidential reports to the
secretary of the interior and had used these in
an effort to compel him to stop his investigations
so as not to interfere with the re-election of Sen-
ator Clark.

It was also alleged that George F. Pollock,
chief of one of the bureaus of the Interior De-
partment, advised him to destroy four affidavits
which he had obtained against the Union Pacific
Railway Company.

Pollock Denies Charges.
Senators Warren and Clark are both away

THE P A N D E X

17

THE WOLF CHASE.

St. Louis Republic.

18

THE PA NDEX

from Washington. The commissioner-general of
the Land Office declined to see anybody at all in
regard to these charges. He is still at work on
the report which Secretary Hitchcock demanded
of him some time ago. Chief Clerk Pollock said
emphatically that he never saw and never was
informed of any affidavits from Mr. Meyendorff
or anybody else which did not in regular course
become and remain a part of the records of his
office. He says emphatically that he has never in
any way aided or countenanced the failure to
prosecute the land frauds in Wyoming or any
other state.

The inclusion of Mr. Pollock in the charges
made at Salt Lake City is particularly important
because he was being pressed as successor to
Commissioner Richards. The publication of
these charges, of course, will prevent his consid-
eration for that place by the president. He was
urged by Mr. Richards himself and by Senator
Warren, it is understood.

CAUSED THE FUEL FAMINE

Shortage in Coal Results From the Thefts by
the Railroad Monopolists.

A consequence of the coal crimes, and
something which in itself is likely to call
for the same examination and correction
tliat other questionable institutions are re-
ceiving, is reflected in the following from
the Chicago Record-Herald:

Salt Lake City, Utah. — Owing largely to the
monopoly which has been built up by fraud, per-
jury, and wholesale stealings in the vast coal
fields of the West, the entire country this side of
the Missouri River is in the grip of the greatest
fuel famine ever experienced.

So extensive and general has become the short-
age in the coal supply that industries are being
crippled, manufacturing paralyzed, mines and
smelters closed, the business of the farm and of
the cities seriously retarded, and even life in the
homes of the people is being threatened. The
coal producers and the transportation companies
are totally unable to cope with the situation,
although they are bending every energy to re-
lieve the urgent necessity of the people.

The shortage in coal — due partially to the
fruits of the greed and monopoly — grows daily
and has become alarming. So inadequate is the
present supply of coal to meet the demand that
in this city there is not a single coal firm which
will guarantee the delivery of a single ton of
coal to the home of a consumer under fourteen
days.

Storm to Mean Disaster.

The business of this city and of every large
center almost from the Canadian border to the
Rio Grande and from the Missouri River to the
Pacific Coast is running on one or two days' coal
supply. Should there come a bad storm in the
mountains sufBcient to hinder still further trans-

portation of coal, the situation in almost the en-
tire West would become dangerous. Both the
transportation and the coal companies are bend-
ing every effort to relieve the situation. Their
managers in.sist that it is the wonderful and un-
precedented growth of the country which is caus-
ing the shortage.

The people who are suffering and who are
clamoring for coal insist that their sufferings are
due from the monopolistic grip which the Gould
and the Harriman systems have succeeded in
placing on the coal industry of Wyoming, Utah,
Colorado, and other western states. In proof of
this contention they point to the disclosures re-
cently made by the investigation by the Inter-
state Commerce Commission.

LIGHT ON RAILWAY DIVIDENDS

Interstate Commerce Commission About to Inves-
tigate Complaints of Undue Rates.
How much is at stake in the fight of the
corporate interests against the new conditions
is reflected in the following from the New
"i ork Herald:

Washington, D. C. — So many complaints have
been received that railroads are increasing divi-
dends while failing to give adequate car service
that the Interstate Commerce Commission is
about to start upon one of the most important
investigations in its history.

It will take up the question of increased divi-
dends in connection with assertions that they are
the result of unduly high rates. In connection
with the shortage of cars there are intimations
that some shippers are favored at the expense of
others.

Generally railroad rates have not been reduced.
The tendency has been to higher figures, but the
principal grievance of shippers is that they can
not get the cars to transport their goods, and
these complaints have become general. They
have been pouring in on the Commission at the
rate of hundreds a day.

All this time the railroad stockholders have
been receiving melons and increased dividends.
One example was the ten-per-cent dividend of
Union Pacific. Another was the ten-per-cent
extra dividend of the Lackawanna. Still another
was the division of valuable rights bv the Pull-
man Company.

The investigation of the increased dividends
in connection with the shortage of rolling stock
will be undertaken by the Commission imme-
diately, and be followed up by an investigation
of the relation between increased dividends and
the increased cost of articles of necessity.

Saving on Rolling Stock.

One point that is made by many complainants
is that where railroads are practically in com-
bination, as is the case with the anthracite lines,
instead of taking all the traffic they can get and

THE PANDEX

19

providing facilities for it, they are saving money
on rolling stock and favoring certain shippers in
certain localities.

If this can be established it will prove the ex-
istence of a widespread evil that the rate bill
was designed to cheek, and make necessary rec-

eompanies to do business at lower rates. Many
of the petitioners assert that if the traffic com-
panies, by reducing grades, removing curves, and
improving terminals and switching facilities, are
able to haul freight at less cost there should be
a reduction of freisrht rates.

THE "SWOLLEN FORTUNE" IS BECOMING FRIGHTENED.

— Chicago Tribune.

ommendations to Congress for the passage of a
law empowering the commission to compel rail-
roads to supply cars and rolling stock for all
traffic offered.

Petitions received by the Interstate Commerce
Commission also recite exorbitant dividends paid
by all the express companies, and these are put
forth as conclusive evidence of the ability of the

CAR FAMINE UP FOR INQUIRY

Commission Will Investigate Excuses Roads

Have Been Making Shippers.

Year after year, the public has found the

railroads less able to handle with success

and satisfaction the great business given into

20

THE PANDEX

their hands ; and latterly the inabilities have
concentrated in a national complaint against
a so-called "car famine." What this means
and the extent to which it demands public
correction are to be inferred from the fol-
l(>winf; in the Chicago Record-Herald:

Washington. — The Interstate Commerce Com-
mission is to take cognizance of inci'cased rail-
road dividends in connection with railroad rates.
Prior to that it will investigate the car shortage
that has aroused the conntry-wide wave of com-
plaint from shippers.

Within a short time the Commission ninst de-
cide whether increased dividends arc ))rima facie
evideuce of excessive rates and whether the al-
leg:ed inability of the railroads to handle all
traffic offered is merely a cloak for discrimina-
tion against particular shippers and localities.
Complaints of shortage of cars have been ponring
in upon the Commission for months, and they
have been looking for some authority under the
law for taking the matter up. Coming from all
.sections of the country and from different sta-
tions along the same line of railroa<l, it was evi-
dent that the conditions complained of are gen-
eral, and, whatever the cause, they presented a
condition of aifairs affecting shipjiers evei'vwhere.

Most Important Question.

There is notiiing in the law requiring railroads
to furnish sutficient accommodations to accept
all traffic offered. It is to be supposed that the
railroads are out after business, and the law-
makers never contemplated a deluge of com-
plaints from shippers who are unable to get their
goods to market. No question pending before
the Commission at this time is as important as
that raised by the shortage of cars.

Shippers everywhere are protesting that be-
cause of the refusal of railroads to accept and
transport freight offered they are suffering .great
loss. This is caused in some instances by the
deterioi'ation of freight denied transportation,
and in all instances by the loss of a ])rofitable
market. The Commission, recognizing the im-
perative necessity of relief for the shippers, has
been seeking an excuse for delving into the prob-
lem. It has been found, and an inquiry will soon
be set afoot which will develop whether there is
an actual inability on the part of railroads to
handle all trallic, and if so, the cause.

Various Excuses Oflfered.

Different railroad officials offer different ex-
cuses for a condition which all admit with re-
gret prevails. In some instances inability to fur-
nish cars is given. In others the motive power
of the railroads is taxed to the utmost and no
more freight can be hauled, while in other cases
inadequate terminal and switching facilities are
given.

The Commission has been informed that what-
ever the cause, the railroads are taking advantage
of the congestion to discriminate between ship-
pers and localities. Some preferred shippers

manage to get practically all the cars they want,
while others in the same locality are unable to
get any. Some localities are denied cars, the .
(Commission has been advised, while near-by com-
petitors are given preference.

This question of discrimination gives the Com-
mission sufficient authority to go into the whole
question. It will be learned whether the railroads
have been derelict in not providing a(le(|uatc fa-
cilities to handle all the traffic reasonably to be
expected. There is adequate power in the pres-
ent law to pnni.sh all cases of discrimination be-
tween individuals and localities, under whatever
cloak it may be practiced.

Congress Might Act.

Should it be found that the railroads are fol-
lowing the common practice of large combinations
to reap large and unnatural profits by restricting
the supply, arid liot permitting it to equal the
demand, a question will be jiresented to Con-
gress calling for additional legislation. If it is
true, as asserted by shippers, that the railroads
are maintaining high rates by failing to provide
sufficient accommodations, it is believed Congress
will not be slow in enacting a law if one can be
const itutionallv framed.

INDICTMENTS HIT FOUR RAILROADS

Minneapolis Grand Jury Returns Ten True Bills
in Grain Rate Investigation.

One of the niost successful litics of attack
taken by the Federal authorities is disclosed
in the follo\vin<j from the Chicago Tribune:

Minneapolis, Minn. — Railroad and grain com-
panies were astounded and the rebate evil dealt
a staggering blow in this state when the grand
jury investigating grain rates returned indict-
ments against the Wisconsin Central, the Minne-
apolis and St. Louis, the Chicago, St. Paul, Min-
neapolis and Omaha, and the Great Northern rail-
roads and the McCaull-Densmore Grain C<im-
pany.

Six indictments containing one hundred counts
and naming five ollicials were returned against
(he Great Northern Railroad, the officials named
being Freight Agents David G. Black, Minneajm-
lis; W. W. Broughton, A. G. McGuire, (1. I. Swe-
ney, and H. A. Kindjall, St. Paul.

One indictment, containing .seventeen counts,
was returned against the Wisconsin Central, the
officials named being Freight Agents Burton
Johnson, Milwaukee, and G. T. Huey, Minne-
apolis.

One indictment, containing five counts, was re-
turned against the Minneapolis and St. Louis, the
officials named being Freight Agent J. T. Kenney,
Minneapolis.

One indictment, containing fifty counts, was
returned against the Omaha road, the officials
named being Freight Agents F. C. Gifford, Min-
neapolis; E. B. Ober and H. M. Pearce, St. Paul.

The indictment against the McCaull-Densmore

THE 1' AND EX

21

PLEASANT DREAMS.

Apropos of the fact that District Attorney Jerome, of New York, after months of investi-
gation, reported against the prosecution of the insurance men.

—New York Wmld.

22

THE PANDEX

Company contains five counts, charging the ac-
ceptance of rebates. The railroads and their
officials are indicted for giving rebates. The
minimum penalty for conviction on each count
is $1000 and maximum $20,000.

The general offense alleged in the railroad in-
dictments is the absorption of grain elevation
charges.

The indictments came as a complete surprise to
the railroads. Each company had disclaimed any
criminal intent in its relations with the grain
companies concerning which its employees had
given testimony before the jury. The companies
received no inkling of the fact that they were
threatened with indictment. No member of the
grain company was called to the stand, no rail-
road men indicted who had testified before the
grand jury.

GEIP OF LUMBER TRUST

Inquiry Proposed by Senator Kittredge "Will Dis-
close Most Grinding of Monopolies.

In the course of time, probably, the Fed-
eral probe will touch every line of trade
vhieh affects modern life, as may be judged
from the following from the New York
World in regard to one of the most im-
portant of commodities:

Washington. — The investigation of the lumber
trust, as proposed in a resolution offered by Sen-
ator Kittredge, is regarded by members of Con-
gress as of more general interest to all the people
than any previous inquiry of the kind. Every
household in the country where furniture is used
is interested.

Farmers in such states as do not produce tim-
ber have reached a point where they are help-
less. They can not afford to pay the high prices
demanded for lumber, and improvements have
been checked. This is especially true in the Da-
kotas and other prairie states. The special agents
sent out by the Interstate Commerce Commission
under the La Follette resolution for a general
investigation of the relations existing between
railroads and elevators met with countless ap-
peals for an inquiry into the lumber trust.

At present the lumber trust is the most com-
plete of all the great combinations. It is oper-
ated without a holding company or any outward
evidence of being a monopoly. It fixes the prices
for all lumber. These prices have steadily ad-
vanced for fifteen years and are now approach-
ing the prohibitive point, although there is more
lumber on hand in yards and storehouses than at
any previous period.

The lumber trust operates through several or-
ganizations. These are the Hemlock, Pine, and
Hardwood Associations. Every branch of the
business is covered by an association. Repre-
sentatives of the concern meet every month and
fix prices. Lists are sent out to all customers. If
any retail dealer disregards the fixed price a boy-

cott is established and he is forced out of busi-
ness.

Through this system operated under a "gentle-
men's agreement," all competition has been en-
tirely eliminated. No portion of the country has
been overlooked and all the lumber product of
the United States is controlled by the lumber
trust. The capital of the trust, according to the
last census, is $611,000,000. Lumber is the fourth
largest industry in the country, being surpassed
only by the steel and iron, the textile, and the
meat-packing industries.

By continually increasing the price of lumber
sold to furniture dealers for the last fifteen years
the price of all household goods made of wood
has gradually advanced. There is no relief for
the manufacturers of furniture, as they must pay
the prices demanded by those selling the neces-
sary lumber.

TRUST IN GUNPOWDER NEXT

Government is Preparing for Attack in Court on
Monopoly in Explosives.
In the following item from the Chicago
Kecord-Herald is an exhibit of the manner
\a which the unlawful businesses have in-
jured the Federal Government itself:

Washington. — The gunpowder trust is next on
the list for decapitation. An investigation of its
operations and methods has been under way for
several months, and while officials of the Depart-
ment of Justice refuse at this time to say any-
thing as to their plans, enough is known to war-
rant the statement that action looking to dissolu-
tion of this particular octopus will be taken soon
after the change in the head of the denartment
occurs, which will be immediately after the ap-
pointment of- Attorney General Moody to the
supreme bench is confirmed by the Senate.

Attack on the gunpowder trust is not to be
made in the courts alone, either. Following the
move made last winter to start the government
in the manufacture of smokeless powder, and
thereby break up the monopoly now enjoyed by
the Dupont international combination. Congress
is to be asked at the coming session to appro-
priate a sufficient amount of money to establish
plants to manufacture all the smokeless powder
required for the use of the navy and our coast
defenses.

Robert S. Waddell, president of the Buckeye
Powder Company of Peoria, 111., who largely was
instrumental in forcing the appropriation of
$165,000 to establish the first unit in the scheme
of government control and operation of its
powder-making, has been in Washington the last
few days arranging for his winter's campaign to
complete the project.

Measures probably will be introduced in Con-
gress looking to the appropriation of $3,000,000
for three smokeless powder plants, two to be
located on the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards,
respectively, where they will be easy of access
for the navy, and the third, under the direction

THE PANDEX

23

of the War Department, to be located somewhere
in the interior, where it will be safe in case of
invasion by a foreign enemy.

Mr. Waddell, aside from conducting his cam-
paign for government manufacture of gunpowder,
has been engaged recently in gathering material
for local grand-jury action against agents of the
trust in Chicago, Peoria, and other points, and
these prospective proceedings promise some start-
ling sensations. It is understood also that Mr.
Waddell during his visit here has been spending
considerable time in conference with Department
of Justice officials, and it is probable such con-
ference has an important bearing on plans now
forming to dissolve the combination.

Oil Company, because the government agents
were concentrated on this work, where the first
blow has fallen.

MOVE ON SMELTER COMPANY

Department of Justice Will Follow Standard Oil
Case With Proceedings Against Many Others.
Tho less talked of than many of the other
monopolies, none is likely to prove more
amenable to reproof and reorganization
along the new lines than the one described in
the following from the New York Herald :

Washington, D. C. — Actual proceedings against
the Standard Oil Company, now under way in St.
Louis, are not to be permitted to stop the investi-
gation of the government into the business meth-
ods of other trusts that are believed to be amen-
able to the provisions of the Sherman anti-trust
law. Suits against these other law-breaking cor-
porations will not be withheld until the conclu-
sion of the case against the Standard Oil, as
under the most favorable circumstances with
cases advanced to an early hearing before the
higher courts, it is recognized that many months
may elapse before a final determination can be
reached in the Supreme Coijrt. For this reason,
the fight on the trusts all along the line will be
commenced as soon as the government is ready to
bring the actions.

One of the trusts to feel the weight of the gov-
ernment's displeasure will be the American
Smelting and Refining Company, which within
the last few days has endeavored to compel the
treasury to pay tribute to its control of the bul-
lion market of the country, in the purchase of
silver bullion for the coinage of subsidiary silver.
Instead of complying with the demands of this
Company, Secretary Shaw refused to buy at all,
and intimated that the methods of the Smelter
Company would be made the subject of an imme-
diate investigation.

Meanwhile the agents of the Department of
Justice and of the Bureau of Corporations are
busily engaged investigating the business meth-
ods of the sugar trust, the tobacco trust, and one
or two other combinations that are charged with
violating the law. The evidence secured against
them has not been gathered on the elaborate
scale carried out in connection with the Standard

AFTER TURPENTINE TRUST

Federal Attorneys Collecting Evidence Against

Still Another Concern.

New York. — ^Energetie efforts are being made
by the Federal Government to clip the tentacles
of what has come to be known as the turpentine
trust, and the United States district attorney
here is co-operating with the United States attor-
ney for the southern district of Georgia. The
turpentine 'combine' has its headquarters in the
South, and many complaints have been received
by the government authorities concerning its op-
erations. It is alleged that a hard-and-fast agree-
ment exists between the various constituent com-
panies belonging to the so-called trust, and that
the business and territory have been divided up
in regular octopus fashion. A representative of
the district attorney at Macon, Ga., it is learned,
has been in conference with the district attorney
here, and it is understood the government is hot
on the trail of the concern.

It is intimated that the turpentine trust, so
called, is influenced and controlled to a greater
or less degree by the Standard Oil Company, al-
though government officials are disposed to be
reticent on this phase of the question. It is
known, at any rate, that Standard Oil interests
in the past have endeavored to absorb the turpen-
tine and rosin industries, but how far they have
succeeded, if at all, remains to be disclosed. The
determination of the government to dissolve the
Standard Oil trust, if possible, by means of the
suit in equity that is to be filed in the United
States Circuit Court at St. Louis, and its an-
nounced intention to make it hot for the Standard
all along the line, appears to justify the opinion
that the Federal authorities strongly suspect that
intimate relations exist between the two enter-
prises.

BURNS TOBACCO FACTORIES

Rioters Disarm Kentucky Town Marshal and
Seize Water Works and Telephone Office.

The risk which trusts and unlawful busi-
ness institutions run, when they disregard
and challenge too far the popular sentiment,
is illustrated in the following from the

Louisville, Ky. — Fire kindled by a mob of
masked men, at an early hour recently, destroyed
the tobacco stemmeries of John Steger and John
G. Orr, at Princeton, Ky., the latter controlled
by the Imperial Tobacco Company, of New York.
The loss is estimated at about $170,000. Several

24

THE P AND EX

small dwelling houses in the vicinity were also
partially destroyed, but no person was injured.

Tlie work of the mob is believed to be only a
furtherance of the agitation by the tobacco rais-
ers against the tobacco trust. The organization
of farmers is known as the Dark Tobacco Grow-
ers' Protective Association, but it is not known

that any member of that organization was in tlie
mob.

The ill feeling began about six years ago, when
the Italian Government sent agents into the dark
tobacco field. These agents paid such higli prices
for the tobacco that others were driven out of
the tield.

TRANSFORMATION IN NEW YORK

REALIGNMENT IN BOTH PARTIES GROWING OUT OF CHAOS IN
RECENT CAMPAIGN.— EACH MACHINE MUST BE PRAC-
TICALLY RECONSTRUCTED BEFORE IT RUNS AGAIN

WHEN the business world is being so
severely overhauled and regauged, it
is to be expected that the political world
HLUst follow in the same course, especially
in so important a state as New York, wherein
all political precedents have recently been
broken and all political organizations
severely shaken. The following from the
New York Herald, therefore, is a story of
significance:

Out of the chaos of the campaign just ended
has emerged a realignment of political parties in
the state of New York. The political transforma-
tion which has taken place is engaging the care-
ful study of the political leaders of all shades of
opinion. It has not yet been mapped and charted.
Its shoals and quicksands remain to be discov-
ered. To what it will lead and where it will end
nobody as yet can tell.

By grace of Charles F. Murphy and W. R.
Hearst, a Republican governor will once more
take the oath of office in Albany with the begin-
ning of the new year, though all the other elective
offices in the new administration will be filled by
Democrats. This mixed condition of affairs in
the state capitol is typical of the tangled situa-
tion which pervades the politics of the state.
While political lines have been merged at many
points, the party machines on both sides have
suffered so severely that they will require prac-
tical reconstruction before they will be in running
order again.

From one end of the state to the other the
shadow of the new political twins. Murphy and
Hearst, has fallen on the Democracy. With
ruthless determination to control the party ma-

chinery at all hazards, they have entered upon
a policy of boldly driving out of the party ranks
all Democrats who refuse to accept Hearst and
his doctrines as Democratic, or wlio hesitate to
hail the leader of Tammany Hall as the master
of the party in the state. They are widening by
every means at their command the Democratic
split caused by the sandbagging of the Buffalo
convention by Mr. Murphy in the interest of Mr.
Hearst.

Republican Discipline Relaxed.

That Republican atfairs are in slightly better
condition is due to the popularity of President
Roosevelt and the fact that he is now tacitly, if
not openly, recognized as the head of his party.
But tlie discipline in the party is greatly relaxed
and there is nearly everywhere a lack of unity.

B. B. Odell, Jr., who forced himself into the
leadership two years ago while still governor by
the open use of the state patronage to compel
obedience, has been ousted from the chairmanship
of the State Committee. The influence of Presi-
dent Roosevelt anil his immediate followers
brought about the nomination of Charles K.
Hughes, who was not the candidate the Repub-
lican "bosses" would have chosen had they been
left to their own devices.

That tlie new governor will perform the task
he was elected to perform is the general expecta-
tion in the Republican organization. The leaders
look forward to a genuine housecleaning, after
January 1, 1907, and they do not like the pros-
pect, even while they realize that the future suc-
cess of Republicanism in the state absolutely de-
pends upon a reorganization of the state govern-
ment in a thorougli and workmanlike manner.

Mr. Odell and the small group of leaders who
went down with him are seeking to magnify Mr.
Hearst in the hope that he will bring about a gen-

THE PANDEX

25

eral smashing of botli inachines. whicli will en-
able them to regain the places from which they
have been ousted.

Timothy L. Woodruff, the new chairman of
the Republican State Committee, is not and prob-
ably will not be the leader of his party. He lost
his own county of Kings, although aided by a
Democratic defection which brought more than
twenty thousand votes to the head of the Repub-
lican state ticket. The weakness of the Repub-
lican machine was demonstrated in the election
returns. Thousands of the Republican voters in
the interior of the state either went over to the
enemy or did not vote at all. Mr. Hughes was
elected by Democratic votes.

Mr. Hughes' Victory Personal.

Although Mr. Hughes was elected, his triumph
was a personal one, due to the fact that the peo-
ple of the state had confidence in his integrity,
while they felt a deej) distrust for Mr. Hearst
and his methods. There was undoubtedly
treachery in the Republican camp, and there is a
deep feeling of discouragement in the organiza-
tion over the defeat of the state ticket with the
exception of its head. Every leader is blaming
his neighbor and seeking justification for him-
self. Many of the chairmen of the Republican
county committees feel they were ignored and
neglected during the campaign as of no import-
ance. Insurance interests, which had felt the
Hughes dissecting knife, threw their influence
against him. Friends of Governor Higgins did
not exert themselves overmuch to roll up a large
vote.

There is no Republican "boss" to hold the
party reins with a firm grasp and compel obe-
dience. Senator Piatt 's day has passed. Mr.
Odell's attempt to make himself dictator of the
party cost him his leadership. President Roose-
velt can not give his attention to the details of
party management even if he were so disposed.

The Republican organization, therefore, has
become an oligarchy filled with animosities and
private quarrels. The warfare for the control of
the machine which smouldered all through the
Odell administration has ended with his defeat,
and for the present there is a truce.

There is no truce, however, in the Democratic
ranks. Mr. Murphy has come to the conclusion
that the time is at last ripe for the extension of
the power of Tammany to the entire organiza-
tion of the state. He made W. J. Conners chair-
man of the State Committee as his representative,
and he is now in fact, temporarily, at least, the
Democratic state leader. Taking advantage of
the demoralization of the Democratic machine
created by Samuel J. Tilden and maintained by
David B. Hill, he is seeking to read out of the
party all Democrats who rejected Mr. Hearst or
who will not submit to his will, so that he may
build up a new organization, with himself in
supreme power.

The realization of Mr. Murphy's ambition has
been the signal for an organized revolt headed by
a score of the more influential leaders outside

the city. Such men as William M. Osborne, of
Auburn ; D. Cady Herrick, John N. Carlisle, John
B. Stanchfield, George Raines, Charles N. Bulger,
and many others are in more or less open rebel-
lion against Murphy and Hearst. They have be-
gun a systematic organization of the Democracy
in the up-state counties, with the avowed purpose
of defeating the aggressions of the Murphy-
Hearst alliance. They are determined, if pos-
sible, to repair the neglect which permitted Mr.
Hearst to gain a foothold in the organization
and to drive Mr. Murphy back to the Westchester
line. There has been no ees.sation in the Demo-
cratic warfare since election day, and there is
likely to be none until the issue has been decided.

Murphy Weaker in City.

But while Mr. Murphy is .seeking to subdue
the up-state counties his power in the city is by
no means secure. The organization in Kings,
under the leadership of Senator McCarren, laughs
at his assumption of authority and his threats
to exclude it from the party. Richmond is in
revolt and Queens is preparing to rid itself of
Joseph Cassidy, the Murphy figure-head, set up
after the regular delegates from the county had
been driven out of the state convention. The
Democrats of Queens overthrew Mr. Cassidy in
the primaries and the organization there is in
the hands of his enemies.

Mr. Murphy's most immediate danger, how-
ever, is in Tammany itself, where Mayor McClel-
lan has at last found a leader with courage and
ability enough to attack the "boss," even though
he is now backed by the support of Mr. Hearst.
This leader is Maurice Featherson, admittedly
one of the ablest and most successful leaders in
the Tammany organization. Mr. Featherson, if
he can, will depose Mr. Murphy from the leader-
ship when the Tammany general committee reor-
ganizes in the last week in December, and the
fight for control promises to be one of the most
memorable in the history of the organization.

Mr. Murphy and his friends profess to be con-
fident he will manage to hold the organization
against Mr. Featherson, but there is an uneasy
feeling among the Tammany leaders who will be
called upon in the next six weeks to make their
choice.

The Feathei'son. forces are already laying claim
to the support of fourteen of the thirty-live
assembly districts. There has been no real fight
against Mr. Murphy since the mayor decide>\ to
get along without him at the beginning of his
second term.

Every Tammany leader depends very largely
upon his ability to hold office himself and to keep
his followers in office. In addition he must be
able to procure favors for his friends and to pun-
ish his enemies. The followers of Mr. Mui-phy
are seeking to raise the confidence of their adhe-
rents by promising that places will be found in
the state departments under the Democratic state
officials for all Murphy men who are displaced by
the contest for the control of the local organiza-
tion.

26

THE PANDEX

Not Much Patronage.
This assurance has made some impression, and,
of course, it can not be verified until the new
administration has come into power after the re-
organization has taken place in the General Com-
mittee. As a matter of fact, however, there will
be very little patronage at the disposition of the
state officials. There are few places to be par-
celed out, as the great majority of the state em-
ployees are under the civil service and in depart-
ments controlled by officials appointed by the
governor and not elected. The state patronage
which will fall to the share of the Democratic
officials will be insignificant in comparison with
the patronage at the disposal of the mayor and
the heads of his departments.

Richard Croker's expected arrival in this
country early in December is attracting much
attention in Tammany, in view of the contest be-
tween Messrs. Featherson and Murphy. It was
Mr. Croker who first made Mr. Featherson a dis-
trict leader, and the former master of Tammany
has watched his progress ever since with a
friendly interest. Mr. Croker's retirement from
the leadership of Tammany has left him without
direct authority in the organization, but he still
has friends there, and whatever influence he may
be able to exert will be thrown in favor of Mr.
Featherson.

If Mr. Featherson succeeds in defeating Mr.
Murphy the latter 's campaign to get absolute
control of the party machinery in the up-state
counties will collapse and the conservatives will
have no difficulty in regaining the mastery. If
Mr. Murphy gains the victory the contest for
control will go on, backed by the organization in
Kings and by at least a strong minority in Tam-
many Hall. The mayor has still three years to
serve before his term ends, and the local battle
will be renewed in the primaries.

It is the opinion of the most farsighted of the
leaders of both parties that whether the radical
movement in this state shall gain strength or
decline between now and the next election will
depend mainly upon the administration of Gov-
ernor Hughes and the work of the legislature.
If the demand for reform, both in legislation and
in administration, is satisfied there will still re-

main the radical element which is the basis of
the Hearst movement and which will be satisfied
with nothing short of a redistribution of prop-
erty; but the dissatisfaction with existing condi-
tions and the distrust of the old parties which
caused thousands of voters all over the state to
vote for Mr. Hearst as a protest will very largely
disappear.

The best judges of the situation in the state
sum it all up in the remark, " It 's up to Governor
Hughes. ' '

CORRECTING A MISAPPREHENSION.

"I do not control one mile of railroad." — E.
H. Harriman.
Oh,

Is that so?

Well, now, do you know
Some people think that you
Have corralled a few
And laid them away
For a rainy day?
Not many, of course, but enough
For a bluff
When the game
Calls for the same,
If it ever does.
My suz!
Ain't it funny
How a chap with money
Acquires a reputation
Among the common herd
Of really and truly being
A Julius Caesar bird.
When he ain't anything but a dove
Chuck-full of brotherly love-
For everything that has a worm
He needs in his business?
Oh, say.

Ain't it rotten to think that way?
It's a sham dame
To queer the fair fame
Of a saint

Who is what he is and ain't what he ain't.
Don't it?

What do you suppose inspires
People to be such liars?
Huh? —W. J. L., in New York World.

FORETHOUGHT.

"What are yez goin' back agin to the house fer?"

"Sure, I forgot me pipe an' I'll just go back an' lave me tobaccy pouch,
aggravate me, knowin' I couldn't smoke all day."

It would only

— Judge.

THE PANDEX

27

Corporations

Raise

Wages zuid

Standard Oil

Makes an

Appeal.

T. FORTUNE RYAN— HE RETIRES.

— Adapted from New York World.

GENERAL EVIDENCE THAT THE MEN OF INFLUENCE AND MEANS

HAVE CHANGED THEIR POINT OF VIEW AND HAVE

BEGUN TO CONCILIATE THE PUBLIC IN ALL

POSSIBLE RESPECTS.

GIVEN the benefit of the doubt, even the
big corporation man may be said to be
beginning to emerge from the period of
eastigation and enforced reform with a lib-
eral inheritance of the spirit of the times
and an apparent conviction that t^e com-

munity in vrhich he seeks to be a leader,
either financially or otherwise, will be the
better both for him and for others if he does
his part in the reforming. With this faith
in mind, he finds himself raising wages, pay-
ing hitherto evaded taxes, withdrawing

28

THE PANDEX

from directorates to which it is impossible
that he give just or adequate attention, and
even proposing new laws for the restraint
of trusts and receiving government sub-
penas as cheerfully, almost, as if they were
coupons.

CORPORATIONS RAISE WAGES

General Movement to Meet Anti-Capitalistic
Sentiment Said to Be the Cause.
The strife of November 6 was scarcely
over and time had hardly elapsed to permit
of a study of the returns, when a number of
the largest of the corporations announced a
general advance in wages. Said the New
York Herald:

It became known in Wall Street recently that
practically all the great railroad and industrial
corporations of the country, the affairs of which
are directed from this city, have decided to in-
crease the jjrevailing rate of wages to their em-
ployees. It was predicted that the action of the
Pennsylvania Railroad management in increas-
ing the wages of its array of 165,000 men nearly
$12,000,000 would soon be followed by all the
important railroad and industrial corporations
of the United States.

The Standard Oil Company has decided to in-
crease the wages of its 60,000 employees in dif-
ferent parts of the United States. The increase
will be carried out through the company's sub-
sidiary corporations.

Information also reached the city from Mon-
tana that the Amalgamated Copper Company,
generally known as the Copper Trust, which em-
ploys nearly 15,000 men in the mines of Mon-
tana, has already made a proposal to its em-
ployees increasing their wages about 10 per cent.
The United States Steel Corporation, the
world's largest trust, which advanced the wages
of its army of 175,000 employees in March, 1905,
without solicitation from the men, is also con-
sidering the question of a wage increase.

The Philadelphia & Reading Company, the
New York Central, the Lackawanna, and other
Eastern roads have either been requested to ad-
vance the wages of the employees or have taken
some steps to do so.

Cost of Living Higher.
One reason for the general tendency of trust
managers to increase the wages of the workmen
was brought out recently by a trade agency,
which reported that the present cost of living
was the highest in twenty years. According to
Dun's Index Number of commodity prices pro-
portioned to consumption, the average cost was
$106,683 on November 11 last. Compared with
a year ago on the same date the present cost,
ns shown by the Index Number, is $3 higher.

Another reason given by financiers is that the
industrial corporations are all in a highly pros-

perous condition and the scores of plants are
being worked to their full capacity and under
high pressure. Under these conditions it is said
to be the desire of the managements of the
larger corporations to have their workmen par-
ticipate in the prosperity.

Men of prominence in the financial world saw
in the concerted action of the great corporations
a desire to checkmate the growing tide of antag-
onism to corporations such as was brought out
in the recent election. The discontent among
the laboring element, the higher cost of living,
tiie lowered purchasing power of the dollar unit
and the effect of the disclosures of corporate
abuses, it is generally admitted here, forced the
corporations to adopt a more liberal policy to
the workingmen and thereby conciliate the active
antagonism which was reflected in the election.

PAYS UNCALLED FOR TAXES

Seth Low, Former Mayor of New York, Sets a
New Example in Honesty.
With wages being raised without coercion,
the following story of another act done with-
out coercion is doubly meaningful. It is
from the New York Times :

Ex-Mayor Seth Low paid $27,397:28 in back
taxes voluntarily recently. It came to Controller
Metz in the form of a check from Mr. Low 's
counsel, Edward M. Shepard, for the payment
of taxes which, through indefiniteness in the law
governing the taxation of mortgages in 1901 and
misajaprehension of its terms, Mr. Low had failed
to pay at that time and also in 1902 and 1903.

Mr. Low deducted from his personal estate
liable to taxation a mortgage on certain prop-
erty belonging to him. Just learning that he was
not entitled to make the deduction as the law
then read, because technically the bond secured
by the mortgage was not his own, he determined
to pay forthwith the additional sum that was
legally due the city in 1901 from his estate with
interest at 6 per cent.

In his letter to Mr. Shepard the ex-Mayor said:

"The law that constrains me to such action
because the mortgage upon mv property did
not secure my own bonds seems to be very in-
equitable, and I shall be very glad if this incident
does something to bring about an amendment to
the law."

New York City citizens have been knocking
at the doors of the Legislature for several ses-
sions to get amendments to the mortgage tax law.
They have obtained some, but never all that they
believed mortgage conditions in that city de-
manded.

CHICAGO ROADS TO MAKE RAISE

Increase of $30,000,000 Depends on Employees
Giving Up Eight-Hour Day.
The following from the New York World

THE PANDEX

29

WHAT WE MAY NEXT EXPECT.
Kansas City, Mo., Nov. 22.— The spectacle of W. J. Bryan, commoner and former advo-
cate of radical currency reforms, leading Leslie M. Shaw, Roosevelt's Secretary of the Treas-
ury and stand-patter, to the rostrum, was afforded delegates to the annual Congress of Trans-
Mississippi Commercial Clubs here to-day. — Dispatch to the Inter-Ocean.

, — Chicago Inter Ocean.

gives a little further idea of the extent of
the increased wage movement:

Chicago. — The railways of Chicago contem-
plate increases in the wages of their men be-
tween now and January 1 which will make the
combined incomes of the 450,000 employees of
these lines from $25,000,000 to $30,000,000
greater in 1907 than in 1906.

The only thing that may prevent the pro-
posed advances is the inability of the railroads
and their trainmen to reach an amicable agree-
ment. The engineers, conductors, firemen, brake-
men, and other trainmen have asked for 10 per
cent advances and for an eight-hour day.

Railway officials indicate that they are will-
ing to give the 10 per cent increase, but they are
not willing to grant the demand for an eight-
hour day, and their present disposition is to
withhold the wage advance until the eight-hour
dav demand is withdrawn.

RYAN LEAVES COMPANIES

Capitalist Withdraws From Many Holdings in
Interest of Limited Few.

While the cartoonist seems to east doubt
upon the sincerity of the incident described
in the following from the New York World,
it yet is consistent with other manifestations
of reform among the financial leaders:

Thomas F. Ryan, who controls the majority
of the stock of the Equitable Life Assurance So-
ciety, made the following announcement recently
through an intermediary:

'•I have resigned from the directorates of a
large number of railroads and other corpora-
tions. My accumulating interests and responsi-
bilities render it impossible for me to attend so

30

THE PANDEX

ONE OF THE BETTER PAY SCHEDULES.

HOW A RECENT RAISE IN WAGES AFFECTS

EMPLOYEES.

Rate two ■
years ag-o.

Eng-ineers of passenger trains $ 3.88 a day

Engineers of freight trains 3.82 a day

Engineers on yard locomotives 3.27 a day

Firemen on passenger engines 2.20 a day

Firemen on freight engines 2.25 a day

Firemen on yard engines 1.96 a day

Conductors of Passenger Trains 3.65 a day

Conductors of freight trains 3.41 a day

Brakemen of passenger trains 1.91 a day

Brakemen of freight trains 1.82 a day

Flagmen on trains 1.91 a day

Baggage men on trains 2.18 a day

Section men and trackmen 1.35 a day

Machinists and mechanics 72.73 month

Gatemen and ferrymen 45.00 month

Clerks, average 72.73 month

NOTE — The present raise of ten per cent in wages appli
Pittsburg and Erie "who are now receiving $200 or less a
about 95 per cent of the Eastern service.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD

Present rate
of wages.

$ 4.27 a day
4.20 a day
3.60 a day
2.42 a day

2.47 a day
2.16 a day
4.01 a day
3.75 a day
2.10 a day
2.00 a day
2.10 a day
2.40 a day

1.48 a day
80.00 month
49.50 month
80.00 month

New rate

of wages.

$ 4.70 a day

4.62 a day
3.96 a day
2.66 a day
2.72 a day
2.38 a day

•4.42 a day
4.12 a day
2.31 a day
2.20 a day
2.31 a day
2.64 a day

1.63 a day
88.00 month
54.45 month
88.00 month

es to all employees east of
month. The order Includes

— New York World.

many directors' meetings and to properly dis-
charge my obligations to the stockholders con-
cerned.

"I have also reached the conclusion that I
can best serve the financial and fiduciary institu-
tions with which I am associated by severing my
ofHcial connection with the railroad and indus-
trial corporations with which they necessarily
have constant business relations. I hope and
believe that the decision which I have made will
prove to the advantage of all the interests for
which my friends hold me responsible and of
the gentlemen with whom I have so long been
associated in the various corporations from
whose boards I have resigned."

ATTACKS MONEY PRACTICES

Jacob H. Schiff Charges New York Bank With
Immoral Methods of Loaning.

Still another evidence that the financial
men do not look with approval upon many
practices vt'hieh formerly were generally ac-
cepted and endorsed is to be found in the
following from the New York Times :

Jacob H. Schiff, at the Chamber of Commerce
meeting recently, in the course of an attack on
what he described as the 'barbarous conditions'
in the call money market on the New York
Stock Exchange, accused one of the prominent
financial institutions in Wall Street, which, how-
ever, he did not mention by name, of calling its
loans when money is lending at 6 or 7 per cent
and taking advantage of the demand thereby

created, and the consequent rise in rates, to put
out the funds again at the increased premium.

Mr. Schiff introduced a resolution, which was
adopted by the Chamber, calling on the Commit-
tee of Finance and Currency "to examine into
and report upon the practicability of devising
means through which the interest rate beyond
6 per cent upon call loans made at the New
York Stock Exchange can be better regulated
than is the case at present."

Speaking in support of his resolution, Mr.
Schiff said he could not believe that the con-
ditions in the call money market were a neces-
sary evil.

"While at times," he continued, "under ex-
isting methods and conditions, money is liable
to advance beyond the legal rate of interest, I
can not, for a moment, believe that it is neces-
sary for the rate of interest on demand loans at
the Stock Exchange to advance on a single day
from 6 to 7 per cent in the morning to 25 or
30 per cent and higher in the afternoon. It must
be in the long run destructive of the best inter-
ests of the country, and there must be means,
even if they are difficult to find, to better regu-
late such a state of affairs. Such means may be
actual methods or moral methods. It is stated,
for instance, that one of the prominent — and
I do not hesitate to say so, because it is stated
with much emphasis — that one of the prominent
financial institutions in this city, which is a large
loaner of money, makes it a rule, when money
in the morning is only 6 or 7 per cent, to call
its loans, and to wait until the rate has ad-
vanced, which it naturally does, in consequence
of large calls, to consent to loan its money again.

' ' Such methods are reprehensible, and ought to
be corrected by moral pressure and moral means;

THE PANDEX

31

HOPE.

'8^^.VH vliiiDE'R'-rD

— Chicagfo Record-Herald.

32

THE PANDEX

but there must be actual means, too, possibly
in the Clearing House, and possibly in the Stock
Exchange itself by which this barbarous con-
dition may be corrected. I believe the Commit-
tee on Finance and Currency, if it looks into the
question, can suggest something which to some
extent, at least, will improve the existing state
of affairs."

POINTS A TRUST CURB.

Beef Trust Attorney Suggests a Special Com-
mission for Corporations.

The following may or may not have its
genesis in the discovery by the corporate in-
terests that there is no reversal possible for
the existing movement toward corporate
regulation. The item is from the Chicago
Record-Herald :

A commission similar in power, scope and com-
position to the Interstate Commerce Commission,
and which will have full charge of the corpora-
tions of the country, is the recommendation of
John S. Miller, who probably will be the chief
attorney for Standard Oil in the Government at-
tack.

Mr. Miller prophesies that Congress will pro-
vide such a tribunal either directly by its own
act or by an enlargement of the provisions of
the Sherman anti-trust law, the act which the
Standard Oil Company and its individual fac-
tors are now up against.

Indicating that his estimation of the Sherman
anti-trust law was that it was incomplete,
equivocal, and weak, Mr. Miller all but declared
tnat the energies of the Standard attorneys
would be devoted to an attack directly upon the
act itself.

"Nobody knows just what the law permits
and what it prevents," he said. "What is neces-
sary is a statute whereby the business man, the
merchant, or the manufacturer can read the law
and know when he is in danger of violating it
without having to see a lawyer. That is impos-
sible under the law as its provisions now stand.

Remedy is Offered.

"The proper remedy, it appears to me,
would be to provide for the appointment of a
commission to be constructed along the same
lines as mark the powers of the Intei-state Com-
merce Commission. I would have this new com-
■ mission a part of or a bureau under the Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor. Its duties would
be to exercise general supervision of corporations.
It would construe the law, it would make its in-
distinct provisions clear, and it would make of
practical operation a law which now fails to
perform the functions for which it was in-
tended. ' '

Mr. Miller could not indicate the length of
time which he deemed would be necessary for

completing the case which was opened at St.
Louis Thursday, in view of the fact that he was
hot able to state definitely that he would be of
counsel for the Standard Oil Company.

"Ordinarily it would take up a great deal of
time simply in taking the necesstiry testimony,
where there was no h.ard-fough^, 'ontcst to im-
pede the progress of the hearing," was the sig-
nifieant statement of Mr. Miller.

WANTS JUSTICE FOR RAILWAYS

J. J. Hill Urges Some of the Difaculties Which
They Meet.
As the corporations clear themselves of the
burden of fighting the popular will it be-
comes increasingly easy for them to make
such appeals and pleas as the following, from
the Chicago Record-Herald:

Chicago. — In an indignant outburst in the
midst of a speech James J. Hill, president of
the Great Northern Railroad, protested against
the agitation against the American railroads
and plans for Government ownership of the lines.
He declared political agitators are hampering
the Nation's growth.

"To-day the entire country is suffering from
want of transportation facilities to move its
business without unreasonable delay," he said.
"The prevailing idea with the public is that the
railways are short of cars, while the fact is
that the shortage is in tracks and terminals to
provide a greater opportunity for the movement
of the cai-s."

"It has been noticed," he said emphatically,
"that from June 30, 1895, to 190.5— ten years—
the growth in ton mileage was 110 per cent. The
growth in the mileage of railroads to handle
that traffic was 20 per cent. There's where you
stand to-day — you can see it in that brief com-
parison. There's where the whole country
stands. The traffic of the country is congested
beyond imagination. The commerce of the coun-
try is paralyzed, which, continued, means slow
death.

"More cars? Yes, we need more cars, but we
need also cars of greater capacity, heavier
trains, and more miles of railroad to haul them
over. In ten years the railroads of the country
expanded 20 per cent for the handling of a
business that increased 110 per cent. Suppose
you are able in the near future to increase that
expansion 50 per cent? That will still leave
40 per cent a year of the business without any
facilities for taking care of it.

"It is estimated that from 115,000 to 120,000
miles of track must be built at once to take
care of this immense business. But to build
that amount will cost as much as the Civil War
cost, at least. It will cost from .$4,000,000,000
to .$5,000,000,000. A thousand million dollars

THE PANDEX

33

a year for five years will scarcely suffice. Why, Civil War of half the consequence of this one.

there is not money enough nor rails enough in Why, you can't go out and contract with any

all the world to do this thing. railroad in this country to move 500 cars of

"And if the rails were piled up ready for the freight from here to New York in thirty days.

STACKING THE CARDS!

-St. Louis Republic.

undertaking and if the money were in the bank And the i-ailroad could not deliver it if it should

to-day, it would be impossible to get • the labor contract to do it. ' '

with which to do it. Labor in the mines, in the ,(fri,„..„ :^'-^^4. _■ u'L:iJ:i

forest, in , the quarry are behind a stone wall
which they can not scale.

.."I tell, yon there is no question since the isting. " '

"There is'iiot money enough' available to bring
relief to this situation under the conditions ex-

34

THE PA NDEX

DEFENSE OF STANDARD OIL

Foreign Representative of the Trust Declares
Corporate Form Necessary.

Even the Standard Oil itself has encour-
aged itself to appeal to the public, as witness
the following from the Chicago Tribune :

The Standard Oil Company, in a statement
just issued over the signature of William H.
Libby of the company's foreign department,
maintains that the form of its corporate organ-
ization is necessary if the company is to hold its
large foreign trade. Mr. Libby holds the com-
pany is obliged to compete with combinations of
oil producers in every other country and cites
many examples of such combinations.

It is only by combination, he insists, that
American oil producers can compete in the for-
eign markets. He insists the business of Amer-
ican oil producers would be crippled abroad in
the event of the success of the Government 's pro-
ceeding to dissolve the company. The statement,
which is in the form of a letter to the editor,
says:

"The desirability, and the necessity almost,
of the concentration of brains and capital have
been recognized without exception in all the im-
portant petroleum producing countries of the
world. Not only have corporations and holding
companies on the general lines of the Standard
organization and other similar American organ-
izations been created, but several have become
international in their scope.

"These amalgamations administered by some
of the best industrial brains and most prominent
capitalists of Europe, so far from receiving the
opposition of governments, press, or communi-
ties, so far from being regarded as 'conspiracies
in restraint of trade' or as ingenious subterfuges
in trade autocracy, are regarded abroad as being
the natural pathways of legitimate, economic,
progressive commerce, especially commended
when the motive is emphasized of eliminating
the American product from competitive markets.
Against this array of formidable elements in-
numerable, and other opposing factors, the
Standard Oil Company is fighting the world's
markets for the continued supremacy of Amer-
ican petroleum."

WINGS SPROUTING ON JOHN D.

Bill Henkel, U. S. Marshal, Seeking Ogre, Finds
a Lamb.

And as if the above incident were not
sufficient to denote a change in the strongest
of all quarters, the following, from the
Chicago Tribune, to be treated levitously, is
for those who remain skeptical :

New York. — Breezy Bill Henkel, United States

marshal, has grasped the tentacles of the oil
octopus and likes the memory of the sensation.
As Bill puts it himself, he shook hands with
John D. Rockefeller, Henry M. Flagler, and
others while serving them with subpenas to ap-
pear as witnesses in the Standard Oil case in
Missouri, and "never found a finer bunch of
gentlemen" in his life.

Some of his deputies served papers on the
lesser lights of the Standard Oil corporation, but
he himself made the appointments with the sub-
penaed, chiefly by telephone. He personally
visited Mr. Rockefeller at his home at 4.10 p. m.,
November 28.

"Naturally," said the marshal, "I expected
to have some trouble after reading about the
time they had trying to serve John D. last sum-
mer. But, say, it really was a cinch — the softest
thing I ever struck in my life. I felt almost
ashamed I hadn't a silver salver — say, that's
a fine combination of words, almost as good as
truly rural — to put the subpena on when I went
up to John D.'s house after I had called him
up by phone and told him Uncle Sam had a little
business with him. He set the hour and minute
he would see me, and told me to come up myself.

"Dee-lighted," John D. Says to Him.

"After a little ride in the subway I found
myself pressing John D.'s electric bell. Out
comes a little man — a butler, I guess — who asks
me what I want. I told him I was a United
States marshal and he looked as if he didn't
believe it. I guess he thought I ought to be
togged out in uniform, with a sword. He invites
me to step into the hall and presently out comes
John D. himself, with a smile as broad as a
slice of cantaloupe. He grasps me by the hand
and says he's delighted to see me, pronouncing
the word just like the President does, and asks
me to sit down.

"I began to think somebody surely had been
lying about the old gentleman, his manners
were so fine. In fact, I was a bit embarrassed,
when he began talking about the weather. I
began to spar for an opening and he gave me a
chance to get in. I had pulled out the subpena,
intending to shove it at him the moment I met
him, but I sneaked it back inside my pocket
and when he gave me a chance I got it out again.
He was direct and to the point, but all-fired
pleasant.

All Smiles and Soft Talk.

"When he saw my hand going up to the
pocket he said :

" 'I believe you have a subpena for me.'

"Of course, he knew I had, as I had told him

over the phone all about it, but it was a

gentlemanly way to put it. It relieved me a
good deal to have him say it.

"He took the paper and said he was much
obliged to me and regretted he had given me
the trouble of coming all the way uptown. Then
he shook my hand again with the grasp of a
man that has a pretty long lease on life on this

THE PANDEX

35

planet and went to the door with me. He bowed
to me and I bowed back. He also smiled a few
more times and then I left him with the paper
in his hand. He didn't look at it before vae. It
wasn't necessary, however, as he knew what was
in it."

The service on the other defendants was made
at the offices of their companies.

350,000 WORKMEN NEEDED

Expert Says Tide of Prosperity Is Rendering
the Situation Acute.

Chicago. — Great interest is manifested in Chi-
cago and the entire West in the general move-
ment for an increase in the schedule of wages
paid to labor, in the scarcity of laijorers to meet
the demand, and incidentally in the figures that
have been submitted showing the high cost of
living at present. AH these things are taken
to mean a tide of prosperity never before reached
ifa the country.

After receiving reports from many labor cen-
ters, F. W. Job, secretary of the Chicago Em-
ployers' Association, announces there is a short-
age of 350,000 to 500,000 workingmen in the
United States, as compared with the urgent de-
mand. He expresses the opinion that if the
present pace of manufacturing, railroad building,
and general industrial activity keeps up there
will need to be some revision of the immigration
laws to meet an emergency.

LABOR ADOPTS POLICY

Principles for Which Trade Movement Stands
Stated by Federation.

Minneapolis. — After defeating resolutions fa-
voring old-age pensions and attacking the militia
in the various states, the convention of the
American Federation of Labor adopted
a declaration of principles outlining what the
American trade-union movement stands for. The
declaration of principles followed the demand
of a number of delegates in the early days of
the convention. It was suggested then that, as
labor had gone into politics, it should provide
an economic platform which would let the gen-
eral public know what the organized labor move-
ment stood for.

The Committee on Resolutions appointed its
chairman, James Duncan, to write a platform
which was submitted to the convention. The
platform contains seventeen planks and is the
first to be submitted to a convention since the
Denver gathering in 1894. It contains some of
the same planks as the old platform and several
new ones are added.

Varioos Reforms Asked.

The preamble outlines the reasons why the
organized workers demand certain economic

reforms, and then gives the following as the
labor platform:

1. Free schools and compulsory education.

2. Unrelenting protest against the issuance
and abuse of injunction process in labor disputes.

3. A workday of not more than eight hours
in the twenty-four-hour day.

4. A strict recognition of not over eight
hours per day on all federal, state, or municipal
work and at not less than the prevailing rate
per diem wage of the class of employment in
the vicinity where the work is performed.

5. Release from employment one day in
seven.

6. The abolition of the contract system "on
public work.

7. The municipal ownership of public util-
ities.

8. The abolition of the sweatshop system.

9. Sanitary inspection of workshop, factory,
and home.

10. Liability of employers for injury to bodj
or loss of life.

11. The nationalization of telegraph and tele-
phone.

12. The passage of anti-child-labor laws in
states where they do not exist, and rigid defense
of them where they have been enacted into law.

13. Woman suffrage co-equal with man suf-
frage.

14. Suitable and plentiful playgrounds for
children in all cities.

15. Continued public agitation for publie
bath-houses in all cities.

16. Qualifications in all permits to build in
all cities and towns that there shall be bath-
room and bathroom attachments in all houses or
compartments used for habitation.

17. We favor a system of finance whereby
money shall be issued exclusively by the Govern-
ment with such regulations and restrictions as
will protect it from manipulation by the banking
interests for their own private gain.

FROM NAPKINS TO OATMEAL

Men on Medium Salaries Can No Longer Afford
the Orange.

"There was a great deal of talk in the recent
campaign," said a young married man, who
holds a salaried position at fair wages, "about
the handing out of lemons to this candidate
or that.

"In my opinion oranges had not a little to
do with the result; with the vote that elected
Hughes, and at the same time was altogether
too small to satisfy those who were opposed to
Mr. Hearst."

When asked to explain this anagram, the
young man said — and he spoke for a great many
thousand men, young and old, when he said it:

"When oranges were twenty-five or thirty
cents a dozen, my wife and T each ate one at
breakfast, and occasionally the children took
part with us. Now that they are sixty cents a

36

T II E P A X D E X

dozen, we go direct from napkins to oatmeal,
or let a small apple take the place of the oranne.
I said a small apple, because the large ones
even this early in the year- are bpoimiins; to
cost money."

The Protest First at Hand.

' ' I have made use of the orange, ' ' he con-
tinued, "as typical of the whole list of eatables,
whether meat, fish, or fruit. The cost of living
in New York City, rent included, is becoming
so great, that men on medium salaries are find-
ing it more difficult each day to make both
ends meet. We have been looking for a cause
and a remedy, and let me tell you that there
were more thousands of fellows like me who
voted for Hearst than most people imagine.

"Why did we do it? As a dumb protest. The
only sort of a protest we can see our way to
make."

Two Classes Help Themselves.

Since the election there has been heard not
a little talk like the above. The men of medium
salaries, whether in manufacturing, mercantile,
or professional concerns, are stating their posi-
tion in words like these :

"The employers can protect themselves by
combination and consolidation. They can put
up the price of goods on which they have not
been making money, and then meet the advances
in the cost of raw material and in the price
of living.

"The men who work in the trades can protect
themselves by another form of combination.
They form their trade unions, and by confer-
ence or by strike have been steadily increasing
their wages to meet the increase of the cost of
living in the past half dozen years. A carpenter
or a bricklayer can afford to live as well as he
did in 1902 even though food, clothing, and
rent are higher,, for he is getting much larger
wages than he did four years ago. The fruits

of the present prosperity have been his, because
in his unions he has had a club with which to
knock them from the tree."

Votes Not Understood.

"But let me call your attention to another
class of men whose woes have not excited the
agonies of the political orators or been wept
over by the press. There are tens of thousands
of us in New York City. We do not do much
talking because we do not care to risk our
.jobs. AVe do not hold mass meetings, or write
signed letters to the newspapers. But we read
and think and talk it over with the wife at home
— and the politicians who have overlooked us are
surprised when the votes are counted, because
there is found in the ballot boxes a lot of tickets
that they are totally unable to understand."

Men of the Middle Class.

These statements were made by a man of
education and of temperate views on religion
and social topics. He was very much in earnest;
has been, he said, a Republican all his life, and
still is one. He was then asked :

"The class of which vou speak — who are
they?'-'

"Men who occupy positions like mine," he
answered. "Clerks, stenographers, bookkeep;
ers, salesmen, bank employees, all that class that
lies between the men who own the place and
those who put on an apron and do the physical
labor. Ninety-nine out of each one hundred
are getting no more pay than they did three or
four years ago, but the cost of living has greatly
increased, and an advance is made in something*
each day. No one can tell where it will end.

"We are not combined in unions. Each case
must be considered on its individual merits. We
can resign at any moment we care to, but who
cares to give up a job unless he can get a better
one?"

OWN THEIR OWN COLLIERIES

THRIFTY MINERS OF SAGINAW, MICH., WHO HAVE CONQUERED

THE WAGE AND STRIKE PROBLEM BY BECOMING

THEIR OWN MANAGERS.

IF IT be true that wealthy men, as well as
poorer men, are becoming appreciative of
the values of higher social motives and are
to that degree altering their own standards
and methods, the need of such steps as are
indicated i^' the following story from the

Philadelphia ' North American will become
much less in the future years. But, for the
present, it stands as an instance of the power
of men, in whatever station and circum-
stances, to unite and protect themselves
against'odds of almost any magnitude.

THE PANDEX

37

After a year's trial, a co-operative, coal-mining
industry at Saginaw, Mich., has been declared
a success.

This mine is owned by the workmen who oper-
ate it. They establish prices, make contracts,
and go down underground to dig out the
product.

There are no labor troubles or strikes, for
every man is personally interested in the wel-
fare of the company.

It was on September 1, 1905, that coal was
first sold from the new mine of the Caledonia
Company. There has been no idleness since, and
the ■ workmen-owners are preparing to put on
double shifts to keep pace with their orders.

When it was organized, the plan was to have
the company consist of 100 men and the capital
stock was placed at $50,000. After a year of
success, it has been decided to increase the cap-
ital to $250,000 and the company to 500 men.

So well, in fact, has this purely co-operative
mine done that two other organizations have
been formed in Michigan along similar lines.
One of these new companies, like the Caledonia,
is formed entirely of practical handlers of the
pick and shovel.

The men forming the Caledonia selected their
executive officers from among themselves. Busi-
ness of the company is looked after by a gen-
eral superintendent, who is responsible to a
board of managers.

At all times the acts of the Board are subject
to review by a general assembly of the miners,
who keep as closely in touch with the affairs
of the concern as they do with the vein of coal
from which they make their hving.

When it came to an allotment of the stock
few of the men were able to take more than a
small holding. They were not capitalists.

Some, in fact, had little or no money and ar-
ranged to pay their part in labor.

Last spring the Caledonia workers fixed upon
the 1903 scale of wages as that to be paid in
their mine. This is 5.55 per cent higher than the
scale of the succeeding season — 1904-05. The
average pay of the Caledonia miner is now
$2.75 a day.

So far the workmen-owners have refrained
from declaring a dividend. Starting with a
small capital, they have considered it wiser to
turn back into the mine, for the development of
the property, all profits above operating ex-
penses.

Then, too, the original mine had only foiiy
acres of coal land, and as there has been a
steady demand for the output it was necessary
to look to the future.

Recently the company has purchased an addi-
tional 500 acres adjoining its mine and is sink-
ing a shaft on that property.

It was by good fortune and an exercise of
shrewdness that the Caledonia people secured
their original forty acres.

In the midst of land controlled by a combina-
tion of existing companies was this little tract,
on which the combination was paying royalties.

Thinking that it would be well to save this
amount, and that there woult^ be no difficulty
in securing control at any time, the holders
pei-mitted the lease to lapse.

Waiting for just such an opportunity, the
Caledonia promoters quietly and quickly secured
a lease upon it themselves.

So secretly were all the preliminaries carried
on that it was only when the work of sinking
a shaft was begun that the actual existence of
the new workingmen's company became gener- '
ally known.

Success, however, was not attained without op-
position on the part of the other companies.
The Caledonia miners, for instance, wished a
spur run to their property from a nearby rail-
road. They offered to grade the track and fur-
nish the ties.

About one thousand feet of rails were necessary
to make the spur, and for this, it is stated, the
railroad company demanded $3000. The mine-
owners are still pegging along without their
spur.

The first brush over prices began almost as
soon as Caledonia coal was placed on the mar-
ket. Other operators had advanced to the reg-
ular winter combination price of $4.50 a ton ;
the Caledonia began selling at $4.25.

After storming their expostulations in vain,
the other operators undertook to smoke out the
workmen owners by lowering the prices, which
dropped in the city to $4 and then to $3.50,
where the Caledonia figures have remained.

For a time opposition coal was sold in front
of the Caledonia Mine for $1.75 a ton, but this
measure was too drastic to be kept np, especially
as the Caledonia people made no attempt to meet
the cut, but sold all the coal they could mine
at their own price. This opposition, however,
continued to sell at $3 a ton, which was fifty
cents under the Caledonia price.

Undaunted by Opposition.

The Caledonia people went serenely along
their way, selling all the coal they could mine
at the price they had fixed, and constantly add-
ing to their contracts. Many of the largest con-
sumers of the city are now using the Caledonia
product.

Having their reputation to make, the miners
see to it that their output will stand the test
of quality. Then, too, the officials have made a
specialty of giving the retail trade preference
over everything else, and this policy has brought
them a large number of regular customei-s.

When it seemed, early last spring, that oper-
ators and miners would be unable to get to-
gether upon a satisfactory basis of agreement,
there was a general accumulation of coal. Of
the many heavy orders given the Caledonia
workers got their share.

More than this, however, they announced that
the result of the pending differences, even of a
prolonged strike, would not affect them. They
owned the mine they worked, they fixed their
own wages, and had no quarrel witG themselves.

38 THBPANDEX

Consequently, they were able to announce So this experiment of a co-operative mine,

they would go right along digging and selling owned as well as worked by the miners, has

coal, even if a strike settled over a greater part proved successful,

of the country. The men say that they have enjoyed their

This brought them a great deal of additional freedom and independence, and in a financial

business. Consumers hastened to make contracts way they have fared much better than their fel-

with a concern that had no fear of a strike low-workmen, employed by operators in the sur-

and was never crippled by labor troubles. rounding territory under the old conditions.

SONG OF THE PLOW

I'll sing you a song of the plow; deep with my
tempered share
I furrow the earth, the rich brown earth, pav-
ing the way for spoil.
With joy I bend to my task, guided with sturdy
care —
Prom dawn till dusk I follow the way through

loam and fragrant soil.
And sing as I go my way.

From dawn till the sunset's gold.
And I sleep when the world is gray —
Deep in the morn's enfold.

I come with the lark and thrush, and my good
steel shimmers bright.
Steady I turn my furrows deep that fields
may grow and wave;
The bread of the world is mine, reared by my
strength and might,
And I scatter it wide, from land to land, that

all may say I gave.
And I sing as I go my way,

From dawn till the sunset's gold.
And I sleep when the world is gray —
Deep in the morn's enfold.

My share came from the earth, and so to the
earth I cleave.
And I shall cling to its breast fore'er, to serve
my master, man;
And never shall I forsake, and never my master
leave,
Till the world and Time are old and gray in

this, God's earthly plan.
But I sing as I go my way.

From dawn till the sunset's gold.
And I sleep when the world is gray —
Deep in the morn's enfold.

— Exchange.

THE PANDEX

39

'Consam ye, this ain't no time to fight!"

-Cleveland Plain Dealer.

BROADER THAN NATIONALITY

WORLD COMPLICATIONS WHICH MAY COMPEL AMERICANS TO AN

ENLARGED VIEWPOINT.— JAPANESE CONTROVERSY BUT

ONE OF MANY WITH WHICH THE COUNTRY

IS BEING CONFRONTED

HOWEVER great America's traffic prob-
lem, however pressing the repeated
money crises, or hoM'ever reassuring the pro-
gress that has been made in the regulation of
corporations and the reform of general poli-
tics, there still lie before the country issues
and burdens which are likely to make these
appear only as preparatory steps. For, not
only is the nation already confronted with the
gravity of the Japanese controversy, but its
entire economic system has reached the point
where it can probably no longer stand alone
without reference to the systems of other

countries; its postal agreements are in jeop-
ardy, its friendship with Great Britain is
being assailed for strategic purposes by
enemies of Great Britain, its fraternity with
Mexico may sooner or later be strained be-
cause of the revolt of a section of the Mex-
ican people against the liberality with which
commercial concessions have been made to
Americans; its precipitation into the vex-
atious storms of Africa is almost inevitable
thru the recalcitrancy of Morocco and the
reckless challenging of human decency by
King Leopold in the Congo Free State, and

40

THE PANDEX

it is only a question of time when, the pres-
ent Sultan of Turkey dying and the coun-
try remaining in debt to the United States,
participation must be had in the perennial
international vortex that sweeps around the
Bosporus and the Adi-iatie.

FOREIGN COMPLEXITIES CONFRONTED

Some of the Considerations With Which the
President Was Recently Burdened.

A few of the international difficulties
which the President had before him when
he spoke so strongly on the Japanese ques-
tion were thus reflected by John Callan
O'Laughlin, the Washington correspondent
of the Chicago Tribune:

Washington, D. C— President Roosevelt
punctuated his consideration of various domestic
questions by dealing with those of international
moment. The questions involving foreign rela-
tions ranged from Morocco in the near east to
Japan in the far east, from Newfoundland in the
north to Cuba and Santo Domingo in the south.
Through all ran the subject which, is especially
close to the heart of the President and Secretary
Root — expansion of American trade.

Secretary Root and Assistant Secretary Bacon
lunched with the President, and discussed the va-
rious matters mentioned. And Secretary Met-
calf submitted his report on his investigation of
the Japanese school incident in San Francisco.

Regarding Morocco, it appears that the pow-
ers are raising numerous questions under the
treaty signed on April 7 last at Algeciras, Spain,
including the military occupation by the forces
of France and Spain. It has been determined
to pursue in this affair a 'hands off' policy, and
leave Europe to settle the disturbances which are
injurious to the trade of all countries.

Expect England to Respect Modus.

As far as Newfoundland is concerned, the
United States will continue to look to Great
Britain to prevent any annoyance of American
fishermen by the colonial authorities and to see
that the latter respect the modus vivendi ar-
ranged by Secretary Root and Sir Edward Grey,
the British Secretary of State for Foreign Af-
fairs.

The new treaty with Santo Domingo will be
signed probably this week and the President
urged upon Senator Cullom, who is chairman of
the important Committee of Foreign Affairs, to
press it for ratification by the Senate immediate-
ly after that body convenes.

Governor Magoon is doing as well as could be
expected in Cuba under the circumstances, and
there will be no .change in the policy he is pur-
suing.

The President has approved the steps taken
by Secretary Root to adjust tho tariff questions
which have ari.sen with German.v, Spain, and
Italy, and it is apparent he is in hearty sym-
pathy with the plan of reciprocal trade relations
wherever it can be adopted.

The Senate is the great obstacle in the way of
the satisfactory achievement of general reci-
procity, as it has giveji unmistakable evidence of
its unwillingness to ratify any treaties dealing
with this subject.

NATIONAL TRADE HITS SNAGS.

Tariff Differences With Europe Act as Curb on
Commercial Growth.

Something of the trade aspect of the in-
ternational situation was also given by the
above writer:

(By John Callan O'Laughlin.)

Washington, D. C. — There is no concealing the
fact that the administration is becoming more
and more concerned over the present status of
the commercial relations of the United States
with various European countries.

An effort is being made through mutual dis-
cussion in Berlin to pave the way to the re-
moval of tariff diffei-ences with Germany. Aus-
tro-Hungary, taking its cue from the policy of
its (lerman all.y, has excluded American meats.
Spain has negotiated new commercial treaties
against which the United States can make no
complaint, but which are harmful to American
trade. Now Italy, according to news received at
the state department to-day, is about to conclude
an arrangement with Russia which will kill the
valuable oil trade between the United States and
the Italian kingdom.

To add to the sum of our commercial woes,
the differences with Newfoundland over the fish
eries question are arousing so much resentment
in that British dependency that apprehension is
felt here it will embark upon a policy of dis-
crimination against American products.

CANADA BALKS AT MAIL

Cancels Its Convention with United States on
Second-Class Matter.

An instance of the unavoidable overlap-
ping of American domestic problems into
the international field is reflected in the re-
volt of Canada against the excesses of
American second-class postal matter, con-
troversy over which has become somewhat
strained within the United States. Said
the Chicago Record-Herald:

THE P AND EX

41

f

^^v ^
rf

The California View of It.

^Pittsburg Gazette-Times.

Ottawa. — The Canadian postal authorities
have canceled the convention with the United
States for the exchange of seeond-class mail mat-
ter. The Po-stmaster General of Canada is
authority also for the statement that the entire
postal arrangements as between the Dominion
and the United States are undergoing a sweeping
revision.

It may be pointed out tliat many years ago it
was agreed by the governments of the two coun-
tries that each should handle all the newspapers
and other second-class mail matter originating
in the other country free of charge. This ar-
rangement operated considerably to the disad-
vantage of Canada, for not only did the United
States offer Canada ten times the weight of
newspapers that Canada offered the United

States, but Americans threw open their second-
class list to printed matter that, in this country,
was treated as advertising merchandise and only
carried at the rate of eight cents a pound.

As such printed matter originated in the
United States, it came to Canada as second-class
matter and was carried at the rate of one cent
or one-half cent a pound, according to circum-
stances. This state of affairs has been regarded
as giving Americans a privilege in Canada from
which Canadians themselves were excluded, and
it allowed a flood of advertising matter to come
in which had the effect of diverting a consider-
able quantity of trade to American firms which
should have gone to Canadians. Efforts to get
the United States authorities to change their sec-
ond-class conditions not being successful, it was

42

THE PANDEX

therefore decided that Canada would cancel the
convention after May 1 next. This will give the
two countries an opportunity to make necessary
changes in the classification of their second-class
matter, and it is expected that an agreement will
again be made for the exchange of newspaper
mail matter on a more equitable basis. If a new
agreement is not reached all American publica-
tions will have to pay postage at the rate of
eight cents a pound to enter Canada.

GERMAN MEAT DUTY HURTS

OFFERS A TARIFF SOP

Canada Provides an "Intermediate" Schedule
for Strategic Uses.

Larger in potential difficulty than the
mail problem betv^een the United States and
Canada, looms the tariff, whose latest phase
is shown by the Philadelphia North Ameri-
can:

Toronto, Ont. — Speaking generally, the new
Canadian tariff just presented to Parliament
makes an all-round increase of five per cent on
goods imported from the United States.

British preference has been lowered five per
cent, which will operate against American im-
portations. Much dissatisfaction is heard be-
cause the Government refused to place a duty
on tinplate and thus protect a Canadian indus-
try which is as yet in its swaddling clothes.

A new feature is the arrangement of the tariff.
Hitherto there have been only two divisons in
the protectionist schedules, the general tariff and
the British preference. Both these are con-
tinued, and there is added an intermediate tariff
in which the rates generally are one-tenth less
than those in the general tariff.

This new tariff is not to go into effect at once.
It is to be used in negotiating with countries that
will make tariff deductions in favor of Canadian
exports. In such cases it may be put into force
by order in council. The arrangement then
made will continue only from day to day and may
be ended at any time at the instance of either
party to the arrangement.

When it takes on a permanent character it will
be submitted to the Canadian Parliament, and
after having received its sanction the treaties
that are so approved will be negotiated through
the British Foreign Office in the usual way.

Here are some of the tariff increases against
the United States:

Silverware, perfumery, toilet articles, baths,
bath tubs, 30 to 35 per cent ; vegetables, hats and
caps, satchels, purses, cloaks, watches, 25 to 35
per cent ; typesetting machines, 10 to 20 ; bar-
ley, 20 to 30; collars, silk manufacturers, 35 to
371/2; brick and clay manufactures, 20 to 221/2!
brushes and canned meats, 25 to 27%, and raw
sugars, 15 per cent.

Lemons and oranges are placed in the free list.
On agricultural implements the duty is reduced
from 20 to 171/^ per cent. Iron and steel boun-
ties are continued for four years longer.

American Packers Pinched by the Increased
Duties and Closer Inspection.
Something of how this same tariff and
reciprocity matter carries the American re-
sponsibilities across the Atlantic is shown
in the following from the Chicago Record-
Herald : (By William E. Curtis.)

Washington. — George Marsles, head of the
foreign department of the Cudahy Packing Com-
pany, calls my attention to the fact that there
was a sharp advance in the rates of duty on
American pork products in Germany on the 1st
of March of this year, which was dictated by
the agrarian party. Bacon was advanced from
twenty marks to thirty-six marks per 100 kilos,
which is equal to nearly four cents a pound, and
the duty upon the new beef products that are
allowed entrance was more than doubled, the ad-
vance being from seventeen to thirty-five marks,
or from about one and three-quartei-s to three
and three-quarters cents per pound. This in-
creased duty, with the high prices of pork prod-
ucts at home, due to the enormous demands for
home consumption on account of good times, will
render it very difficult to sell meat in Germany.
"In addition to the high duties," said Mr. Mar-
bles, "there are all sorts of inspection fees and
annoying regulations at the frontier. We had an
instance the other day when a shipment of ours
of 250 half-barrels of lard was held up on the
ground that it contained cottonseed oil. We
protested that the lard was pure, but each and
every one of the 250 packages was subjected to
a chemical analysis. The result was that 248
half-barrels were passed and two were rejected,
and we had to pay a bill of $75 for the chemists'
fees. ' '

Mr. Marsles showed me a letter he had just
received from Cudahy 's agent at Frankfort, who
says that "all meat is very dear here, and the
large stock of American bacon which we had
on hand has now vanished into the interiors of
our poor laborers, who, I am afraid, have very
little bacon or meat to bite on. Even if they
buy American meats the duties and expenses are
so exorbitant that the retailers are compelled to
ask immense prices. For example, American
bacon is now retailed here at one mark per
pound, which is equal to twenty-five cents."

TO SEND POOR TO UNITED STATES

Alleged Plot in Japan to Encourage Emigration
to America.

Also that the immigrational system of the
country must be vitally reorganized has
been a political purpose for two or three
years. One reason why this must take place
is reflected in the following from the Chi-
cago Record-Herald:

THE P A N D E X

43

suim !

THE UNSIGHTLY WALL.

-Chicago Record-Herald.

44 •

THE PANDEX

Washington, D. C. — In connection with the Jap^
anese controversy California members of Congress
are using a forgotten, but very sensational, re-
port made in 1S!)9 to the Commissioner (ieneral
of Immigration by Mr. W. M. Rice, Commis-
sioner of Immigration at San Francisco, and
transmitted to Congress under a resolution of
inquiry by Mr. Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of the
Treasury, on May 14, 1900.

As a preliminary to the report Mr. T. V. Pow-
derly. Commissioner General of Immigration,
said that Mr. Rice had been dispatched to Japan,
where he had spent several months making his
investigation, and added :

''The report of this officer expressed tlie opin-
ion that such immigration was fostei'ed by a
number of societies, among whose members were
found Japanese subjects high in political and
social life, and that the occasion of the organiza-
tion of such societies, while ostensibly for the
purpose of furnishing passports to such subjects
of the Mikado as desired to come to this country
and to insure that only such as were admissible
under the laws of the United States should em-
bark for the purpose of temporary or permanent
settlement here, the true occasion was the large
profit derived from commissions paid either
directly by the immigrants or through the
agency of the steamship lines.

In his report Mr. Rice discloses how he ob-
tained evidence that there was an important
industry in Japan for inducing and assisting
immigration to the United States, because the
soil of Japan could not support the enormous
population and because the United States offered
opportunities for Japanese to work at cheap
wages, but far larger than those received at
home. He found that the system had been built
up through a combination of the wealthy and
political classes, which created immigration com-
panies which acted in connection with the gov-
ernment and steamship companies.

IN A DIPLOMATIC DUEL

Roosevelt's Act May Be Master Stroke Which
Will Solve Problem.

While the Pacific Coast became very much
incensed over the President's attitude in the'
Japanese matter, there were some close stu-
dents of international affairs who saw in the
entire dispute the following, as noted in the
Chicago Record-Herald:

(By Sumner.)

Washington. — The United States has made
the flret stroke in a game that seems likely to
match the diplomacy of America and the
diplomacy of Japan in a supreme test,
the destinies of the Orient. President Roose-
velt's message to Congress on the San Francisco
school question, assuring Japan of the sincere

intention of this Government to carry out to
the strict letter all treaty obligations, eventually
may prove a master stroke in the direction of
reaching an agreement that will not place Japan
in a position where its pride will suffer injury,
and at the same time give the Pacific Coast peo-
ple of our own country no cause to harbor anger
or indignation over the Japanese question.

The administration is most desirous of retain-
ing the highest regard of the Japanese Govern-
ment. But also it has at heart the interest of
Americans, who in the case now to the front
happen to be particularly the people of the
Pacific Coast. There may be found good reason
for changing treaty stipulations to the extent
of restricting immigration along certain lines,
and strong intimations were given from high
official sources to-day that such a move is possi-
ble. President Roosevelt's recommendation to
Congress that an act be passed specifically pro-
viding for the naturalization of Japanese who
come here intending to become American citizens
will go a long way toward convincing the Gov-
ernment beyond the Pacifi? of our earnest desire
to treat it on a basis of absolute equality, the
same as we treat the people of any of the coun-
tries of Europe — provided that they amalg imate
and become part of our population, in fact, as
do the peoples of other favored countries.

It may be pointed out to Japan that if con-
ditions were reversed and a tide of American
emigration to its shores set in, resulting in the
formation of alien colonies in its country, a
race feeling might grow up there which would
be as disagreeable to the .lapanese Government
as the California situation is to our Government.
But the tide of emigraticfn is all the other way.
Our citizens in Japan are either merchants — men
of affaire — or tourists, mostly the latter. The
Japanese in this country, increasing at a rapid
rate, are of the labor-seeking class, who retain
their Japanese status under the protection of
our laws and treaties with respect to aliens. The
conditions that have arisen were not foreseen
when the treaty with Japan was negotiated in
1894, and that treaty has six years of life re-
maining.

Secretary of State Root is not only behind the
President in all that has been developed up to
date in the more than sensational Japanese
affair, but it developed that it is his
diplomacy that is being played. Secretary Root,
in fact, is managing the situation so far as the
American end of it is concerned.

The situation has developed its theorists on
both sides, and, while there are those who look
to see a great triumph for American diplomacy
that will maintain the record made during Sec-
retary Hay's administration of the State De-
partment when troublesome Eastern problems
perplexed the statesmen of all the great world
powers, there are others who contend that Japan
occupies the advantageous position now, and
later will make a stroke against us in the inter-
national arena for which it long has been waiting-
opportunity.

THE PANDEX

45

THE COAST HAS A SOLUTION

How California Would Settle the Controversy
with the Japanese.

San Frandsco. — California has a plan for the
settlement of the Japanese embroglio in connec-
tion with the school situation and the invasion
of the little brown men. and it now comes forth
with a series of provisions as a basis of a settle-
ment as follows :

The Federal Government to enact a new treaty
with Japan, excluding Japanese coolie labor
from the United States and Hawaii, and Amer-
ican labor from Japan.

Japanese contract labor importations to cease.

Equality in public schools, with separate
schools for adult Japanese desiring primary and
grammar .school training.

A decision by the United States Supreme
Court on the state's right to pass anti-miscegena-
tion and school laws.

The Federal Government to decide the right
of franchise for the Japanese, California sug-
gesting only Federal cognizance of Japanese
class distinctions in passing the law.

Keep the question out of the hands of Con-
gress.

ASIATIC HORDES ELSEWHERE

Mexico and Great Britain Become Alarmed Over
Situation.

One of the most strenuous contentions
of the opponents of the Japanese was that
their immigraion but foreshadowed a gen-
eral immigration of Asiatics. That some
ground existed for this apprehension is evi-
dent from the following dispatch in the
St. Louis Republic :

Washington. — America's incipient imbroglio
with Japan, together with reports from Mexico
that Japanese colonists in that republic are com-
plaining bitterly to their Government regarding
treatment alleged to be cruel and unjust ; Brit-
ain's troubles in Australia, springing from an
anti-Asiatic feeling among her subjects in that
section of the world, and the Orient's aggressive
stand in matters relating to encroachments upon
her territory, have brought students of world
politics to the belief that the German Emperor's
outcry against the ' ' yellow peril ' ' is not with-
out cause.

Added to' this is the announcement that Jap-
anese military operations are very active and '
that the Japanese cabinet has decided upon a
policy which will increase the standing anny of
the island empire to 7.')0.000 men, making her
fighting force equivalent to that of many of the
greatest military nations of Europe and entirely
eclipsing the soldiery immediately available in
the United States.

China Assembling an Efficient Army.

This declaration of Japan's new policy conies
rapidly upon the heels of confirmed reports of
China's awakening and her assembling of an
efficient army.

European army officers who have recently
viewed the maneuvers of China's fighting force
express the belief that a bettpr drilled, better
disciplined, and better equipped soldiery does not
exist in any nation.

Despite the strained relations between the
United States and Japan, growing out of the
San Francisco public-school fiasco, no fear
exists in the minds of Washington's diplomats
that any serious difficulty will result.

That some understanding relative to the im-
migration of Japanese coolies into the United
States must be arrived at between the two na-
tions is the opinion expressed on every hand, and
that Japan will be willing and eager to enter into
such a readjustment of affairs is not doubted.

Japan Wants Natives to Go to Manchuria.

It is pointed out by public men familiar with
the policies of the Japanese Government that
the emigration of her farming class to the Pacific
Coast and other parts of the Western Hemi-
sphere is not sanctioned by the Mikado, nor by
any of his advisers, but that the wish of Japan
is to turn the tide of emigrants to the fields of
Korea and Manchuria where their work will
count more for the prosperity of their own Gov-
ernment.

HINDOOS INVADE CANADA

British Columbia Finds a Campaign of Exclusion
Is Imperative.

The .same thing was further obvious from
the following dispatch in the Associated
Press :

Vancouver, B. C. — British Columbia has deter-
mined to wage war against the Hindoo invasion.
Two hundred more of these cheap laborei*s ar-
rived on the Athenian, a large number are en.,
route on the Empress of Japan, and the Monteagle
is to bring one hundred. In fact, there is a large
colony waiting at Hongkong to take ship for
Vancouver. There is no law to keep them out,
but this province will, demand of the Dominion
Parliament that it pass one at the session to be
held at Ottawa next month. R. G. Macpherson,
M. P. for this city, has already started the cam-
paign in this direction. In fact, he has just re-
turned from the Federal Cabinet, and stated that
the Dominion Government is so alive to the
menace that it has decided to introduce restric-
tive legislation.

A Hindoo named Dr. Davichand is the apparent
moving spirit in this Asiatic invasion. He and
those working with him are said to have 20,000
more contracted for, who will shortly leave Cal-
cutta for here.

46

THE PANDEX

Bernhard Dernburg, the New Head of the
Kaiser's Colonial Department, as a German Car-
toonist Sees Him.

— Chicago Tribune.

The passage of these Hindoos through Hong-
kong and Shanghai, and the tales told of wealth
in British Columbia are causing trouble in the
Sikh departments in those cities, many of the
men who are now acting as police there desiring
to throw up their jobs to join in the rush to the
El Dorado, which they imagine this province to
be. To those who formerly earned a few pence
a day the wages offered in British Columbia seem
vondrous large.

TRYING TO MAKE ILL FEELING.

Attempt to Show German-American Hostility to
England.

"With the United States at tension with
Japan, naturally the alliance of Japan with
Great Britain becomes of paramount im-
portance. The following from the Chicago
News shows something of the value placed
upon this point:

London. — It is suspected at the Foreign Office
and the American embassy that systematic efforts
are in progress in some quarters further to re-

frigerate Anglo-American relations. President
Roosevelt is represented as being in close and
confidential communication with the Kaiser and
af favoring an understanding between Germany
and America to act in harmony if Japan should
menace the white race.

American Flag Story Discredited.

In the House of Commons last' night Sir Ed-
ward Grey, secretary of state for foreign affairs,
was asked if he had heard that in the event of
a war involving Germany, the German merchant
marine would he taken under the protection of
the American flag. Sir Edward replied in the
negative. Afterward the gossip of the members
in the lobby centered upon the puzzle as to the
origin of such a report.

Misrepresents the Alliance.

Late dispatches from New York indicate an
attempt to circulate the notion in America that
the Anglo-Japanese alliance of August, 1905,
"contains no clause relieving the British people
of the necessity of supporting the Japanese
should Japan engage in a conflict with the United
States." Such a notion, according to official
information, entirely misrepresents the alliance.
In the first place, the treaty relates exclusively to
matters connected with the Far East — Asia and
India; secondly, neither of the contracting powers
can start a war without the consent of the other,
and, thirdly, neither is bound to assist the other
in resisting aggression unless the attack is upon
the territorial rights or special interests of the
second power. The special interests of Britain,
as defined by the treaty, refer to the Indian fron-
tier and those of Japan to Korea. Even as to
Korea, Japan is expressly prohibited from in-
fringing on the principle of equal opportunities
for the industry and commerce of all nations.

Conditions of Aid in War.

This principle forms one of the three main
objects of the treaty, and Lord Lansdown em-
phasized the point when the agreement was pub-
lished that only an "unprovoked attack" could
bring either party to the support of the other,
and such attack must take place when the country
attacked is defending its territorial rights and
special interests as indicated in the text of the
treaty. The Daily News correspondent is assured
that the Foreign Office regards the Philippines as
quite outside the scope of the agreement.

JAPAN NOT AFTER JAVA

Sensational Report in an Italian Paper Denied
on Good Authority.

For several years Japan has been accused
of looking with envy upon the Philippines
and therefore of watching for an oppor-
tunity to provoke a quarrel with the United
States. Another phase of the Mikado's al-

THE PANDEX

47

leged territorial ambition is reflected in the
following from the Chicago News:

The Hague. — The Italian paper, the Giornale del
Lavori Publice, contains a sensational article
which has been copied by the German press and

demonstration against Java. Many Japanese
spies and agents have overrun Java in every
direction; the important towns swarm with Jap-
anese agents, who are trying to win the natives
for the Mikado's Government and inciting to
revolt against Dutch rule. Every day encounters

CHEER UP, WILHELM!

-Chicago Tribune.

which alludes to Japan's military and naval
preparations as being directed against the Dutch
East Indies. It says: "Japan's naval and mili-
tary preparations, which are being pushed with
feverish haste, are directed against the Dutch
Indian island of Java. All the arsenals and
dockyards are overcrowded with work. The
Mikado's Government intends to make a naval

occur between Japanese sailors and Dutch sub-
jects, and several armed conflicts have taken
place. By its geographical and strategic position
Java would be of great importance to Japan, and
the great natural wealth of the country would
render Japan independent of Western European
nations. ' '

48

THE PANDEX

No Truth in Reports.

It seems that the influential papers of the
foreign press have taken the sensational news
seriously, and so it is necessary that it should be
immediately denied from Dutch sources. I can
most authoritatively deny the truth of all these
rumors with reference to Java. In Dutch Indian
circles nothing is known about conflicts between
the Dutch and Japanese sailors or about the secret
working of Japanese agents among the natives.
Sporadically the Indian press has made mention
of sujjposed Japanese spies who have been ar-
rested on suspicion only. Three instances oc-
curred during or just after the Russo-Japanese
war and may be ascribed to the fear of the
Japanese Government that Russia might try to
violate the neutrality of Holland by coaling or
taking on contraband goods in Dutch Indian har-
bors. The Dutch Indian Government affirms that
relations between Japan and the Dutch colonies
are of the most friendly nature, and that nothing
warrants the spread of such sensational reports.

In well-informed circles it is asserted that
Japan is far too clever to contemplate any such
risky scheme.

COMPLICATIONS WITH MEXICO

KNOWS JAPAN'S DEFENSES

United States Carefully Charting Fortifications
of the Mikado's Empire.

A phase of the Japanese situation likely
too reassuring to Americans, is the follow-
ing, as given in the Chicago' News :

AVashington, D. C. — The Government has in its
possession maps showing the defenses of Japan.
The attempt of the Japanese to sketch the forti-
fications in Manila has disclosed the fact that the
War Department is compiling much information
about those of the Mikado. No underhand
methods are employed.

Maps showing everything of military value or
significance, together with other information,
have been procured, and the work already done
ir. remarkably complete.

The undertaking is not based on any particular
impression that Japan is likely to become an
enemy, though among army and navy men it is
the general opinion that there is more likelihood
of complications with Japan than with any other
country.

In gathering military information American
countries and .Japan have received the most at-
tention. Canada, for instance, is well in hand,
and Cuba has been charted with the greatest
detail and exactness.

These maps, verified and kept corrected to date,
would be of the greatest value in case of war.
fhe Japanese owed much of their Manchurian
campaign to their superior intelligence service,
each Japanese commander being ^'ell supplied
with information at the beginning of his cam-
paign.

Irrigation Problem Along the Rio Grande In-
volves United States.

Last Month's Pandex showed the relation
of the United States to the incipient but
abortive revolutionary movement in Mexico.
Another, and perhaps more serious point of
relationship is the following, ■ as shown in
the New York World:

Austin, Tex. — Without flourish of trumpets,
the Boundary Commission has visited Brownsvillt
to see whether the big Yoakum irrigation project
is getting the United States into trouble with
Mexico through diverting a large share of the
waters of the Rio Grande.

No report upon the conclusions of the Commis-
. sion has been made public. There is no doubt,
nevertheless, that it learned enough to keep some
of the wise ones at Washington busy for some
time, and incidentally, probably set in motion
plans for smoothing over the abstraction of about
one-fifth of the entire flow of the Rio Grande
for private use.

The troublesome phase of the ease lies in the
relation of the river to the two republics. If an
American syndicate can take one-fifth of the
waters of the river at one point, there is no
logical reason whj' a similar syndicate can not
take a similar amount elsewhere, or why Mexicans
may not use the water as the Americans are
doing.

Reduced to a logical conclusion, the present
operation and possible succeeding ones would
permit the absorption of the entire water supply
of the river, leaving Biownsville. a river town,
without a river, and permitting constant passage
across the border of all classes of undesirable
persons.

Mexico would not tolerate the building of
canals, and it is expected that the Republic may
ask some questions about the violation of her
rights. The pumps do in a technically legal way
what it would be unlawful for canals to do.

Development of this great scheme has gone on
very quietly. It is the greatest irrigation enter-
prise ever undertaken by private capital. Mil-
lions are expended in making lands worth many
times their cost and the cost of the improvements.

But Mexico is very jealous of the Rio Grande.
It is a boundary line that can not be disputed
under the law. If it should be allowed to be
obliterated — only a vague possibility, but still.
a possibility — it would open the way for . the
powerful rival Republic on the north to encroach
on the weaker one on the south. So, Mexico is
wisely disposed to look upon any movement that
may hamper the flow of the river with a jealous
eye. What action it may take is purely prob-
lematic,' since this question has never before
arisen. - - . .

THE P A N D E X

49

PROBLEM IS WORLD VEXATIOUS London.— The question of relations between tlie

■ white race and peoples of other colors is one of

White Man's Burden Stirring Minds of Diplo- almost world-wide agritation at the present mo-
mats in All Europe. ment. It occupies the public mind in England,
mi i ii, TT -i J c-i i • i 1 • .. Germany, Belgium, France, and Spain.
That the United States is not alone in the The Congo question has passed from the stage

-"i>'^i.

THE KONGO WILL BE ALL RIGHT PRESENTLY.

"John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is a stockholder in the new American Kongo Company." — News
Item. — Chicago News.

problem which San Francisco's school board of sentimental discussion to a serious inter-
has precipitated is made evident by the national issue Despite the scathing condemna-
^ 1^ •' tion of King Leopold in the Belgian Parliament,
Chicago Tribune's dispatches: it is doubtful if genuine refonns will be volun-

50

THE PANDEX

tarily adopted which will lead Great Britain to
abandon its declared intention to intervene in
behalf of the natives.

Should England step in the world shall see
the first serious test of the Anglo-French entente,
for in all previous international attempts to deal
with the Congo question France has supported
Germany, and there is little doubt that Germany
will continue to oppose any interference by the
powers.

If the Clemeneeau Government reverses its
former position and supports Groat Brits in, then
for the first time the world will realize the
momentous and far-reaching importance of the
recent regrouping of the powers, which has
changed the direction of modern political history.

Rough Work to Quiet Moors.

France and Spain are on the eve of the execu-
tion of their mandate to reduce the turbulent
Moors to order. There is every indication that
their task is more formidable than the delegates
at Algeciras expected. Rough work, approach-
ing war on a small scale, seems probable.

Germany watches with jealous eye, but appar-
ently it has no intention to render the task more
difficult either by real or threatened interference.

Germany, indeed, has a race scandal of its own
of the blackest description. No story of the
Congo or of Russian ante bellum atrocities in
Manchuria can compare in horror with that told
in the Reichstag recently by Herr Bebel.

The Socialist leader described the extermina-
tion of whole villages in Southwest Africa by
German troops, which massacred adults and then
drowned children in the river. The most the
Government could say in reply was that there
had been abuses, but that the reports were ex-
aggerated. The Spectator says:

"There is positive danger lest the whole native
population of Africa become permeated with a
dread and hatred of white men. It is reported
from many quarters that this feeling already is
betraying itself throughout the vast dominion of
the Congo State. It may easily spread south-
ward and northward till the entire continent is
filled with a hostility to Europe resembling that
which three hundred years ago undermined the
ascendancy of the triumphant Spanish monarchy.

Blacks May Band Against Whites.

"There is a comity of the blacks as there is in
the white world. Though the black is prepared
to be governed by his white superior with a cer-
tain absolutism, he will not bear that unreason-
able cruelty which keeps him in perpetual terror
as well as a kind of bewilderment concerning
what is required of him.

"However stern the conquerors are in enforc-
ing their own superior civilization they must be
on the side of justice, however harsh it may be
to themselves. They must avoid a cruelty which
suggests to their victims that they are in the
hands rather of evil demons than of able fighting
men.

"The whites must learn what was early learned

in India — to let the women alone. Negresses are
not English ladies, but they care for their
children. If some of the stories 'told in the Ger-
man Parliament be true there may be hatred of
white men handed down through villages from
generation to generation, and Europeans won't
rule Africa.

"Mussulman missionaries, already thousands
in number, can say with truth that where the
Christian is there is the habitation of cruelty."

The British Government finds itself faced with
a similar difficulty in the Transvaal as confronts
Roosevelt in California's anti- Japanese action.

The inhabitants of the Transvaal resent the
competition of the natives of India who have im-
migrated into the country. They have endeavored
to discriminate against them by imposing serious
disabilities by law. The victims appealed to the
home government, wheh has vetoed the act.

AMERICA GETS INTO THE CONGO

Ryan Secures Rubber Concessions in the Country
of Scandals.
How the American people, willy nilly, may
be thrown into the African battle is shown
in the following from the New York Amer-
ican:

New York.- — Confirmation of the many vague
reports received from the Continent in recent
months of the enlistment of American capital in
the development of Central African mineral fields
has been obtained from the Ryan-Guggenheim
interests in an acknowledgment that they have
obtained mineral rights in the Congo Free State,
and are proceeding with the organization of a
company to explore and develop the new field.

The concession, which is a part of the rights
obtained from King Leopold personally, and from
the Belgian Government by Thomas F. Ryan, dur-
ing his stay abroad last summer, covers an area
of many thousand square miles.

It has been known in a general way since the
earliest days of African exploration that there
are large mineral deposits, including copper,
silver, and gold, in the Free State territory, and,
though the field still remains largely unmapped,
it was said at the Guggenheim office recently that
quiet work has been going on in the district of
late years, which has confirmed the early finds
beyond doubt. John Hays Hammond, now chief
director of the Guggenheim field work, gained a
large part of his reputation as a mining engineer
in the South African gold fields, and during the
years he spent in Africa had opportunities of
gaining knowledge of the mineral wealth of
Central Africa which, it is said, has been chiefly
responsible for the venture of the Guggenheims
into this untried field. Already the firm headed
by Daniel Guggenheim is the largest single pro-
ducer of precious metals in the world, and is
credited with, supplying about 25 per cent of the
copper produced in this country.

It could not be learned on what terms the

THE PANDEX

51

African mineral concessions had been obtained,
but it is understood that they are part of the
general grant obtained by Mr. Ryan, which was
announced at first as applying only to the rubber
lands owned by King Leopold. The American
Congo Company was incorporated at Albany a
few weeks ago in the interest of Thomas F. Ryan,
the Messrs. Guggenheim, Edward B. Aldrich, and
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to take over the rubber
privileges.

The mineral exploitation will be undertaken by
a foreign corporation, it was said authoritatively,
but whether this would be organized in England
or on the Continent could not be definitely
learned. Neither could it be ascertained whether
the Ryan-Guggenheim interests intend to carry
on the work alone or with the aid of French and
English capitalists whom cable reports credit
with having been jointly interested with Mr.
Ryan in the negotiations with King Leopold.

MOVE TO OVERTHROW SULTAN

MAY LOSE BIG COLOfTY

Ties Said to Be Weakening Between Australia
and Mother Country.

With Anglo-American friendship threat-
ened by international intrigue, the fate that
may befall English colonies, especially in the
Pacific ocean, becomes of importance. Said
the Chicago Record-Herald:

Ottawa, Ont. — That Australia will, in the near
future, declare for political independence is, ac-
cording to G. W. Inglis, who passed through here
on his way to Europe, the opinion prevalent in
that country just now. Mr. Inglis is a member of
the Australian Parliament, a prominent exporter
of Melbourne and in touch with public sentiment
throughout the commonwealth. He states that the
ties are weakening between Australia and the
mother country. Organized labor, which controls
the political situation in Australia, while neither
disloyal nor yet loyal, has no sympathy with im-
peVial connection. The Federation scheme itself
is not regarded by the people as having proved
anything of a success so far.

There is a feeling abroad in the country that
it is over-governed; that the system of govern-
ment is too costly, and that the administrative
chain is greatly strained by overlaping authority
and is liable to break at any moment. No actual
rupture, it is thought, will take place so long as
the country is enjoying a measure of pro.speritj'
with which it is at present favored, but it is
claimed that when the pinch of depression again
is felt, as it will be with the return of unfavor-
able seasons and the blighting effects of the
periodical drouth, there will be merciless cutting
down as the result, and something will give way.

Revolutionary Manifestos Call on Inhabitants of
Empire to End "Savage Oppression."

While Turkey remains in debt to the
United States, the following as to the in-
ternal conditions of the Ottoman Empire
bears special interest to American states-
men. It is from the Chicago Record-Herald :

Constantinople. — A number of revolutionary
manifestos, attributable to the young Turk move-
ment, are being circulated clandestinely here and
in the provinces. One of these, distributed by
an organization styling itself the Ottoman Liberal
Committee, advocates in moderate but explicit
language the re-establishment of the Constitution
of 1878 in revised form, rendering some of its
provisions more applicable to the needs of the
country, and invites Ottomans to unite for the
accomplishment of this object instead of by vyork-
ing in different directions, enabling a despotic
government to neutralize their efforts.

It declares that the new sovereign must pledge
himself to introduce the Constitution of 1878, in
return for which the nation shall respect the
rights of the imperial dynasty, especially the
mode of succession to the throne established by
centuries. The revised Constitution, it is added,
should rely on the ancient principles, including
the respect due to the sovereign's prerogatives,
equality and liberty in equal degree for all Otto-
mans, and a large degree of decentralization in
the provinces.

Another pamphlet purporting to emanate from
the same source invites the inhabitants of the
Empire without distinction to combine against
the "savage oppression of those unhealthy beings
who are the intermediaries of the cruelties and
persecutions of the sultans," and says that the
despotic government must be overthrown and law
and justice established.

The manifestos are considered indicative of the
feeling of general discontent prevailing through-
out the Turkish Empire.

BETWEEN GERMANY AND TURKEY

Kaiser's Government Not Trying to Rouse the
Moslems Against England.

The following, also, has similar interest
to the above. It is from the Chicago News :

Constantinople. — Much has been said about
German attempts to influence the Moslem world
against England but it is very doubtful whether
such is the case. At the very time when the
worst accusations were being made, namely when
the question of the Egyptian frontier was up, it
is a fact well known here that Germany was

T HE P A N D E X

advising the Sultan to give way, pointing out to
him that worse would befall him if he did not.
Of course, Germany has always been opposed
to England on commercial grounds, has done her
utmost to oust Great Britain, and has succeeded
in almost every attempt, the reason being that
the German Emperor, the German Government,
and German trade are all one and the same thing
and work together fox one end. The Germans
saw a large field in Turkey for German enter-
prise and left no stone unturned to secure it.

Has Trade in View.

The German Emperor's visit here in 1898 was
solely for the pui-pose of helping German trade,
and lie then made the granting of the Haidar
Pasha Harbor a personal matter and got it. All
the time he posed as the Sultan's friend, and
coming as he did when all Europe was down
on the Sultan after the Armenian massacres and
at the very moment when the Britisli troops were
massacred in Crete, it is not surprising that the
Sultan should have been taken in and believed
he had a real friend. The Emperor has proved a
friend in giving advice, but there it ends. In
variably when a crisis has occurred and the con-
cert of ^urope was threatening destruction,
Germany has always refused to help in coercion
and has always kept in the background, telling
the Sultan that Germany is his friend and will
not act against him, but at the same time advis-
ing him to give way or come to terms and also
at the same time getting some new concession.
In all this there is no special animus against
England, except that England is most in the way
and interferes with German commerce. England
was the stumbling block for a debouche for the
Bagdad Railway and had to be opposed.

RUSSIA IN SHAH'S KINGDOM

Has Steadily Lowered Great Britain's Imports
for Ten Years.

Another Oriental kingdom whose imme-
diate destiny may affect America is told
in the following from the Philadelphia In-
quirer :

London.^In the last few years Russia has
made wonderful strides in the Persian markets
and it is now stated that it predominates in the
trade there. This is due, it is said, as a result
of the friendly intercourse established between
the two countries.

Ten years ago the Russian imports into Persia
amounted to only fifteen per cent of those of
Great Britain. Now, however, Russia actually
imports more than England does, and the imports
of the latter country are steadily diminishing.
The reason for this is not far to seek: Russian
influence is now supreme in Northern Persia.
A new railway line for Russian commerce has
also been opened, facilitating the communication

between the two countries and enabling Russians
to compete successfully with other commercial
competitors.

The first section of this line, Tiflis-Alexandro-
pol, was opened as far back as 1899. A second
section, Alexandropol-Erivan, was then opened
in 1902, while the third section, Envan-Nake-
chevan-Jidfa to the Persian frontier, has re-
cently been completed. In this way a continuous
line has been constructed, connecting Central
Russia with Persia, running through Rostof,
Perofsk-Baladjar, and Tiflis. The distance from
St. Petersburg by this new railway is about
3000 miles, and from Moscow about 2600, or
six days' journey.

This new line, of course, very much shortens
the time formerly required for the journey by
way of Baku or Petrofsk, as it obviates the ne-
cessity of a long caravan journey. It is now
proposed to extend this new line from Julfa
through Persian territory as far as Tabriz, the
Moscow of Persia and by far the largest trading
center of that cotmtry.

The surveys for this railway were made by
the Russian engineers in 1900-01 at the same
time as those for the Alexandropol-Julfa line,
and the intimate relations at present existing
between the two countries render the realization
of this scheme only a matter of time, as the con-
struction of the final link in the chain of com-
munication has already been begun.

The Russian Government hopes to have the
line completed and in thorough working order
early next year. It will be extremely interesting
to see which extraneous power (if any) is to
predominate in the commerce of the kingdom of
the Shah.

AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION A PROBLEM

Ex-Grand Duke of Tuscany, or His Children,
May Succeed to Throne.

A country, the life of whose ruler the
aspiring German emperor watches with a
keenness that bears great international im-
port is Austria-Hungary, concerning whose
probable succession to the throne the St.
Louis G-lobe-Demoerat has printed the fol-
lowing : ■

When Archduke Leopold of Austria volun-
tarily surrendered his imperial rank and pre-
rogatives, as well as his Austrian citizenship, to
wed a little actress, and became a citizen of
Switzerland under the name of Leopold Wolf-
ling, he probable failed to appreciate the fact
that he was sacrificing not only his status as a
prince of the reigning house but likewise the
thrones of Austria and Hungary. True, at that
time his prospects of succession may have
seemed somewhat remote. But since then there

The p a x d e x

53

UNCLE SAM AS A JAPANESE PAPER SEES HIM.

This cartoon, taken from the Tokio Puck, had the following caption attached to it: "Pan-
American Trust." Uncle Sam, who has already swallowed the Philippines and the Hawaiian
Islands and has lately seized the Cuban republic, is now contemplating a Pan-American trust
to look down on the Old World.

has been a change and to-day he would be re-
garded in the light of an heir presumptive to
Emperor Francis Joseph's crown.

As everybody knows, that venerable monarch
lost his only son at Meyerling, and is therefore
without male issue. His eldest nephew, Arch-
duke Francis Ferdinand, the heir apparent, is
morganatically married, and has solemnly
pledged himself never to attempt, when
emperor, to endow his morganatic sons
with imperial prerogatives or rights to
the throne. Francis Ferdinand's next

brother. Otto, has just died, leaving two sons,
namely Charles Francis and Maximilian, both of
whom are delicate, the elder one especially so.
After them comes their father's youngest
brother, Archduke Charles Louis, who is in-
fatuated with the daughter of Professor Czuber
of the Vienna University and who swears that he
will never wed any one else unless he can marry
her. The infatuation has lasted for several
years, and all the endeavors of the Emperor to
put an end thereto by sending the Archduke to
travel abroad have merely served to strengthen

it. The Emperor absolutely refuses to give his
consent to any union of his nephew with Mile.
Czuber, a union which, of course, could only be
morganatic. It is believed than when the Em-
peror dies, and Francis Ferdinand ascends the
throne, he will be unable to withhold from his
only surviving brother the permission to wed
morganatically the woman he loves, in the same
way he (Francis Ferdinand) has done himself
in the case of Princess Hohenburg.

Tuscan Prince Is in Line.

Next after Archduke Charles Louis, now
thirty-eight years of age, comes the ex-grand-
duke of Tuscany, who was deprived of his throne
by the great Italian revolution of IStiO, which in-
corporated his dominions into the present
kingdom of Italy. The grand duke, who is over
seventy years of age, is hardly likely to survive
the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Charles
Louis. But his eldest son is the Ex-archduke
Leopold, now a Swiss citizen, and his second son
is Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, who, it may be
remembered, was dispatched by his family and

54

THE PANDEX

by the Emperor to Switzerland to endeavor to
induce the ex-erown princess of Saxony to return
to Dresden, after her elopement with Giron, and
to persuade Archduke Leopold to abandon his
little actress and to resume his place at the head
of his regiment at Olmutz. As everybody knows,
the mission was unsuccessful.

Of course, the Emperor has one surviving
brother, Archduke Louis Victor, but he has long
been afflicted with softening of the brain, and
for several years past has been under restraint
in one of the imperial chateaux near Salsburg.
His case is incurable.

FIRST SCHOOL FOR DIPLOMATS

It Is to Be Opened by Tale and Columbia
Jointly.

For many years the need of special train-
ing of Americans to meet the increasing bur-
dens of international relationship has been
agitated. That the proposition is finally
taking shape is shown in the following from
the New York Sun;

New Haven. — The Yale-Columbia recipe for
making expert diplomats is just out. It is in
the form of a circular announcing the number
and names of the courses for diplomats that are
to be offered by Yale and Columbia Universities,
which have combined to start the first school
for diplomats in this country.

The experiment is the result of the efforts of
Yale alumni who believe that the diplomats sent
to foreign countries by the United States are
not all as highly trained as they should be. Presi-
dent Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia and
President Arthur T. Hadley of Yale met not
long ago in New York to talk over the matter.
Secretary Elihu Root is said to be in sympathy
with the movement and it is stated that Presi-
dent Roosevelt has expressed himself as favoring
some such undertaking.

Andrew D. White, Yale '53, who represented
the United States as ambassador in Germany for

many years, started the movement here. On re-
turning to New Haven to celebrate his fiftieth
anniversary, he criticized the diplomatic service
of this country and expressed the hope that the
time would come when the United States would
train its diplomats so that it would hesitate as
much to send an unlettered, untrained man to
represent the Government at some foreign post
as it would to send a butcher to represent Amer-
ican surgery at an international gathering of
physicians.

A NEW IDEA IN WARFARE

To Save, Not Destroy Life, Is Inventor Hol-
land's Plan.

New York. — Believing that to cripple and not
annihilate will be the object in wars of the
future, John Holland, the submarine torpedo
boat inventor, is at work on a design for a new
boat for this purpose. Mr. Holland is of the
belief that the time is not far off when the
nations of the earth will be settling their differ-
ences without fighting, in which event destructive
agents will not be necessary. He hopes by his
new idea, however, to startle the world by the
creation of a new mode of warfare.

Mr. Holland took occasion to discuss the tor-
pedo boat and some of his plans at a meeting
of the Lasalle Society in Newark.

"Submarines," said Mr. Holland, "are the
only sort of weapons built against which there
can not be any defense. But the one I am at
work on and hope soon to build is a real new
one and will be the chief instrument of all in
doing away with wars. It will not go forth
with the idea of destroying, but with a view to
crippling or disabling, incapacitating, as it were,
everything it attacks. With it nations can seek
antagonists' ships and say, 'We will not destroy,
we will only cripple.' It will put boats out of
commission and render them unfit for service,
and without, I am hoping, the loss of a single
life."

THE PANDEX

55

Cabinet, Legislature, Judiciary and
Others at Work

— Adapted from New York Times.

REFORMS PROPOSED BY THE VARIOUS HEADS OF THE

FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS.— STRUGGLES IN CONGRESS OVER

SHIP SUBSIDY AND RIVER AND HARBOR BILLS.

THE opposition of Vested Interests to leg-
islation calculated to force them into
consideration of the public welfare having
been much moderated, if not indeed having
lost the bulk of its once enormous force,
the attempt of the Government to govern
itself takes on a freer and far more
inspiring aspect than it has for many
years past. Cabinet officials, as well
as the President, give an unwonted sub-
stance and progressiveness to their annual
reports, and Congressmen venture upon res-
olutions and bills with an earnestness and
assurance which can but be most wholesome
for the country. Whether there is a subtle
and deeply hidden antagonism still being
waged by the corporations and the finan-

ciers, and whether they are using the present
surface liberation to cover designs that will
entrench them more vitally than ever, is
something which it will require further time
to demonstrate.

PLAN FOR THE CURRENCY

Controller Insists upon Reforms That Will
Create Elasticity.

As significant as anything of the compara-
tive harmony of interests in the country is
the unanimity with which the various fac-
tors appear to agree upon the line which cur-
rencv reform should take. Controller

56

T H E P A i\ D E X

Ridgeley defined the movement in the recom-
mendations made in his annual report, the
following summary of which is from the
Pittsburg Gazette-Tim«s :

Washington.— William B. Ridgely, controller
of the currency, in his animal report to Congress
calls the attention of Congress to the necessity
of a change in the national currency and renews
the recommendations made in his report of De-
cember 1, 1902. that the national banks be
authorized to issue a portion of their circulation
as uncovered notes as the best means of adding
to this circulation the greatly needed quality of
elasticity.

Controller Ridgely recommends that the
laws be amended so as to allow of the following
changes :

All national banks which have been in oper-
ation for not less than two years and which
have an unimpaired surplus of not less than
twenty per cent of their capital stock to be per
mitted to issue not to exceed fifty per cent of
the amount of their bond-covered notes in notes
uncovered by bond deposits.

To protect these notes the' banks to carry the
same reserves as against deposits, in gold or its
equivalent. In reserve banks this would be
twenty-five per cent and in all others fifteen
per cent of the outstanding notes.

These notes to be further protected by a guar-
antee fund of five per cent, to be deposited by
the issuing bank with the treasurer of the
United States before any are issued.

Out of this guarantee fnnd all such gold-
reserve notes to be redeemed on demand.

The guarantee fund to be kept good by a grad-
uated tax on the gold-reserve notes, beginning at
a rate of not over two and one-half per ccat
per annum.

Every bank issuing gold-reserx^i notes to be
required to provide means of redemption for
such notes in every reserve and central reserve
city, and also such other points as may be desig-
nated.

These points to be numerous ai'd i'oiiveni?nt
enough to put every national bank within twenty-
four hours of a redemption center.

The provision limiting the retiremeiu of the
present bond-secured notes to $3,000,000 per
month not to apply to gold-reserve notes, and
this limit to be repealed or greatly extended
at the discretion of the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, in its application to bond-secured notes.

The stock of money in the United States on
June 30, 1906, amounted to $3,069,900,000, of
which $2,162,000,000 was in coin (including bul-
lion in the treasury) and $907,000,000 in United
States notes and national bank notes. The
coin, bullion and paper currency in the treasury
as assets amounted to $325,400,000, the re-
mainder, .$2,744,500,000, being in circulation.
The estimated population of the country on that
date was 84,622,000. giving an average circula-
tion per capita of $32.42, against a per capita

of $31.08 for 1905 and $21.10 in 1896. The
amount of money held by national and other
reporting banks in the United States, shown by
reports nearest to June 30, 1906, was $1,010,-
700,000, which leaves $1,733,800,000 in circula-
tion, exclusive of money in the treasury and in
banks, being a gain of $133,700,000 over the
amount in circulation in 1905, outside of the
banks and the treasury. The money in the treas-
ury on June 30, 1906, represented 10.60 per cent
of the stock; in reporting banks, .32.92 per cent;
and elsewhere, 56.49 per cent. The per capita
unaccounted for in 1906 appears to be $20.48, an
increase of $1.26 over the per capita estimated
for 1905, and a gain of $6.83 in the per capita
of money estimated to be in circulation ten
years ago.

ASKS POWER AGAINST TRUSTS

Attorney General Advises New Laws to
Strengthen Government.
Another significant phase of the state of
public mind is reflected in the emphasis with
which the retiring- Attorney-General, Mr.
Moody, urged that increased power be given
the Government's law department to deal
with trusts. Said the Chicago Record-
Herald :

Washington. — Recommendations for new legis-
lation which will assist the Department of Jus-
tice in the prosecution of offenders, particularly
under the anti-trust law, are made by Attorney
General William H.. Moody in his annual report,
which was submitted to Congress. The reforms
which he urges are as follows :

1. An amendment of the law respecting the
arrest of persons indicted for crime.

2. Enactment of a law giving to the United
States the right of appeal on questions of law
in criminal cases, with the proviso that a verdict
of acquittal on the merits shall not be set aside.

3. Restoration to the Government of the right
to appeal customs cases to the Supreme Court.

4. The necessary legislation and appropri-
ation to send the reports of the Supreme Court
to each place of holding United States Circuit
and District Courts.

5. Amendment of the right of appeal from
the Court of Appeals for the District of Colum-
bia, so that it shall be coextensive with that of
the various Circuit Courts.

PROPOSE FEDERAL LICENSES

Secretary Metcalf Thinks This the Only Way
to Regulate Trusts.

In further elaboration of the requests of
the Attornej'-General were those of the re-

THE PANDEX

57

tiring Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
Said the Philadelphia North American in
summarizing Mr. Metcalf's report:

Washington. — In his annual report just made
public, Secretary Metcalf, of the Department
of Commerce and Labor, calls attention to the
fact that individual states have demonstrated
their inability to effectually curb the improper
uses of^ corporate powers. He suggests Federal
control of corporations and says the most feas-
ible way would be on the Federal franchise plan.

"This plan," suggests the Secretary, "is sim-
ply to require the greater industrial corpora-
tions to obtain a license from the Federal Gov-
ernment if they are to engage in interstate and
foreign commerce. There would be no inter-
ference with the powers of a state over the cre-
ation of corporations, nor their actions wholly
within the state. Under a license the Federal
Government should require, as a condition prece-
dent to granting the license, a full disclosure
of all facts necessary to show the ownerehip,
properties, tinaneial condition, and management
of the corporation.

"Furthermore, the corporation's records
should be open to proper inspection; annual
reports should be required, and, finally, the Gov-
ernment should have the power to revoke the
license and prevent the continuation of engaging
in interstate and foreign commerce in the event
the coi-poration fails in its obligations toward
the Government or is convicted of violating Fed-
eral laws.

"Ordinarily the imposition of fines does but
little to correct corporate abuses, but if the pen-
alty be the denial of the right to continue busi-
ness a most effective remedy is provided.

"The railways have been brought under Fed-
eral regulations by tlie Interstate Commerce Act.
The principle of such regulation has been adopted
in the* acts regarding meat inspection and pure
food. The next act should extend the license
plan over the greater industrial eoi-porations
dealing in the staple commodities."

MORE BATTLESHIPS NEEDED

Secretary of the Navy Urges Stronger Naval
Equipment at Once.

Public sentiment, regardless of other an-
tagonisms, has long been well united on the
question of the Navy and its adequate expan-
sion, but since Congress reassembled, no less
of a Republican than Senator Hale has given
notice of his intention to fight further in-
creases of naval and military expenditure.
In view of this the following summary from
the Chicago Tribune of the retiring Secre-

tary of the Navy's recommendations is
doubly interesting :

Washington, D. C. — Three new battleships,
each as large and powerful as the already famous
British Dreadnaught, will be added to the navy
if Congress heeds the urgent advice of Secretary
of the Navy Bonaparte, in his report recently
made public.

Congress already has authorized the construc-
tion of one of these battleships.

Secretary Bonaparte urges the simultaneous
construction of two more, so that the navy
would have a homogeneous squadron of the most
formidable fighting ships afloat. In doing so,
he makes one startling argument. He says:

"I think it is but right to call attention to
certain features of our country's situation,
which, although sufficiently obvious and of self-
evident importance, nevertheless appear to be
frequently overlooked. Although a continental
power, for practical purposes we share with
Great Britain the immense advantages of an in-
sular position. Provided our naval strength be
sufficient to retain command of the sea, we are
absolutely safe from invasion, and consequently
escape the burdens of a vast military estab-
lishment, which bear upon all the great powers
of the European continent; but if we have not
a sufficient navy, the oceans to the east and west
of us, instead of serving as bulwarks for de-
fense, become highways for invasion.

Invasion Possible in a Week.

"The extensive steam merchant marines which
serve the commerce of the world are no less
available to transport men and munitions of war,
and they place our shores within a week's, or at
least a fortnight's, march of a powerful army
from any one of the great military countries
of the world, a danger rendered far more serious
by the fact that an enemy coming by water is
restricted to no line of advance ascertainable
beforehand and may choose for aggression any
point of our coast line which seems the most vul-
nerable.

"Under these circumstances, unless \\e are
willing to maintain a strong standing army, the
maintenance of our naval strength is a matter
of supreme moment to the national safety, and
I am convinced that an enlightened and patriotic
opinion will assent gladly to any reasonable sac-
rifices necessary to assure such safety."

CONDITION OF THE FINANCES

Large Increase in the Revenues Shown by the
Treasurer's Annual Report.

Two of the great Departments of the Gov-
ernment exhibit at least some of the reasons
why the country is so easily harmonized.

58

THE PANDEX

The following condensation of the report
of the Secretary of the Treasury gives one
phase of the matter. It is from the New
York Sun:

Washington. — The report of the Secretary of
the Treasury for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1906, was just transmitted to Congress.

Mr. Shaw devotes the early part of his report
to a setting forth in detail of the income and
disbursements of the Government which show
the total of receipts to have been $762,386,904.62,
and the total expenditures, $736,717,582.01, show-
ing a surplus for the fiscal year of $25,669,322.61.

Including the issue of Panama bonds the pub-
lic debt November 1, 1906, was $925,159,250. Of
this amount bonds of the face value of $631,-
542,630 were held by the Treasurer of the United
States in trust for national banks as security
for circulating notes and deposits, leaving $293,-
616,620 in the hands of other investors.

Revenue Receipts.

Compared with the fiscal year 1905, the re-
ceipts for 1906 increased $65,285,634.67, and
there was an increase in expenditures of $16,612,-
083.46. The customs receipts for 1906 amounted
to $300,251,877.77, an increase over the previous
year of $38,453,020.86. The receipts from in-
ternal revenue for the year were $249,150,212.91,
an increase over the previous year of $15,054,-
472.06. The receipts from the operation of the
Postofflce Department were $167,932,782.95,
being an increase over the previous year of $15,-
106,197.85. The total expenditures on account
of the military establishment were $117,946,-
692.37, an increase over the previous year of
$5,776,843.35, while the total expenditures on
account of the naval establishment were $110,-
474,264.40, an increase of $6,198,162.46. The
amount paid to pensioners was $141,034,561.77,
a decrease over the previous year of $739,402.80.
The Indian service cost the Government $12,746,-
859.08, a decrease over the previous year of
$1,489,214.63. Interest on the public debt
amounted to $24,308,576.27, a decrease over the
previous year of $282,367.83. The aggregate
expenditures for the year 1906 were $736,717,-
582.01, and the increase for the year was $16,-
612,083.46.

The revenues of the Government for the cur-
rent fiscal year (1907) are estimated, upon the
basis of existing laws, at $813,573,264, ana for
the same period the expenditures are estimated
at $755,573,264, showing a surphis of receipts
over e.xpenditures of $58,000,000.

ANENT THE MONEY STRINGENCY

Secretary Shaw's Optimistic View of Its Cause
and Its Possible Remedy.
Despite prosperity's high tide, as reflected

by the condition of the Treasury, the na-
tional money market has seldom been more
strained than it has in recent months. Here
follows Secretary Shaw's explanation, as
condensed by the New York Sun from his
annual report:

Reviewing the causes and effects of the recent
monetary stringency in the East and the West
particularly, but more or less throughout the
country, Mr. Shaw says:

"In February of 1906, $10,000,000 was depos-
ited in national bank depositaries in seven of
the principal cities and satisfactory security
other than Government bonds accepted, but with
the distinct understanding that it would be re-
called in July of that year. This relief was not
sufficient, however. Banks everywhere, West as
well as East, found themselves in the spring
with surphis reserve exhausted. The foreign
exchange market responded sympathetically in a
very marked decline in sterling exchange suffi-
cient to have insured the importation of gold if
the banks had been in position to buy the ex-
change with which to secure it. The Secretary
then offered to make deposits, satisfactorily se-
cured, equal in amount to any actual engagement
of gold for importation, the same to be promptly
returned when the gold actually arrived. In this
way approximately $50,000,000 (more than six
carloads) in gold, largely in bars, was brought
from abroad. Most of this came from Europe,
but in part from Australia and South Africa.

"This was accomplished without expense to
the Government and without profit to the import-
ing banks, but with great benefit to the business
interests of the country. The various banks
which imported this gold lost in the transactions
several thousand dollars, as established by their
books; the price of exchange promptly advanced
so that merchants and exporters of graih and
cotton having exchange to sell were benefited in
excess of $150,000, and interest rates dropped
sufficiently to effect a saving to borrowers in New
York City alone of more than $2,000,000. This
means of relieving financial stringencies, which
has been once since repeated attracted far more
attention throughout Europe than in the United
States, though it has been widely commented
upon in both places. It has at least demon-
strated that the United States is in a position to
more effectually influence international financial
conditions than is any other country, and justi-
fies great caution lest while protecting our own
interests we cause distress elsewhere which will
soon be reflected here.

Crops Taxed Resources.

' ' The harvest of 1906 overtaxed our granaries,
our warehouses, the carrying capacity of our rail-
roads, and, in conjunction with our unprece-
dented industrial activity, strained well nigh tr

THE PANDEX

59

AND THE CAT COMES BACK.

-Indianapolis News.

60

THE PANDEX

the limit the credit possibility of the country.
A cotton crop sometimes estimated at 14,000,000
bales, 750,000,000 bushels of wheat, nearly 3,000,-
000,000 bushels of corn, 300,000,000 bushels of
potatoes, garnered in a single season, required
both actual money and bank credit based thereon.
During the summer months grain sacks were not
in use, granaries and warehouses were empty,
freight cars stood on sidetracks, business men
fished in mountain streams or rested at vacation
resorts. Meanwhile the banks were comfortably
well supplied with money, and interest rates were
low. Everything seemed serene to everybody
except to those who recognized that in this lati-
tude crops mature in the fall.

More Gold Imported.

"Finding transportation facilities inadequate
to promptly export our agricultural products, the
Secretary of the Treasury deemed it wise to
again facilitate the importation of gold from
abroad with which to carry them until they could
be exported. Under plain and unequivocal
authority of law, and without a penny of ex-
pense to the Government, approximately another
$50,000,000 of gold was brought from abroad
and turned into the channels of trade. In addi-
tion $26,000,000 of the money withdrawn in mid-
summer was restored. Of this, $3,000,000 was
given to New York City and the same amount
tendered to Chicago, a part of which was de-
clined, however, because the banks found it im-
possible to borrow the bonds with which to secure
it and unprofitable to buy them. Boston, Phil-
adelphia, St. Louis, and New Orleans each re-
ceived $2,000,000; Baltimore, Louisville, Kansas
City, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, $1,000,000 each;
Pittsburg, Buffalo, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, De-
troit, St. Paul, Omaha, Des Moines, Denver,
Sioux City, Memphis, Peoria, Atlanta, Nashville,
and Sioux Falls approximately $500,000 each.
Meanwhile sensational writers told the people
that all this was being done for the encourage-
ment of speculation on Wall Street.

"If those who recognize that a deposit of
money at Denver relieves financial tension at
Wall Street will also acknowledge that a deposit
in New York relieves financial stringency at Den-
ver, no material harm will ensue. Money is al-
most as liquid as water and finds its level about
as quickly."

THE TUSSLES IN CONGRESS

Speaker Against Ship Subsidy and River and
Harbor Bill a Club.
With the several federal Departments
making recommendations with unusual free-
dom, as seen above, the probable result of
Congressional action, of course, becomes ex-
tremely important. Early in December, the
New York Sun gave the following forecast

of the session, which has proved so remark-
ably accurate that scarcely any other his-
tory of the doings of the first seventeen
days is necessary :

Washington, December 2. — The second session
of the Fifty-ninth Congress will open at noon
to-morrow.

All during the past week senators and members
of the House have been arriving in Washington
preparatory to taking up the work of legislation.
To-night the hotel corridors and the apartment
houses are crowded with solons, private secre-
taries, clerks, and the vast horde of satellites
which are drawn here by reason of the assem-
bling of the national lawmakers.

If the plans of the leaders do not miscarry,
and usually they do not, this will be strictly a
business session and one without many frills
and little to excite the attention of the country
at large. There will be no railroad rate bill
or statehood measure to absorb attention, as was
the case at the fir.st session of the present Con-
gress, for Congress intends that the Hepburn
Act shall have an opportunity to demonstrate
its worth or lack of worth before any attempts
are made to remedy any defects, and there is no
possibility of statehood for New Mexico and
Arizona being considered.

Everything is in readiness to start the wheels
of legislation in motion, and as the session is
short no time will be lost in getting down to
work. For the past ten days or two weeks the
House Committee on Appropriations has been
hard at work on the Legislative Appropriation
Bill and now has it practically completed. It
will be reported either to-morrow or Tuesday.
This will afford opportunity for the talkers to
talk until something else is ready to be acted
upon.

There is promise of a lively scrap over the
River and Harbor Bill, the ground work of which
was laid by Representative Burton and his com-
mittee last session. The amount which it will
carry will depend to a large extent upon the ap-
propriation for increase in the navy and per-
haps upon whether or not the ship subsidy bill
is to become a law. It will be large if the in-
crease in the navy is small and the shipping bill
is allowed to die in Representative Grosvenor's
committee, and comparatively small if the pos-
sibility of war with Japan frightens members
into complying with the President's demand for
a lai'ger navy and if the shipping bill is not
passed.

The prospects are that Speaker Cannon will
not permit the Gallinger Subsidy Bill to come
out of the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries. The Speaker has never been friendly
to the proposition, and if there is to be a large
appropriation for rivers and harbors, and an-
other Dreadnaught authorized, the shipping bill
will stand a mighty poor show of enactment, de--.
spite the threat of Senator Gallinger and others

THE PANDEX

61

OPENED.

— New York World.

62

THE PANDBX

that they will knife the River and Harbor Bill
if the subsidy measure does not meet with favor-
able consideration.

The Speaker is not easily bluffed by the Sen-
ate, as has been shown upon several occasions,
and is not inclined to back down and yield upon
a measure which he has all along opposed as
he has the Subsidy Bill. Still the friends of
that measure profess to have some hopes for it
this winter.

Probably the most interesting topic in the
Senate this winter will be the Smoot case. Sen-
ator Burrows, the chairman of the Committee
on Privileges and Elections, has declared that it
is his intention to call up the matter early in
the session and press it to a vote.

Senator Gallinger of New Hampshire arrived
in Washington to-night in a comparatively happy
mood. In reply to the threat of Representative
Burton of Ohio, chairman of the House Com-
mittee on Rivers and Harbors, that he would
oppose the passage of the Ship Subsidy Bill this
winter, he promptly served notice on the Ohio
Congressman that if the shipping bill were
blocked in the House the River and Harbor Bill
would be cut into ribbons when it reached the
Senate. Senator Gallinger said :

"Mr. Burton should understand from the be-
ginning that if he interposes any obstacle in the
way of the shipping bill, there will be some men
in the Senate who will carefully scrutinize the
provisions of the River and Harbor Bill. There
is no logical reason why we should expend hun-
dreds of millions to improve the highways of
commerce for the benefit of foreign shipping and
refuse to appropriate a mere pittance for the
rehabilitation of the American merchant
marine. ' '

FIGHT AGAINST CHILD LABOR

Senator Beveridge Proposes Drastic National
Legislation.

A new object in national legislation, but
one which promises to be of great force, was
described as follows in the Pittsburg Dis-
patch :

Richmond, Ind. — At a meeting of the repre-
sentatives of the Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciations of Indiana and Ohio, Senator Albert J.
Beveridge stated that on the opening day of the
coming session of Congress he intended to in-
troduce a bill prohibiting the labor of children
throughout the country, and a bill to make more
rigid the present meat inspection law.

He said the Child Labor Bill will provide that
no railroad, steamship, steamboat, or other car-
rier of interstate commerce shall transport or
accept for transportation the product of any
factory or mine that employs children under

fourteen. The bill, he said, would provide that
every carrier of interstate commerce shall re-
quire an affidavit from every factory or mine
owner that he does not employ children under
fourteen years of age, the form of the affidavit
to be prescribed by the Department of Commerce
and Labor or the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion, with heavy penalties, both civil and crim-
inal, for violation of the law.

The bill, if it becomes a law, he believed, will
stop the practice of ruining future citizenship
by working children of tender age in factories
and mines.

There is no other way, he said, to reach this
growing evil. A Federal statute can not be
passed directly controlling the factories and
mines in the states. That is the province of the
states. But Congress has absolute power over
the railroads, boats, ships, and other agencies of
interstate commerce, and unlimited power under
the Constitution to provide that they shall not
carry the products of factories and mines which
employ children.

The bill to amend the Meat Inspection Law
will require the putting of the date of inspec-
tions on every can of meat product, and the
packers to pay the cost of inspection.

TARIFF REVISION AFTER 1908

Republican Leaders Expect to Sweep the Coun-
try on This Issue.

Despite an obvious popular sentiment in
its behalf and much pressure from within
the party itself, the President has refrained
from urging tariff revision. One of his rea-
sons, possibly, is the following, as given in
the Washington Post:

Tariff revision immediately following the
presidential election in 1908. This is the Repub-
lican program. There will be no extra session
of the Sixtieth Congress. The President, what-
ever he may have thought of revision of the
tariff twelve months ago, does not now think it
would be wise to agitate this matter at a session
of Congress on the eve of a presidential cam-
paign.

Members of Congress of the Republican faith,
who are now coming into Washington appear to
be largely of one mind on the tariff question.
The stand-patters, who deprecate the idea of
anything being done, admit that revision is made
necessary by the attitude of the people, who,
whether rightly or wrongly, attribute high prices
to tariff-protected trusts. Revisionists, who wish
to see their party perpetuated in power, even
though the majority does not agree with them
on the subject of amending the tariff schedules,
are willing to postpone action for a short period,

THE PANDEX

63

if definite pledges are given them and the coun-
try. These pledges are to be given by the na-
tional convention of 1908.

Revolt Is Threatened.

Party leaders believe that, with a definite
pledge, couched in language devoid of ambiguity,
and about which there can be no uncertainty,
they will sweep the country in 1908. Up to this

Senators Cullom and Burrows, standpatters of
the most pronounced type, have begun to dis-
cuss the advisability of revision. They will be
followed by others who have become aroused to
the danger of continuing longer in a policy that,
although it has done immense good to the coun-
try in general, has fostered special industries
until they have become a menace to the peace
of the people.

READY TO BREAK AWAY!

-St. Louis Republic.

time, revision has simply been held up before the
people as a possibility. The Republicans have
declared their intention of 'revising' the tariff
when conditions required it, and have asserted
that no schedule is sacred. These things have
been said so often, and revision has been re-
fused so steadily, that revolt has crept into the
party and threatened to disrupt it.

There is not a member of the House Ways
and Means Committee returned by the Repub-
licans to the Sixtieth Congress who does not
come back with the warning of a reduced m.a-
jority staring him in the face as a reminder of
promises still to be fulfilled. Public men, like

REVISION OF THE LAWS

Stupendous Task Being Accomplished by Con-
gressional Committees.

A phase of legislation which has had but
little public comment but which is of ex-
treme moment is refiected in the following
from the New York Times:

Washington. — Lawyers throughout the country
are manifesting much interest in the work of the
joint committee of the Senate and House to re-

64e

THE PANDEX

vise the laws of the United States. Members of
the committee are in receipt of many letters con-
taining inquiries about the work of the commit-
tee. The stupendous task involved is appreciated
by few laymen.

Representative Swager Sherley, of Kentucky,
who is a rhember of the committee, talked of
the scope of the work and shed a good deal of
light on the subject.

"The committee," said Mr. Sherley, "is now
at work on the Criminal Code, and this will be
the first general section to be reported. It is
probable that this code will be submitted soon
after Congress convenes. This title was repoited
to the House at the last session, but it failed of
consideration owing to the congestion of legisla-
tion at that time.

"After the Penal Code, consideration will be
given to the title relating to the judiciary, in
which it is proposed to make some far-reaching
changes. For example, the district courts will
be the only courts of original jurisdiction. The
Circuit Court of Appeals will be abolished and
the Circuit Court will sit merely as an appellate
court. The consideration of this title will con-
sume much of the time and attention of the
committee, and it is not at all improbable that
it will cause considerable discussion in the Sen-
ate and the House after it has been reported to
these bodies. It is believedj however, that the
proposed changes regarding the District and
Circuit Court of Appeals meet with the general
approval of the legal fraternity.

"After the Criminal Code and the judiciary
title are disposed of the committee will likely
take up the first sections of the revised statutes
relating to the organization of the Government,
followed by the army and navy and other titles,
until the entire revision is completed.

"The enormity of the task before the com-
mittee and Congress will be appreciated when it
is known that the statutes to be revised and codi-
fied embrace more than 9000 sections. The Penal
Code alone consists of nearly 500 sections, and
the Judiciary Code embraces more than 700.

"In order to secure consideration of this re-
vision at the coming short session, it is not un-
likely that night sessions will be necessary, as
proper consideration of bills of such magnitude
will practically preclude other legislation.

"The last revision of the statutes of the United
States was made in 1878, and the present revision
is the result of tlie Act of Congress approved
June 4, 1897, which authorized the President to
appoint a commission to revise the laws, and of
subsequent acts of Congress enlarging the work
of the commission. The work is now practically
completed, and the commission expires on De-
cember 15 next.

"Since the revision of 1878," concluded Mr.
Sherley, "there has been a great mass of legis-
lation of a permanent nature, and these enact-
ments are found in nearly twenty large volumes
of the Statutes at Large, and are commingled
with temporary enactments and appropriation
bills under titles which often give little or no

indication of their nature and import. The
necessity, therefore, for a speedy and thorough
revision of the statutes is apparent. There is a
universal demand on the part of the legal pro-
fession in particular, and the public in general,
for a ready and accurate reference to the
statutes, and this affords sufficient justification
for prompt action on the part of Congress.

"The revisiori will attempt to bring together
all statutes and parts of statutes relating to the
same subject, omit redundant and obsolete en-
actments, supply omissions, and root out in-
accuracies, even making changes in the substan-
tive existing law, where such changes are deemed
necessary and imperative."

THE HUMOR OF IT.

Not Matured.

"What are you looking so gloomy about?"
"Oh, I'm just home from the race track."
"Why, you told me before you went down

there that you had picked a sure winner."
"Yes, but — I — er — guess I picked him before

he was ripe." — Philadelphia Public Ledger.

???????

What?

Great Scott,

Mathot !

You've got

Your shot

Too hot.

Somebody's not

All rot.

What?

Of couree, a lot

Should get it hot.

But please spot

That lot.

And don't pot

Everybody but Mathot,

See?

— W. L.

Lampton.

Realizing that their magazine is hard reading
under the most favorable circumstances, the
editoi-s of the Congressional Record have decided
not to apply the simplified spelling rules. — Puck.

Count Boni's Love Lyric.

Across the lighted boulevards

The happy crowds are straying;
Think, countess, of the happy hours

When we two went a-Maying.
When we two went a-Maying, Dieu !

My creditors were trusting;
For with your francs, oh, heart of mine !

My poeketbook was busting.

THE PANDEX

65

PUBLIC ATTENTION TURNS TO

CANALS AND WATERWAYS

AS A MEASURE OF

SELF-DEFENSE

A MODERN XERXES!

— Adapted from St. Louis Republic.

PRESIDENT HILL OF THE GREAT NORTHERN JOINS IN THE

MOVEMENT TO PROVIDE BROADER FACILITIES FOR

HANDLING THE ENORMOUS TRAFFIC OF

THE COUNTRY

While the country is so phenomenally
prosperous and yet so sharply pinched for
the medium wherwith to conduct its busi-
ness; and while, at the same time, no small
percentaore of its prosperity is rendered
futile by an alleged inadequacy of its trans-
portation facilities, a wise public attention
seems suddenly diverted to the long neg-
lected subject of canals and waterways.
Perhaps it is the Panama Canal that has
served as the prompting agency, especially
since the President's trip to the Canal Zone;
but more likely it is the upward impulse
of a natural objective, which has long been
unduly smothered both by circumstance and
bv device.

PLAN FOR GREAT SEA CANAL

Landlocked Waterway from Savannah to Mexi-
can Border Proposed.

One of the most striking of the canal
proposals is the following, as described in
the Chicago Tribiuie:

Philadelphia, Pa. — Plans for a land-locked sea
canal extending from the mouth of the Rio
Grande, at the Mexicah ' border, all the way to
New Orleans, and then following the coast
around to Savannah, with small interruptions,
are being prepared by the Trades League Canal
Committee, who will present them at, the coming
conference of the Rivers and Harboi-s Congress
in Washington soon.. ..

66

THE PANDEX

It is argued that by the expenditure of a little
money in connecting the hundreds of arms of the
sea along the southern coast, a still-water sea ca-
nal thousands of miles long would be made which
would reduce the cost of navigation immensely,
as ordinary river-going barges could be trans-
ported along the coast where it is now necessary
to go outside in the rough ocean in steamers
or sailing vessels. A similar canal from Van-
couver to Alaska has saved millions, it is pointed
out to the navigation companies.

Professor Lewis M. Haupt, chairman of the
Trades League's canal committee, is getting the
matter into shape for presentation.

FIFTY MILLIONS FOR WATERWAYS

Convention Inaugurates Gigantic Movement in
Behalf of Rivers and Canals.

The strength of the canal movement is

well illustrated in the following from the

New York World:

Washington, D. C. — The appropriation by Con-
gress of at least $50,000,000 annually for the im-
provement of the rivers and harbors of the coun-
try was the keynote of the speeches delivered
before the National Rivers and Harbors Conven-
tion which assembled here for a two days' ses-
sion. The convention was called to order by
Harvey D. Goulder, of Cleveland, president of
the Congress, and was opened by prayer by the
Right Reverend Henry Yates Satterlee, Bishop
of Washington. Addresses were made at the
morning session by Mr. Goulder, Speaker Can-
non, and Theodore E. Burton, chairman of the
House Committee on Rivers and Harbors.

Mr. Burton said the convention should not ask
for appropriations from Congress for any par-
ticular community, but for the greater projects
of the country. He thought less should be spent
on the navy and more for improvement of the
rivers and harbors of the country.

At the afternoon session speeches were made
by John Barrett, the American Minister to Co-
lombia; John Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston; Bird
S. Coler, president of the Borough of Brooklyn ;
es-Senator Berry, of Arkansas, and others.

PRESIDENT PROMISES AID.

Offers Executive Encouragement to the Water-
ways Promoters.

That the canal and waterway movement

is appreciated in the highest circles of the

Government is manifested in the following

from the Philadelphia North American:

Washington, D. C. — Emphatic indorsement of
the broad proposition that the waterways of the
United States must be developed and utilized to
their fullest transportation capacity was given
by President Roosevelt.

His views upon this highly important national

problem found expression in the remarks the
President made in the White House to the dele-
gates of the National Rivers and Harbors Con-
gress.

The President's remarks came in response to
the presentation to him of resolutions adopted
by the convention at its final session, but were
also in general recognition and encouragement
of the widespread movement for improved rivers
and harbors.

Speaking to the delegates — business men from
all parts of the United States, here to represent
the industrial interests of the nation in a de-
mand for adequate transportation facilities and
reasonable freight rates— the President struck
the heart of the whole matter when he said that
"the Government should concern itself with
the proper control and utilization" of the water-
ways "where they are fitted to be the great
arteries of communication."

It Would Affect Railway Rates.

Further explaining why the nation should be-
stir itself, the President voiced the proposition
that "we need and must have further facilities
for transportation, and one of the effective meth-
ods of affecting railway rates is to provide for a
proper system of water transportation."

HILL FAVORS GULF CANAL

Railroad President Declares It More Important
Than Panama.

What adequate canal facilities may mean
has been reflected in no more significant way
than by President Hill of the Great North-
ern Railway, who has always been one of
the country's most able students of traffic
affairs. Said the New York Times :

Chicago.— James J. Hill was the guest of honor
at the banquet of the Merchants' Club recently
and delivered an extended address upon "Chi-
cago's Interest in Reciprocity with Canada."
Charles D. Norton, president of the club, in in-
troducing Mr. Hill, said that Chicago had suf-
fered two great calamities, the first the great
fire and the other the fact that James J. Hill
passed through the city without stopping when
he went to make his home in the Northwest.

Mr. Hill, in beginning, gave attention to trans-
portation problems.

"To-day the entire country is suffering from
want of transportation facilities to move its busi-
ness without unreasonable delay," he said.
"The prevailing idea with the public is that the
railways are short of cars, while the fact is that
the shortage is in tracks and terminals to pro-
vide a greater opportunity for the movement of
the cars."

He declared that the country to-day faces a
transportation problem which only time, patience,
and the expenditure of enormous sums of money
will remedy. He asserted that there is a crying
need now for the construction of a fifteen-foot
canal between St. Louis and New Orleans, and

THE PANDEX

67

said that the necessity for this would increase
with time. There is no more important general
work for the Government to perform, he said,
than to construct a canal capable of carrying ves-
sels of fifteen feet draught.

Mr. Hill recited figures to show that the trade
with the people whom the United States will be

TO DEEPEN OHIO RIVER

Army Engineers Favor Plan to Install Fifty-two
Locks and Dams.

The most extensive and costly of the

waterway plans which is likely to secure

^'-...■;.>.v*#'^«'i

ON THE WAY TO PANAMA.
Daily Diversions; the President Is 'It.'

— Chicago News.

able to reach by the construction of the Panama
Canal amounts to only about $54,500,000 an-
nually, while our trade with Canada is over
$200,000,000 per annum. He asserted that the
conservation and increase of this latter trade is
of greater importance than anything that will
accrue to the United States because of the con-
struction of the canal.

immediate action is the one described in
the following from the Pittsburg Dispatch:

Pittsburg. — The Board of Army Engineers,
which has supervision of all the river and harbor
work done and paid for by the United States
Government, has completed a survey of the Ohio
River from Pittsburg to Cairo, made with the

68

THE PANDEX

STANDARD OIL trust
Maximum fines^ifassessd

Witt REACH
* I 81, 960.000.'

7"e Approximate:

THE PANAMA CANAL
WILL Be ABOUT

* 181.960,000.

WHY NOT?

-Chicago Tribune.

view of establishing the feasibility of the 'On-
to-Cairo' project inaugurated by the Dispatch.
The engineers will recommend to the Committee
on Rivers and Harbors of the House of Repre-
sentatives that $65,000,000 be appropriated by
Congress for the building of fifty-two locks and
dams between here and Cairo, which will main-
tain a boating stage of nine feet in the Ohio
River during the whole year.

The officers believe that with the river can-
alized in the way proposed, there will be up-
stream tonnage in volume almost as great as
that which now passes down. If in weight it is
not as great as the downward commerce, in
value it will be greater and the income of the
transportation companies accordingly increased.

DREAM OF MARITIME EMPIRE

What the Mississippi River, Lakes, and Gulf
System of Waterways Means.

Something of the appeal of the whole

range of internal waterway development

to the popular imagination is to be found

in the following extended article from the

St. Louis Globe Democrat:

The waters of Lake Michigan are already run-
ning into the Gulf of Mexico, as they were sev-

eral hundred thousand or million yeare ago be-
fore something happened to the poles of the
earth and the ice age struck Missouri and Illi-
nois. It changed things considerably while it
lasted in Missouri and Illinois, making many
changes more lasting than the slight ridge which
has been cut through since 1890 to allow the
waters of the lakes to resume their natural
course. But when that cut has been followed by
all that goes with it in the natural course of
things, we will have the Mississippi River, lakes
and gulf system of waterways in operation as
the most important inland water system on the
planet.

As a system it is already an accomplished fact.
Duluth, at the western head of Lake Superior,
already touches the New York wharves by water
through Lake Superior, the Sault Ste. Marie
canals. Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and the Erie
Canal. It already touches water at the New
Orleans wharf and the Eads jetties through Lake
Superior, Lake Michigan, the Chicago ship canal,
the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. If this mid-
continental water connection east and west, north
and south from tidewater to tidewater, through
the heart of the continent, were nothing but a
dream, it would still be one of the greatest dreams
that ever entered the human mind. But it is an
accomplished fact already in all but certain Avork
of finishing touches, and these finishing touches
are sure to be made, regardless of arguments

THE PANDEX

69

AN ISTHMIAN MIRAGE.

— Washington Post.

70

THE PANDEX

for or against them. They may cost certain large
figures in money millions and in thousands of
men and of days' work upon them before 'whale-
backs' from Duluth tie up at the St. Louis levee,
but it will be done as a certainty, and when it is
done it will then slowly dawn on the minds of
those who have done it that it is one of the
greatest accomplishments of human mind and
muscle in the history of civilization.

Its magnitude as an accomplishment at com-
paratively small cost can only be guessed at
now as a result of holding in mind something
like a hundred pages of the statistics of results
already accomplished and waiting to unite with
its results far greater things in the future. This
can be done, for the time being at least, by any
one who deliberately and systematically under-
takes it, but the strain of doing it is so great
that we will never know what such an undertak-
ing as this means until it is actually showing
its results, as it will actually show them to the
eyes of many now living in Si. Louis, in Chi-
cago, in Duluth, in Milwaukee, in scores and hun-
dreds of other towns along the courses of the
rivers and the shores of the lake which are to
be connected and made a 'system.'

An Idea That Demands Fulfilment.

The idea is one of those which can not enter
the human mind with even a suggestion of its
immediate possibilities without compelling its
own accomplishment as a practical fact. There
is no real need of argument. The facts of what
the idea means have only to be put together and
the idea accomplishes itself, compelling all the
resources of mind and money that can be brought
to bear on it.

If poets could dream in scores of pages of
statistics, in thousands of men at work, as farm-
ers and factory operatives, sailors, engineers, and
stokers in the engine rooms of steamers, roust-
abouts, draymen, shipping clerks, and merchants,
millers, bakers, and finally of millions in "pa-
latial homes and dismal tenements" in a thou-
sand towns and cities of this country and Europe,
expecting or getting without expecting it, their
daily supply of food, then a poet might dream
something like a realization of the full and final
meaning of such an accomplishment as this in
answer to the world-prayer, "Give us this day
our daily bread."

As this sort of dreaming is almost as difficult
as canal digging, we get ideas at less expense by
being struck with a few striking facts. The facts
in this connection have become so striking in the
last twenty-five years or so that it is now hard
to stand up against collision with them. But let
us see what has been happening just north of us
on the lakes since Proctor Knott convulsed the
country with his famous speech showing the hu-
mor of the circle Duluth had drawn around itself
to confine the spheres of influence it expected to
exert in the future of the world.

Last year, sailing and steam vessels entered
the ports of the United States on the Atlantic,
the Gulf, and the Pacific Coasts from Belgium,

France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain,
England, Scotland, Ireland, British America, the
Central America states, Argentina, Brazil, Co-
lombia, the British East Indies, China, Japan,
Hawaii, the British possessions in Africa and the
adjacent islands. These alone are enumerated
singly, but the total tonnage of the vessels from
these and all other countries thus entering all
the ports of the United States through the whole
year was 24,793,000 tons as reported by the
United States Bureau of Statistics, the total
world tonnage, entered and cleared, being 49,819,-
000 tons.

During the season, which does not include the
whole year, the Sault Ste. Marie or Saint Mary's
Falls Canals, between Lakes Superior and Huron,
were passed by vessels with a registered tonnage
of 36,617,000 tons, as reported by the acting gen-
eral superintendent, L. P. Morrison, under the
direction of Colonel Charles E. L. B. Davis of
the United States Engineer Corps.

Comparing Tonnages.

We put these two totals together. We find the
registered tonnage of a few miles of canal and
lake water comparing thus with the tonnage of
all the countries of the world in all the ports of
the United States, and the thing seems out of
the question — merely part of the dream which
amused Proctor Knott and with which he
amused the country. But finally, when we sea
that we are awake and that the totals will not
change, no matter how often we look at them, we
have been struck by a striking fact and com-
pelled into something like a realization of what
it means when such dreams as this come true.

The actual freight carried through these canals
during the season back and forth between these
two lakes could not have been loaded all at once
into all the vessels of all the world which en-
tered our ports during the year. It greatly ex-
ceeded their carrying capacity. As the German
Government reports the total capacity of the
ocean vessels of the nineteen principal countries
of the world, including the United States, it is
between 37,000,000 and 38,000,000 tons. The
total freight passing through the St. Mary canals
in 1905 was 44,275,680 tons. That is, if the at-
tempt had been made to load it all at once on all
the ocean ships in the world, it would have sunk
them all.

This is a fact so striking that, after collision
with it, we really need nothing more in the way
of statistics. But it is really a small thing in
its total connection. These millions of tons were
not mere dead vegetable, mineral and animal
matter, but facts in the lives of millions of peo-
ple who have been coming to the territory of the
rivers and lakes since Proctor Knott made his
speech on the great dream of Duluth. They are
still coming by millions. Every ton of this
freight stands for hundreds of other tons not
there represented, and the grand total stands
for human effort, human stress of mind and
muscle, human hopes and wants, successes, suf-
ferings, failures, and renewed efforts. It is real-

THE PANDEX

71

"DIG, YE TERRIERS, DIG!"

— New York WorkL

72

THE PANDEX

ly the great drama of human life in one of its
greatest climaxes that is taking shape in such
statistics as these.

In a generation, both on the lakes and on the
rivers below them, there has been a change in-
conceivably great. The obscure village of Du-
luth has become one of the ten "principal pri-
mary grain markets" of the world; flush with
Chicago last year, and with more millions and
tens of millions of bushels of breadstuffs crowd-
ing on it for shipment each year and each
decade.

These ten primary markets, the greatest pri-
mary food markets of the United States, and
hence of the world, are all on the lakes and river
system. Five of them are on the lakes. Tive,
including St. Louis, are on the Mississippi River
and its tributaries. The figures of their growth
mean the increase of the supply of food for the
United States and the woHd. The connection
between Lake Michigan and the Gulf by a deep
waterway means that they will all be connected
with tidewater in a single enormous system, on
which their total capacity for feeding hungry
people will bear through increased production of
food, lower prices of marketing; more food at
lower prices for those who eat it, and higher
prices for those who produce it. This follows be-
cause the higher price of marketing is deducted
in part from what is paid those who produce
the food and is added in part to the
prices charged those who buy it.

When the first drop of water from Lake Michi-
gan passed the Eads jetties into the Gulf of
Mexico, the "Mississippi River, lakes and gulf
system of waterways" became an accomplished
fact in everything except such details as invest-
ing the money the United States Engineer Corps
estimates it will cost to make a fourteen-foot
channel from the Chicago canal to St. Louis. It
was a serious matter, and not merely one of the
greatest and most monumental developments of
the whole history of humor that this first drop
of Lake Michigan water, passing St. Louis on
its way to the gulf in 1900 was loaded with mi-
crobes, bacilli, and micrococci. The number of
these astonishing names found in subsequent
drops under the microscope were accompanied
by something else in this Lake Michigan water
as mysterious as micrococci. It was a ."poten-
tial." A micrococcus, as a mystery, is really as
simple as a tadpole, if not more so. He is in-
terpreted as a potentiality of disease which may
involve a million or more people in epidemic. The
potentiality of Lake Michigan water on its way
to the gulf, as it threatens to develop a freight
"potential," threatens in the same way to affect
more or less the whole volume of a billion and
a quarter tons of freight. With water transit
extending from Duluth to New York harbor by
lake and Erie Canal and river, this potentiality
was quite clear to some eyes without the aid of
the miscroscopes which found the micrococcus.
The simple fact involved was that the history of
forty years told in tables any one may study

out in an hour, showed that wherever a water
route is actually operating the cost of carrying
freight over it fixes the highest rate that can be
charged successfully for carrying freight over all
land routes within its "sphere of influence,"
and after doing this, takes down the highest
land rate with it as it goes down itself.

This is the fact that makes the completion
of the lakes to the gulf a certainty of the fu-
ture. The greatest thing in the history of the
world in the second quarter of the nineteenth cen-
tury was what St. Louis was most intimately
concerned in doing through the use of steam on
the Mississippi River and its tributaries in lay-
ing the foundations of the States and cities which
sprang up like mushrooms in the trans-Missis-
sippi west during the third quarter of the cen-
tury. Then something else which had already
begun, worked out into the greatest single thing
in the history of the last quarter of the nine-
teenth century. It was the work of steam on
the great lakes, doing between 1875 and 1900
for population and production in a vast territory
what the rivers with St. Louis as their greatest
city had already done for their territory in the
preceding quarters of the century.

Now, when the fii-st quarter of the twentieth
century is to join these results as two compo-
nent totals of the same sum total, it is as much
a matter of course as when a bookkeeper has
footed his long columns of separate results into
the two totals which must go together to make
up the grand total. The immense possibilities
already realized on the lakes can not be kept
separated from those already realized on the
rivers to make up the grand total for the begin-
nings of the future, in which, with immigration
increasing at the rate of over a million a year in
this country and the immense wheat areas north
and west of the lakes in Canada filling up, the
present is still only a suggestion of what the re-
sults of the future are likely to be.

Deep Water in Canal.

Besides the Chicago canal, already cut deep
enough for twenty-eight miles for a ship canal,
it is proposed to dredge the Illinois and Des
Plaines Rivers until there is a depth of fourteen
feet to St. Louis. The Chicago Canal was begun
in 1892, and up to April, 190G, something over
$50,000,000 had been spent on it. The first
water from the lakes was turned into it on its
way to the gulf on January 2, 1900. Chicago
and the State of Illinois then proposed to turn
the canal proper, twenty-eight miles in length,
and fourteen miles of its Chicago and Des Plaines
River connection, or forty-two miles in all, over
to the United States Government on condition
that it should establish the fourteen-foot channel
as far as St. Louis. The most expensive part of
the work will be eight miles between Lockport
and Joliet, where the cut will be through rock
to the depth of twenty-two feet. The declivity
from Lockport to St. Louis is 171 feet and the

THE PANDEX

73

estimated cost of making the channel is $27 -
000,000, in addition to $3,000,000 that Chicago
is expected to spend on the section beteen Lock-
port and Joliet. The estimate of the United
States Engineer Corps put the total at about
$31,000,000. •

It is no more possible to guess now how much
of the enormous trade of the lakes will be turned
down to St. Louis by such a connection between
lakes and rivers than it is to guess now what
the trade of the lakes in another quarter of a
century will be. Fifty years after the Dnluth
speech of Proctor Knott, the greatest effort of
humorous oratory in the history of Congress,
the contrasts of reality with the present may be
as strong as the contrasts of the present are with
the realities of the day when Proctor Knott rose,
holding in his hand the concentric circles around
Duluth which prophesied the present. Without
guessing at all, however, it is easy to see that if
it had only half the freight passing through it
to St. Louis which passes the Sault Ste. Marie
canals, its influence would be felt from lakes to
gulf and from the head of navigation on the
Missouri and Mississippi River, not only to St.
Loiiis and the gulf, but to St. Louis and the At-
lantic across the country. This is a necessary
result of an open watei-way's work, fixing rates,
even when the actual work of moving freight
over it is at the lowest.

The work of completing the proposed deep
watenvay is no such stupendous thing to the
imagination as the work actually involved in
cutting continents in two at Suez or at Panama.
The possibilities of results which belong to the
Mississippi River, lakes and gulf as a system of
waterways soon pass from the great realities of
existing facts to the region where imagination
can not follow them. But to the cautious judg-
ment which ventures beyond the present only by
inches it must become clear on the evidence that
nothing greater than this has been undertaken
in the United States, and that as an accomplished
fact it is now inevitable.

PRESIDENT AND PANAMA CANAL

Chief Executive Won the Hearts of All Workers
in the Zone.

President Roosevelt's journey to Panama
served, of course, to give life to the entire
subject of canals as well as renewed con-
fidence to the general public that the great
Transisthmian waterway is to be completed
as soon as engineering skill can accomplish
it. Said the Associated Press concerning
the President's visit.

New York. — "President Roosevelt took the
Panamaians by storm," said Theodore P. Shonts,
chaii-man of the Panama Canal Commission, who

arrived on the steamer Colon from Colon. Mr.
Shonts spoke enthusiastically of the recent visit
of the Chief Executive and declared that work
on the canal was progressing under satisfactory
conditions. During his talk with the newspaper
men Mr. Shonts took occasion to deny that his
daughter, Theodora, had become engaged to a
titled foreigner.

Discussing the President's visit, Chairman
Shonts said :

"President Roosevelt simply took the people
of Panama by storm. The setting aside of all
precedents by the President in his visit to
Panama won the instant admiration and respect
of the people of the republic. Mr. Roosevelt was
familiar with the work theoretically and saw and
understood more during his short stay than the
average man would in several months.

"The building of the canal is to President
Roosevelt as the building of a home would be
to any other man. He looks at it as his own
personal work, having been given carte blanche
by Congress in the work.

' ' During the President 's trip through the canal
zone one of the leading citizens asked Mr. Roose-
velt what he thought of the criticism as written
by Poultney Bigelow. The President answered:
' Small people, like small flies, despoil large things
and large enterprises.'

* ' In the President 's speech at Colon, the thing
that won the hearts of the canal workers and of
the people was his statement : ' The men who are
now working on the canal and the citizens of
Panama who are assisting them will go down to
posterity like the veterans of the Civil War.
When this great work is completed the men who
have been instrumental in its success will look
backward and say, ' ' I was part of it, " as do the
veterans of the Civil War when they look with
pride at the great united nation.'

"This did more to endear the President and
the United States in general to the people than
anything else he could have said."

SHIFTS THE CANAL HEADS

President Reorganizes the Panama Administra-
tion After His Visit.
The practical result of the President's
trip was reflected, in part, as follows in the
Associated Press dispatches:

By an executive order, signed by the President
in Panama and cabled to the offices of the
Isthmian Canal Commission here, the working
forces of the Panama Canal are thoroughly re-
organized. A reorganization of the Canal Com-
mission itself is expected to follow soon.

The general effect of the order is to give
Chairman Shonts more complete control of the

74

THE PANDEX

administrative portion of the canal construction
and to place Chief Engineer Stevens in absolute
charge in Panama.

There will be no new governor of the Canal
Zone to succeed Governor Charles E. Magoon,
now running things in Cuba. It is provided that
the duties of the office of Governor shall be ful-
filled by the general counsel, who happens to
be Richard Reed Rogers. Mr. Rogers will con-
tinue to maintain his office here. This step will
leave no division of authority on the isthmus be-
tween the chief engineer, Mr. Stevens, and the
Governor.

New Members of Commission.

The President in reorganizing the commis-
sion will select any new members from the heads
of the seven departments of work created by the
new executive order. Mr. Shonts and Mr. Stev-
ens, of course, will be members. The commission
by law must consist of seven members, but the
President is not compelled to have more than a
quorum. There are now two vacancies, one
caused by the transfer of Governor Magoon and
the other by the failure of the Senate at its last
session to confirm Joseph B. Bishop.

The present commission was appointed in the
spring of 1905. Then there was on hand the
problem of the type of canal that should be con-
structed and the general work of preparation.
There is nothing left except administrative and
executive detail, and the commission is consid-
ered to have outlived its real mission in life.
Consequently the reorganization is planned. It
is very likely that one of the new membere will
be Mr. Rogers, the general counsel, who, in ad-
dition to his work as such, will perform the duties
of Governor of the canal zone, and Colonel Wil-

liam C. Gorgas, head of the sanitation depart-
ment. Colonel Gorgas would be the represen-
tative of the army on the commission.
Seven Executive Departments.

The order just issued provides for the estab-
lishment of seven executive departments. Here-
tofore there have been but three, administrative,
under Mr. Shonts ; engineering, in the hands of
Mr. Stevens; and the third having to do with the
control of the Canal Zone, of which Governor
Magoon was the chief executive. These three
heads of the departments comprised an executive
committee. This organization is abolished by
the executive order. The new departments will
be administered by John F. Stevens, chief en-
gineer; Richard R. Rogers, general counsel;
Colonel William C. Gorgas, chief sanitary officer;
D. W. Ross, general purchasing officer; E. S.
Benson, general auditor; E. J. Williams, dis-
bursing officer, and Jackson Smith, manager of
labor and quarters.

"The chairman," says the new order, "shall
have charge of all departments incident and
necessary to the construction of the canal or any
of its accessories ; he shall appoint the heads of
the various departments, subject to the approval
of the commission; the head of each department
shall report and receive his instructions from the
chairman; he shall have charge of the opera-
tions of the Panama Railroad and Steamship
Line."

The chief engineer will have charge of all en-
gineering work, the construction of the canal,
and control of the Panama Railroad in so far as
it relates to construction, and the custody of all
the supplies and plant of the commission on the
isthmus.

THE PANDEX

75

T«e iHA.Ot of PM?IU6 CaffEtM :
'AND T.e.ALOKHH WISOTt F UN Ny POEM'S
ABOUT M£ FOiyy ^ygAl^fe ACQ''

— Adapted from the New York Times.

AIRSHIP AS A NEW

FACTOR IN THE

WORLD OF

TRAFFIC

SANTOS-DUMONT. MAXIM. BELL, AND OTHER EXPERTS AGREE

THAT THE FLYING MACHINES WILL SOON BE IN COMMON

USE. FRANCE CREATES ALARM BY A PROPOSED

AERIAL WAR FLEET

OP course, the vision of such a thing is
far away, but nevertheless recent
events awake the imagination to the thought
that the world of invention is on the eve of a
device that will play an utterly new part in
the solution of traffic problems and create
an entirely new sphere of human intercourse
and law. The device is the airship, which so
lately as but five to ten years ago was looked
upon as probable only in the dreams of
fanatics, but which now is regarded by no
less responsible experimenters than Sir
Hiram Maxim and Santos-Dumont as so far
perfected that it will shortly be in as com-
mon use as the bicycle and the automobile.

AIRSHIPS IN EVERY HOME

Says

Santos-Dumont, After a Recent Success,
All Will Be Flying Soon.
Said the noted Brazilian aeronaut recent-

ly, according to the Kansas City Star:

Paris. — Santos-Dumont, since tlie successful
flight of his aeroplane, "The Bird of Prey,"
talks enthusiastically of the early approach of
the day when all mankind will be navigating
the air and flying machines will be more com-
mon than motor cars. Indeed, he believes that
the flying machine will eventually become the
poor man's motor car and be safer, faster, and
cheaper.

In an interview he said :

Machines Need Not Be Large.

"The machine I am experimenting with is
very large, having a surface of more than eighty
square yards, but the practical aeroplane, which
will be for the air what the democratic bicycle
is for the earth, will be much smaller. With
ordinary flying machines it is necessary to in-
crease the size in order to increase the power.

"With the aeroplane, on the contrary, speed
will be increased in direct proportion to the
diminution of the resistance surface. My pres-
ent aeroplane was intentionally built large to
overcome main obstacles as to principles. But
with increased power, which means speed, the

re

THE PANDEX

size can be reduced. At the same time, increased
speed adds to the safety, as a powerful motor
is more easily manipulated. We can, therefore,
look forward to a practical aeroplane which can
be comfortably housed in every home.
Cheaper Than Motor Cars.

"From the standpoint of maintenance, the
cost both of petroleum and repairs, the aero-
plane will be much less expensive than the motor
ear. There will be no expensive tires to burst
and no bad roads to jolt them to pieces. There
will be no collisions. Next year people will be
»ble to go to the seashore on their aeroplanes.
It will become the fad and the commencement
of a new industry.

"The only danger would be the risk of a
broken rudder, and I can not see that a rudder
could break itself. The aeroplane is immobility
itself. The swerving which made me descend on
October 23 can be easily rectified by a second
rudder to counteract any tendency in that direc-
tion."

MAXIM CONFIRMS THE HOPE

Great British Expert Thinks Problem of Aerial
Flight Is Solved.

Said the noted British inventor and air-
ship student, Sir Hiram Maxim, as quoted
in the Chicago Tribune:

London. — The question of a perfected navi-
gable flying machine is now regarded by experts
here as one of the probabilities of the immediate
future. Sir Hiram Maxim said recently:

"We shall not have any balloons in the future.
We shall have flying machines. A few years
ago the automobile was looked upon as a sort of
monstrosity. Now it is practically a necessity,
and I really think that in ten years at the out-
side we will be navigating the air as easily and
as surely as we now are navigating the sea
or the roads.

"For a balloon to lift, it must have a specific
gravity less than the air. To attain this it must
be exceedingly fragile. Therefore, it is useless
for all practical purposes. Again, it has to be
of comparatively enormous dimensions. Thus
you see in a balloon you have a combination
of size and fragility which must tell against its
usefulness, but with the advent of the true fly-
ing machine these drawbacks will disappear. So
I have no hesitation whatever in saying that
before many more years pass we shall do away
completely with the balloon.

"A solution of the problem is coming, what-
ever people think. I really believe .myself that
within a year from now there will be a great
number of machines in the air. This is certain
to happen within two years at any rate. We
can not get away from the fact that a real fly-
ing machine has now made its appearance.

Santos-Dumont has proved this in his recent
demonstrations, and these mark the beginning
of a totally new epoch in the history of the
world.

"There are sure to be startling developments
within the next year. We are only on the thresh-
old at present and the immediate future is full
of possibilities."

PROFESSOR BELL ALSO OPTIMISTIC

Declares American Firm of Wright Brothers the
Leaders in Invention.

Another specialist and inventor, who has
gained his distinction in the United States,
reviewed the subject at length recently.
Said the New York World :

"The impossible has been passed in aerial
navigation and I am proud of the fact that
America leads the world in that matter," said
Professor Alexander Graham Bell to a World re-
porter. Professor Bell had just returned from
Boston, where he had delivered an address on
the subject of aeronautics at the semi-annual
meeting of the National Academy of Sciences at
Harvard College. "To the Wright brothers,
of Ohio, belongs the credit of achieving the seem-
ingly impossible, and I believe Santos Dumont
has incorporated their ideas in his machine,"
said Professor Bell.

"The fact that America leads is not very
pleasing to France. They have been at it for
years over there, and as in some other things
wanted to lead the world — to be in the van of
newer creations. They lead the world in motor-
ing, you know. When Professor Langley was
successful in his flying machine in 1896 the
Frenchmen were startled and surprised, for they
had no idea that experiments were being made.
They started in then and determined to take the
laurels away from America. Within a year or
two thereafter France again was in first place.

"Now it is America's turn, and do what they
may to claim the honor, or try to discredit what
the Wright brothers have accomplished, the fact
still remains plain to any one who has followed
the subject of aerial navigation that France is
again in second place.

"Santos-Dumont deserves a great deal of
credit for what he has achieved and for risking
his life in numerous ascents and showing the
public that he was really doing something. But
the Wright brothers have accomplished more by
working quietly and without any flourish of
trumpets, so that when they are ready to show
the public what they really have done their suc-
cess will be all the greater.

Day of Laughter Has Gone By.

"Naturally I am very much interested in the
matter from a scientific standpoint. I have done
some experimenting myself, because I believe
that we are approaching a progressive era of

UNIVERSITY )
£Airc THE PANDEX

77

WHEN "HUMAN ELECTRICITY" IS APPLIED TO THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM.

"Two California scientists have succeeded in charging an electrical circnit with human
electricity by the application of electrodes to the walls of the stomach. A drink of whisky
doubled the current." — News Item.

"Oh, Auntie, I'm so glad to see you! And William promised to take a drink so he could
get home quickly. He's pretty fast, anyway.

"Watch at the window while I put away your things and perhaps you can see him coming,
with his skates on and all lit up.

"There he comes now, with a good-sized package. I was afraid he'd forget to get it. See!
He's waving to you! Those motor skates save so much time."

78

THE PANDEX

aerial navigation. It is but a few years ago that
talk of flying machines produced laughter. The
man who advocated such a thing was considered
mentally unbalanced. But the work went on
under adverse conditions, and so to-day we have
a real practicable flying machine in this country.
"I have not seen the Wright brothers' ship
nor Santos-Dumont's, but the details of both
are familiar to me. You see, the American in-
ventors have gone along conducting their experi-
ments in secret as much as possible, while San-
tos-Dumont has been before the public a great
deal. So the latter is very well known, and he
holds the center of the stage as the flying machine
star. But as a matter of fact the Wright
brothers could displace him were they to show
the world what they can do.

Value in Time of War.

"It will undoubtedly be in war maneuvers that
the machines will be given their first real test.
That is where their practicability will be thor-
oughly tried out. It will mean a great deal to
the country that has a flying machine to carry
dispatches or make observations and drop explo-
sives down in the enemy's camp. With a ma-
chine under control it will be a difficult matter
for the sharpshooters to hit it and disable it,
for it need never remain stationary. With a bal-
loon the navigators were at the mercy of the
air, and it has always been doubtful whether
their use in warfare was of any particular value.

"This Government recognized the value of the
flying machine long ago. That was why Pro-
fessor Langley was allowed to go ahead and
spend money in experiments. Had he been
allowed to work in secret and do what he wanted
the results would have been different.

"Ten years ago I was given a perfect realiza-
tion of the feasibility of the flying machine. At
that time Professor Langley had constructed his
first aeroplane and I was allowed to see it in
operation. He had a steam engine in it and it
flew about from one place to another, and I
managed to get a photograph of it. On two
different occasions he was successful with it.
That demonstrated that he was on the right
track, having a steam-propelled airship.

"Later on he continued his studies, and the
public through the newspapers may be blamed
for what happened. The writers camped on his
trail, and he was unable to make a move without
its becoming known. He was a sensitive man,
and all this jarred upon him. Because his ma-
chine did not do wonders, when in fact a slight
mishap disabled it, he was held up to ridicule
and there is no doubt in my mind that it has-
tened his end. He died broken-hearted when he
might have been successful had he been left
alone to perfect his machine.

More Encouragement in Europe.

"The incentive seems to be greater on the
other side of the water. They take to it more
over there and big rewards are offered for a
successful flying machine. Over here the country

is more matter of fact, and after the machine
is perfected it will be given approval. It is this
sort of thing that sometimes retards the devel-
opment of scientific inventions. All inventors
are not wealthy, and their experiments are some-
times carried on at a cost of lots of time and
what little money they have, and sometimes the
needful things are not available because of lack
of funds.

' ' No doubt Santos-Dumont could have done
much better had there been no great crowds
present when he made his ascent. The people
are not educated to the fact that a flying ma-
chine is something heavy and substantial, and
were one to hit you it would kill or seriously
injure you. But the people regard them in the
light of balloons, and so jeopardize their lives
by crowding about, preventing a man from pick-
ing out a suitable landing place. Of course,
Santos-Dumont is a victim of his own circum-
stances, for if he had not let it be so generally
known what he was going to do, it would have
been much different and his success would have
been more pronounced.

"The fact that the Wright brothers have been
able to fly with a machine that weighs 1925
pounds proves conclusively that the first stage
has been passed. Their engine alone weighs
more than two pounds and their car embodies
a great many principles which are in the line of
progress. The fiexibility of the rudders in front
and rear is something that seems to augur well
for the future success. While I have not person-
ally seen it, yet I can readily see how such rud-
ders may be worked advantageously in control-
ing the machine.

It Is the Old Story of Evolution.

"Flying machines are simply coming into
vogue now as they did many years ago. It is
the same old story of evolution, only we of this
age are making greater progress. Years and
years ago people were experimenting with all
sorts of devices, but many of them sacrificed
their lives in attempting to fly, so it died out.
This present age, however, is one that does not
admit defeat and the people are struggling along
accomplishing something all the time. They have
the advantage of more knowledge gleaned from
scientists and this they can turn to great advan-
tage. ' '

SANTOS-DUMONT RESENTFUL

Grows Angry Over Statement That He Imitated
Wright Brothers.
The reflection contained in Professor
Bell's interview naturally was resented by
the eminent Brazilian. Said the New York
Herald :

Paris. — When seen yesterday by a Herald cor-
respondent concerning the criticism made upon
his performances by Professor Graham Bell, M.

THE PANDEX

79

Santos-Dumont said he was surprised to see such
foolish remarks in print. He very much doubted
whether Professor Bell ever uttered such words.

"You see," said the young Brazilian, "one
part of the argument destroys the other. For
instance, Professor Bell is reported to have said
that he believes the Wright brothers have made
a machine which has flown and that naturally
they kept it perfectly secret. Almost in the
same breath he is reported as accusing me of
copying the designs of the Wright brothers.

"How could I do such a thing if the machine
had been kept hidden away from every observer?
The thing is altogether too absurd. As I said
once before, there is absolutely no evidence ob-
tainable here to support the alleged statements
of the Wright brothers. They may have flown,
but there is nothing in any reports of their pro-
ceedings which inspires confidence.

"What might very easily take place, now
that I have managed to construct a machine
which has flown and of which photographs and
plans are in everybody's hands, is that the
Wright brothers might copy my machine, come
out with it in public and declare they had con-
structed it years ago when the first of their re-
markable series of letters began. There is noth-
ing that I can see to prevent them doing this
and claiming to be the first to have flown."

FRANCE BUILDS WAR FLEET

Lebaudy's Dirigible Balloons Are Used for Mili-
tary Purposes.
For a long time the French militarists have
been viewing the airship with a seriousness
far greater than the phlegmatic cynicism of
the Yankee temperament has allowed itself
to cultivate, with the result shown in the
following from the New York American:

Paris. — France will soon have a navy of the
air. A fleet of aerial warships is to be built —
indeed, a squadron is already being constructed.

The dirigible war balloon of MM. Lebaudy,
built on the plans by the celebrated engineer,
Julliot, has made an astonishing flight, absolutely
unattached, and has proved as much under con-
trol as a first-class yacht.

The scene of this flight was at Moisson,
near Mantes, Department of Seine-et-Oise, and
the distance made was sixty miles. This success
following that of ten days ago, when the
machine stayed in the air two hours and twenty
minutes, has created the greatest excitement in
the French War Department, which is now con-
vinced that the day of a possible warfare in
the air is at hand. This airship of the Lebaudys
is named La Patrie, and is driven by a motor
which gives the propellers an average of eight
hundred and fifty revolutions per minute. She

is cigar-shaped, but much larger and more pow-
erful than that of Santos Dumont.

The experiment was the more brilliant repe-
tition of that of November 16. After several
trials made when the airship was but a foot or
so above the earth to see if the motor was work-
ing well, six passengers, including an engineer
from the War Office, entered the ear, and at
9.20 the motor was set working and La Patrie
rose gracefully from the gi-ound to a height
of six hundred feet. All present, including the
specially appointed officials from the War Office,
expressed admiration at the rapidity and ease
with which she answered her helm. She was
completely under the command of her pilot, and
the officers declared that the perfect airship had
at last been built.

Soon after rising the Patrie sailed off grace-
fully in the direction of the village of Lavacourt
at a speed of fifteen miles per hour. She then
circled around the village, turning to the left or
right with ease, and finally moved off to the hills
bordering the Seine, swerved around toward
Moisson, coming back toward her shed at the
gait of twenty miles an hour. When over the
shed and about two hundred feet in the air she
slowly and gracefully settled down to the ground
amidst the waiting squad of soldiers.

BRITISH ARE ALARMED

Said to Fear That Other Nations Will Have the
First Aerial Warships.
What the French activity may mean is re-
flected in the following from the Chicago
Record-Herald :

London. — Though the English people have been
slow, as they were in the case of automobilism,
to take the same interest in aerial navigation as
other European nations, the enthusiasm which
they are now displaying was manifested by a
large and interested audience which assembled
at the Royal United Service Institution to
listen to a lecture on "recent progress in
aerial navigation" by Colonel J. D. FuUerton
of the Royal Engineers. Major B. F. S. Baden-
Powell occupied the chair.

In the course of the lecture Colonel Fullerton
said great progress had recently been made
toward solving the problem of aerial navigation,
and it behooved Englishmen to keep abreast of
the times.

Other countries were giving particular atten-
tion to the subject and England must do the
same. The "soaring" balloon was never likely
to be of any practical use and the "driving"
was a question of the future.

Fuel to supply this driving force presented
a difficulty which no inventor so far had over-
come successfully. At present oil appeared best
for aeronautical use, as it was safe, had good
heat value and could be easily handled. The
motor was a machine devised to utilize the power

80

THE PANDEX

of the fuel to the best advantage. In conclusion
the lecturer said:

"There is no doubt whatever that aerial ships
will play an important part in future wars. It
is consequently most desirable that this country
should at once take steps to insure a suitable
aerial force being ready when the time for the
struggle arrives, and I suggest that a royal com-
mission be appointed to report after careful in-
quiry as to whether there is now a reasonable
chance of solving the problem of flight."

WOMAN INVENTS A SHIP

Carnegie Offers to Aid in Practical Test of a
New Air Vessel.

New York. — The only woman in the world who
has attempted to solve the problem of aerial
navigation is Miss E. L. Todd, of West Twenty-
third Street.

Since the efforts of Santos-Dumont and Pro-
fessor Langlfcy Miss Todd has attempted to
profit by the failures or successes of both these
men, and believes she has found the solution
of this difficult problem of locomotion in the air.
She has invented a flying machine which is now
attracting wide attention at the show of the
Aero Club in Grand Central Palace. Her ma-
chine is an aeroplane and relies for success on
a ratchet arrangement for directing the course
of the machine upward or downward at will. In
the model on exhibition Miss Todd has found the
same difficulty that has confronted all aerial
navigators — that is, it won't fly. But she con-
fidently believes that she can easily overcome
this defect.

The invention of Miss Todd has attracted more
attention than any other exhibit at the Palace
show. Andrew Carnegie spends two or three
hours every day in going over the details with
the woman inventor.

"How will you regulate the landing of the
machine?" asked Mr. Carnegie, as he was
minutely examining the parts of the airship
one day.

"I think that is one of the easiest problems to
solve," replied Miss Todd. "You see this valve
here? Well, by putting that into play the elec-
tric force is so curtailed that the revolutions
of the fans decrease. Without impetus the ma-
chine will naturally discontinue its flight. It is
exactly the same principle as employed by the
larger birds, ' ' she explained to Mr. Carnegie, who
was intensely interested.

"But do you think it will rise at the right
time?" asked Mr. Carnegie.

"Of course, this model will not rise," ex-
plained Miss Todd, "but in a perfect machine I
think that will be easily solved."

Mr. Carnegie, it is said, would be willing to
defray the expenses of having a practical test.

THE OLD SHEEP WAGON

I have heard men long for a palace, but I want
no such abode.

For wealth is a source of trouble, and a ieweled
crown IS a load;

I'll take my home in the open, with a mixture
01 sun and rain —

Just give me my old sheep wagon, on the bound-
less Wyoming plain.

With the calling sheep around me, and my do-

with his head on my knees,
I float cigarette smoke on the sage-scented prairie

breeze ;
And at night, when the band is bedded, I ereeo

like a tired child ^

To my tarp in the friendly wagon, alone on the

sheep range wild.

I have had my fill of mankind, and my collie's

my only friend.
And I'm waiting here in the sagebrush for the

judgment the Lord may send ;
They'll find me dead in my wagon, out here on

the hilltops brown.
But I reckon I'll die as easy as I would in a

bed in town.

— Denver Republican.

Heartless Sheila Shea.

Shure, the parish is so quiet.

Sheila Shea.
All the folk are saddened by it

In a way.
An' the whole o' thim arewaitin'
Pur the joy o' celebratin'

Somethin' lively; like a weddin', let us say.
Shure ye know it is the duty
Of a girl that's blessed wid beauty

To be careful not to let it waste "away.

Do ye hear me. Sheila Shea
Shure, how can ye be so gay,
Wid such quiet all about ye, that ye sing the
livelong day?

Has no sense o' sorrow found ye,

Sheila Shea?
Paix, the world revolves around ye.

An' it's gray.
Still, the spell will soon be broken.
Fur, although ye have not spoken

Sorra word o' what I've begged of ye to say.
If ye will not grace a weddin',
'Tis meself will soon be dead, an'

There's some comfort in a funeral, anyway.

Do ye hear me. Sheila Shea?
Shure, how can ye be so gay
Wid my breakin' heart so near ye, that ye sing
the livelong day?

— Catholic Standard and Times.

THE PANDEX

81

THE OLD AND THE NEW IN KANSAS.— No. I.
More than two thousand Kansas farmers have bought automobiles and the horse is rapidly
becoming a back number in that state. — News Item. See Page 83 for No. II.

ON THE BASIS OF THE SOIL

AMERICA HAS A PERIOD OF ASTONISHING
AGRICULTURAL PROSPERITY

SECRETARY WILSON'S ANNUAL REPORT IS CALLED THE EPIC

OF THE FARM.— EXPERIMENTS IN CAMPHOR GROWING

AS A PRECAUTION AGAINST WAR.— UTILIZING

THE PRICKLY PEAR

F'OR several years there has been a reaction
in the United States against the passion
for industrialism which has gradually driven
the country into its era of trusts and railroad
monopolies, and the swing of sentiment has
been back toward the farm. Nothing has
stimulated the trend so much as the remark-
able breadth and inventiveness of the work
in the Department of Agriculture. And
now, as the country finds itself pinched for
money with which to do its business and
short of facilities with which to carry its
products, it is significant that the main cause
of all the trouble is found to be the prolific
output of the farm.

FARMERS' LOAN BILL PASSED

National Banks to be Allowed to Lend Money on
Unencumbered Farms.

Probably nothing could more fully illus-
trate the extent to which the farm has been
rehabilitated in public esteem than the fol-
lowing from the New York Times:

Washington. — After years of wrangling the
House of Representatives passed recently by a
three-to-one vote the Lewis bill, permitting na-
tional banks to make twelve months' loans on
unencumbered farm lands to an extent equal to
one-quarter of their capital stock. The debate
was spirited, and such men as Hepburn, John
Sharp Williams, Prince, of Illinois, Gillespie, of

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Texas, and Hill, of Connecticut, engaged in the
arguments.

It was "the great West and the farmer" ver-
sus Wall Street and the city banker throughout
the wrangle. Mr. Hepburn contended that
western surpluses went to New York to supply
the sinews for speculation and then went back
to western borrowers at exorbitant rates. High
rates for call money, he asserted, were not
caused by drains of money to lend to the West,
but by the demands on Wall Street to return
what it had borrowed from the West. The
farmers, he continued, had little personal prop-
erty, while their land was their asset.

He urged that western banks be given the
right to make loans with this asset as collateral.
The result, he said, would be that the farmers
of the West could borrow at home; the banks
there would have a field for surpluses. Wall
Street would be stripped of this source of specu-
lative material, and the demand for its return
would be largely removed. Thus feverishness in
the loan market would be lessened, and call rates
be less subject to violent upward move-
ment. He added that the twenty-five per
cent limit made the transaction safe for banks,
however small their capital, and despite the im-
possibility of immediate realization.

AN EPIC OF FARMING

Magnitude of American Rural Output Exceeds
All Past Records.

The ofRcial Federal report of the coun-
try's farming condition was condensed as
follows in the Philadelphia North American :

A veritable epic in figures, a triumphant song
in statistics, is the report of the secretary of
Agriculture, which tells the story of the Amer-
ican farmer's marvelous store of riches won
from the soil in the year just ended, reaching the
astounding total of $6,794,000,000.

This exceeds the record-breaking products of
last year by $324,000,000.

The value of the farm products of the nation
during the last twelve months would duplicate
the entire railroad system of the United States,
rail for rail, tie for tie, ear for car. The Amer-
ican farm products of 1905 and 1906 pay for
every railroad in the world, including the entire
equipment.

Whatever else may be the cause of the move-
ment from the country to the cities, it isn't the
unproductiveness of the farms nor the unprofit-
ableness of farming. Probably among no other
class has there been such an advance in the ma-
terial comforts and the general prosperity as
among the farmers.

Farms Worth $28,000,000,000.

The total value of the farm properties of the
United States is estimated by Secretary Wil-
son's department at $28,000,000,000. This is an
increase of $8,000,000,000 since 1900. It is more

than twice the capitalization of all the railroads
of the United States, and four and a half times
their real value. The earnings of the farms for
the year amounted to nearly three times the net
earnings of all the railroads.

Not only are the American farms the founda-
tion of the domestic plenty that pervades the
land, but they are the source of the nation's
credit abroad. The foreign balance due the
United States on agricultural products for the
fiscal year of 1906 is $433,000,000, while the bal-
ance on all other classes of exports is only $85,-
009,000.

In the last seventeen years the American
farmer has piled up the enormous credit of six
billions of dollars, while the pampered manu-
facturer with all the stimulus of protective
tariff and other government favors has a balance
against him of $459,000,000.

During the year 1906 the exports of agricul-
tural products touched the high-water mark of
$970,000,000, or $24,000,000 more than the ex-
ports of the previous record year, which was
1901.

Com the Banner Crop.

Secretary Wilson notes the fact that the chief
increase in the value of farm products during
the year was in horses and meat cattle. The
crops about balanced with the previous year. The
greatest crop was corn, as usual, its value being
$1,100,000,000. Next in line came cotton, with a
total of $640,000,000, while hay, much ignored
by writers on national wealth, was produced to
the value of $600,000,000., Wheat, with a total
of $450,000,000, showed a falling off of about
$50,000,000.

An astonishing result is reported in the beet-
sugar industry, which amounted to $34,000,000,
against $7,000,000 seven years ago.

As showing the preponderance of the United
States in cotton, the report points out that the
product of Texas alone is greater than that of
British India, and three times that of Egypt,
while it is half as much again as the entire crop
of the rest of the world outside of the United
States, India, and Egypt.

There is a curious note in the fact that, despite
the furore over the packing-house disclosures,
the exports of that industry exceeded those of
the previous year by $37,000,000.

As to how the farmer has used his surplus
earnings. Secretary Wilson says:

The farmer's standard of living is rising
higher and higher. The common things of his
farm go to the city to become luxuries. He is
becoming a traveler; and he has his telephone
and his daily mail and newspaper. His life is
healthful to body and sane to mind, and the
noise and fever of the city have not become the
craving of his nerves, nor his ideal of the every-
day pleasures of life. A new dignity has come
to agriculture, along with its economic strength;
and the farmer has a new horizon, far back of
that of his prairie and his mountains, which is
more promising than the sky-line of the city.

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83

THE NEW IN KANSAS— No. II.

THEY MAKE RAILROADS RICH

Farmers Pay Half a Billion a Year for Their
Transportation.
The contribution of the farms to the in-
dustrial world was shown, to a small extent,
in the following in the St. Louis Republic:

New York. — Revenues of the railroads of the
country for carrying the agricultural products
for the year 1906 are estimated at $524,764,025
by Captain G. J. Grammer, vice-president of the
New York Central lines in charge of traffic, who
has compiled the detailed figures on the subject
printed in an accompanying table. Transporta-
tion men who studied its columns yesterday said
they considered them accurate.

In figuring out the earnings which are to come
to the transportation companies from the prod-
ucts of the soil, Captain Grammer takes into
consideration the total crop production, its value
at current market rates, the amount of carriage
which each crop will entail, the average railroad
rate, and the earnings per car for this service.
Consideration is given to the fact that much of
the property is transported several times to and
from manufactories and the general markets, for
example.

A WEAPON FOR WAR TIME

Government Prepares to Grow Camphor As Pre-
caution Against Emergency.
Also, nothing could better illustrate the
value of the federal activity in the agricul-
tural field than the following from the San
Francisco Chronicle:

Washington. — The government is preparing to
raise its own camphor, so that in case of trouble
with Japan it will not be cut off from one of the
ingredients necessary in the manufacture of
smokeless powder.

Beverly Galloway, chief of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, appeared recently before the
House Committee on Agriculture and stated that
Japan controlled the camphor output, but he
said that it had been demonstrated that cam-
phor could be produced in this country, and that
a plantation of three thousand acres was to be
set out in Florida.

The tree is grown successfully in California,
but only for ornament. Galloway said that in
Japan the trees are cut down to extract the gum,
but the Bureau has learned that it can be ex-
tracted from the twigs, and the usefulness of the
tree is little impaired thereby.

NEW VARIETY OF ALFALFA

Secretary Wilson Says it Will Grow Where the
Mercury Goes Down to Forty Below Zero.
Or, if the growing of camphor against the
contingency of war is not a suflSicient exhibit
of the utility of the federal farming, the
following will give further conviction. It
is from the New York Sun:

Washington. — James Wilson, secretary of agri-
culture, delivered an address at the Thanksgiving
service of the Mount Pleasant Congregational
Church, in which he said that within ten days
an agent of the Agricultural Deoartment had
sent word that he had found in Siberia an alfalfa
which would grow where the mercury went down
to forty degrees below zero.

"We wanted dry-land crops and that is what

84

THE PANDEX

we have found," said Mr. Wilson. "Tliat va-
riety of alfalfa is coming to the United States.
That is one of the most interesting things that
has been brought to my attention during the last
year. ' '

Among other things that Mr. Wilson told his
auditors were that 13,500,000 copies of reports
by special agricultural agents were being sent
out by his Department for the education of the
people ; that the farmers were so prosperous that
they were putting money in the banks and send-
ing their boys and girls to college, and would
have to buy automobiles or find some other way
of getting rid of their wealth, and that through
modern machinery and methods one farm hand
in the country could do as much work as four
hundred Chinamen, and as a result rice was be-
ing produced so cheaply in the United States that
700,000,000 pounds of it were exported last year,
some of it to rice-growing countries.

ARTIFICIAL VEGETABLES

Professor Leduc Produces Them by Chemical
Process — ^Act Like Living Plants.

Something of the intimacy of scientific
interest elsewhere than in America in the
propagation of food substances is reflected
in the following from the New York Sun :

Paris.^ — The Academy of Sciences heard Pro-
fessor d'Ai-sonval describe artificial vegetables,
which he exhibited, and which were produced by
the methods of Professor Leduc, of the Nantes
Medical College. Professor d'Arsonval inter-
ested his colleagues greatly, but unfortunately
for the lay public, he did not say whether the
so-called vegetables are edible.

While they were described as vegetables, they
have nothing of the vegetable in their makeup,
but they behave after their production as do the
real vegetables they resemble under natural con-
ditions. Into the composition of these products
nothing living enters. Professor Leduc makes
seeds in pill form, one part of sulphate of cop-
per and two parts of glucose. These are de-
posited in bouillon made of gelatine, to which
are added three per cent of ferro-cyanide of po-
tassium and a little sea salt.

The seed develops sometimes on the surface of
the liquid and sometimes in its depths, giving
birth to plants resembling seaweed and other
marine plants. It was announced that these
artificial plants were not merely scientific curiosi-
ties. Professor Leduc has been able to recog-
nize that they have the same properties as the
plants they resemble, and are influenced simi-
larly by heat and light.

THE CANNING INDUSTRY

Nearly Fifty-four Thousand Persons Employed
and the Output is Worth $108,000,000
Annually.
The following from the Kansas City Star

speaks for itself, as to one of the by-products
of the farm:

Washington. — The canning and preserving in-
dustries of the United States employ 53,862 per-
sons and their output in 1904 was worth $108,-
500,000, according to a census bulletin which was
made public recently. The capital of the 2,703
establishments engaged in the business is $70,-
000,000.

The canned vegetable output was valued at
$45,250,000, canned and dried fruits $27,250,000,
canned fish $17,000,000, smoked fish $2,362,000,
salted fish $6,250,000, canned oysters $3,800,000.
California leads the states with a canned product
of nearly $25,000,000. New York reports $13,-
000,000, Maryland $12,750,000, Iowa canned
$2,616,000 worth of corn, which is more than
any other state reported. Alaska leads in the
production of canned salmon, with an output of
$7,618,000. Washington was second, with $2,500,-
000.

Maine turned out $4,291,000 worth of canned
sardines and all the other states less than $100,-
000. The Massachusetts product of salted cod
was 38,000,000 pounds, valued at $2,500,000, or
more than three times the combined output of all
other states.

In the canning of oysters Mississippi ranks
first, Maryland second, South Carolina third,
Louisiana fourth, Georgia fifth.

WEALTH IN THE PRICKLY PEAR

Texas Ranchmen Find They Can Convert the
Cactus Into Denatured Alcohol,

Nothing has more continuously marked
the progress of systematic study of agricul-
ture than the discovery from time to time
of the serviceability of hitherto rejected
substances and growth. An example in point
is the following from the New York Herald:

Fort Worth. — In portions of West Texas and
over a great deal of South and Southwest Texas
the prickly pear has long been regarded as an
unmitigated nuisance, although during seasons of
drought the ranchmen have found it a very good
cattle food after the spines are removed by burn-
ing.

Since the impetus given the making of dena-
tured alcohol it is claimed that there is a bonanza
to be reaped from these cactus lands of Texas as
a material for manufacturing alcohol, and at
several points in West Texas arrangements are
being made to soon begin work with portable
stills, which will be moved around in the cactus
region as the supply diminishes. Owners of this
cactus land are figuring on some big revenue
when the alcohol making begins, and it is an ex-
periment that is being watched with much inter-
est throughout the state.

The feeding of this prickly pear to stock has

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85

also been given a new impetus in consequence of
some experiments that have recently been made
and the boost given the idea by the federal
authorities at Washington. As a result of care-
ful experiments it has been shown that a ration
producing between one and a quarter and one
and a half pounds of butter per day cost about
thirteen cents when pear, rice, bran, and cotton-
seed meal were fed.

Although prickly pear is low in nutritive value
from the chemical standpoint, the steer-feeding
experiment shows also that there is abundant
justification for the practices in vogue of prepar-
ing cattle for market upon prickly pear and cot-
tonseed meal. A gain of one and three-quarter
pounds a day at an expense of three cents per
pound compares favorably with the feeding re-
sults obtained from standard feeds.

NEW LAND OF CORN FOUND

An Astonishing Yield Gathered This Year in In-
dian Territory.

In connection with the creation of a new
State in the Southwest, the following as to
a feature of the State is imperative. It is
from the Kansas City Star:

Muskogee, I. T. — Just now Indian Territory is
attempting to move the greatest corn crop that
has ever been produced in the new country — and
every bushel of it is worth thirty cents. This is
the first year that Indian Territory has had a
chance to show what it could do in producing
corn. The result is a revelation. Every shipping
point is crowded, while elevators and corn cribs
are bursting with their loads.

Not a railroad in the territory can furnish
enough cars to move the crops, and still the
farmers pour in with wagon loads, and each
wagon has the side boards raised. In the towns
in the northern part of the territory, where is
the best corn land, there will be long ricks of
corn piled out on the ground like stacks of
straw, waiting to be moved. There is neither
crib nor elevator room and the railroads can not
move the crop.

But the Price is Thirty Cents.

In many towns all the elevator men have re-
fused to buy another bushel of corn until the
railroads furnish sufficient cars to move it, but
still the price is thirty cents whenever a bushel
is sold, and with corn making sixty and seventy
bushels to the acre this is pretty good money.

COTTON CLOGS ITS ROAD

New State of Oklahoma Produces the Staple in
Marvelous Abundance.

Still another impressive phase of the same
section of the country is revealed in the fol-
lowing from the same paper :

Guthrie, Ok. — Oklahoma and Indian Territory

are bulging with cotton. Throughout the cotton
belt the country is billowy with white. At every
crossroads is a puffing gin, and along evfery coun-
try road move wagons filled high with seed cot-
ton. The streets of the towns are blockaded
with cotton wagons, surrounded by cotton buyers
in keen competition.

In towns where compresses are established
there is even greater activity. A famine of cars
has made it almost impossible to move cotton,
except to the compresses, and the buildings stand
isolated in a level sea of bales packed as closely
together as possible. The immense platforms are
covered with cotton, and the bales reach far un-
der the sheds. Switch engines bump and rattle
along lines of loaded cars discharging their
freight at the compresses, to be squeezed a sec-
ond time under powerful machinery to reduce
their size and consume less space in the holds of
rusty, storm-beaten steamships at Galveston and
New Orleans, which convey their >^argoes across
the Atlantic to foreign countries, even as far
as Russia and Japan. The trackage is so over-
crowded that often passenger trains are delayed
by cotton trains that can not be moved quickly
from the main line.

Estimated at One Million Bales.

Some cotton brokers estimate that Oklahoma
and Indian Territory will raise one million bales
this year. This means fifty million dollars paid
in cash in about one-half the geographical area
of the state, or almost fifty dollars per capita to
every man, woman, and child.

RAISE CHICKENS OR GO

Unwritten Law of Montezuma That Everybody
Shall Breed Poultry.

Montezuma, Iowa. — "Love me, love my hen,"
is the motto which could be written with pro-
priety over an illuminated gateway to this little
town. If you do not raise chickens you can not
live in the town, enjoy its society, or send your •
children to school.

A few have tried to live in Montezuma with-
out engaging in the poultry industry either for
pleasure or profit, but they have always found
their dislike for chickens growing into a sort of
barrier against friendly intercourse with their
neighbors, and they came to be almost social out-
casts. Their children were hooted at school,
called "snobs," and told that their parents were
too lazy to work or raise chickens.

These unpleasant conditions and real ostracism
from the society of Montezuma were endured
long, but at last the victims yielded. A delivery
man left a jag of lumber and a few rods of wire
netting and several mysterious boxes, from which
flitted noisy, clucking, and crowing chickens. The
next day the family joined the chicken raisers
and took its place in society.

This little town raises more chickens per capita
than any other town in America. Here every-
body who is "anybody" raises poultry. The
back yards of every resident are dotted with
chicken houses and exercise pens, while the town

86

THE PANDEX

is practically hedged in with chicken farms.
Every householder, masculine or feminine, knows
how to fcreed, hatch, rear, feed, and care for
broilers, roasters, layers, and exhibition fowls ;
how to build sheds, coops, brooders, and houses
for large and small assortments of chickens.
Almost every man or woman is a specialist on
diseases of poultry, knows how much red pepper
to give, and when to use real castor oil.

Those who believe that dead chickens are the
only good variety to have on the place simply
can not live here. Gardening is mingled with
the lost arts. There is little to do but raise
poultry. The industry has woven itself with the
affairs of life here until social evenings, as well
as the meetings of the town council, are given
over to discussions of the poultry industry and
the rights of owners. Montezuma is a big incu-
bator and brooder for the poultry markets of
the Northwest.

TO SAW THE PRAIRIE SOD

Colorado Invention to Improve Fertility and to
Save Irrigation.
One of the most sweeping phases of Gov-
ernmental interest in agriculture is the
Reclamation Service. Parallel with the
gigantic efforts involved in this work has
come recently the following story of a com-
paratively simple method of conquering the
arid lands. The story is from the Kansas
City Star:

But for the serious consideration being given
his unique propositions by leading men of
science and affairs, one would be tempted to
think that Colonel Albert Talmon Morgan, of
Denver, Col., was a dreamer, a real Colonel Sel-
lers.

His hobbies are to saw the soil of the West
with buzz saws on wheels and thus make it laugh
with a bountiful harvest; to fill the canyons and
gulches of the continental divide with artificial
glaciers, and quench the thirst of the plains in
summer time with ice water; to abolish the arid-
ity of the West and the excessive humidity of
the South — these are the large contracts he has
cut out for performance by a queer looking ma-
chine that stands in the rear of a machine shop.
The irreverent small boy has dubbed it the "Col-
orado go-devil," but he calls it the Morgan auto
saw ditcher.

To Make Arid Lands Fertile.
Here is the philosophy of this epochal inven-
tion : The auto saw ditcher, hitched to a steam
traction engine, with gang saws placed a foot
apart, will buzz-saw the plains instead of plow-
ing them. Millions of little trenches, or grooves,
or riffles, or saw cuts, or whatever one chooses
to call them, will be sawn in the arid prairie a
foot or more in depth and an inch or an inch and
a half in width, at right angles to the line of
drainage. When a rain comes, or when the snows

melt, instead of running off the surface into the
water courses to create disastrous floods a thou-
sand miles or more away, the moisture will sink
into these millions of saw cuts. Gradually it
will percolate on down into the subsoil, soaking
it so that it, as well as the partitions between
the grooves and the sun-baked prairie will be
filled with water like a sponge. In these saw-
cuts the Colonel will then plant the seed of
whatever crops he wishes to harvest. By this
method he declares he can grow sugar beets a
foot long, doubling Colorado's annual production
without the planting of an additional acre.

Water Stored in Glaciers.

Next in the scheme is the reintroduetion of
the glacial age. At every little pool, lake, and
basin near the bleak mountain tops, the Colonel
plans to place siphons. When ice forms in win-
ter time over these pools, these siphons will be
put to work, pouring water from the bottoms
of the pools out over the surface of the ice on
lower levels. Hundreds of miles of glaciers,
many feet in thickness might thus be formed
every winter in the deep canyons and gulches of
the continental divide. Instead of going off with
a rush on the arrival of spring, as a greater por-
tion of the snows and thin ice of the mountains
now do, the great glaciers will melt but slowly,
distributing their moisture into the streams
through the hot summer months. This moisture
can then be used to supplement that stored in
the saw cuts on the plains for irrigation wher-
ever needed.

"The storing of moisture in the soil and in
glacial formations in the mountains will inevit-
ably reduce the drainage into the Mississippi so
materially that the floods that threaten the levees
and inundate the lowlands will never more be
heard of," he declares. Was there ever a more
beautiful example of killing two birds with one
stone? It all sounds too good to be true.

It is a Mechanical Success.

Colonel Morgan has advocated these ideas in
season and out of season for many years, but
never got a hearing until this fall. He went so
far as to have an experimental buzz saw on
wheels constructed, just to convince people that
his auto saw would saw. It did saw, and so many
people saw it saw that doubt on that score is no
longer possible. The way it made the sawdirt
fly was a caution. It threatened to bury the
horses, which supplied the motive power. A
shield was then placed in front of the saw to
catch the dirt and place it at one side of the
saw-cut. When gang saws are used, the dirt
will be placed between the channels. The buzz
saws, it should be explained, revolve in a direc-
tion contrary to that of the wheels of the car-
riage. Instead of cutting down, they cut up, lift-
ing the particles of soil from their positions and
throwing them out of the way.

Mechanically, therefore, the buzz saw in the
soil is a success. It does the work expected of
it, requiring less power for its operation than a
plow. An acre of gi'ound, or a thousand acres
of ground can be gang-sawed by this new imple-

THE PANDEX

87

Now That Fanners Are In the Labor Union If Horses Could Talk.

— Indianapolis News.

88

THE PANDEX

ment of husbandry cheaper than it can be
plowed. Colonel Morgan says that the buzz saw
will crowd the plow out of business. It will be
laid on the shelf, relegated to the scrap pile, or
banished to museums and collections of antiques.
This, of course, remains to be seen. The effects
of the sawing of the soil for the conservation of
moisture in the plains have not yet been demon-
strated.

To be Given a Trial.

Many prominent people have indorsed Colonel
Morgan's plan. The Denver Chamber of Com-
merce has indorsed the' idea to the extent of
joining in the effort to raise $10,000 with which
to test its practicability and efficiency on a scale
that will forever settle the question.

The Hon. E. T. Wells, former justice of the
Colorado Supreme Court, predicts that it will
revolutionize agricultural conditions throughout
the semi-arid belt. Former State Senator
Stranger says it is the only practicable idea ever
advanced for the prevention of drainage from
the surface and the reduction of evaporation to
a minimum. He expects it to accomplish great
things — but doesn't believe the days of the plow
are yet past. Farmers, merchants^ bankers, law-
yers, statesmen, scholars, and business men are
fascinated by the novelty and the magnificent
promise of the idea — but the necessary cash piles
up slowly.

The path of Colonel Morgan has not been
strewn with roses. Most of his time and all of
his money have been spent on the development
of the great idea, and in a vain endeavor to enlist
the aid of sufficient capital to give it a test. It
seems as if the day of the buzz saw had at last
arrived. It will, at least, be given an exhaustive
test to decide whether the faith of the inventor
of the auto saw is justified or vain. That is all
he asks.

BBEEDING A SETLESS HEN

Government Starts a Special Farm on Which to
Experiment.

Can the great American hen be thoroughly
commercialized? Can she be made to forego her
ancient and honorable ambition to set, and in-
duced to put in all her time and energy produc-
ing eggs?

The Agricultural Department believes that
such a thing is possible, and is now endeavoring
to produce a non-setting continuous egg-laying
fowl that will cheerfully forego the cares of the
nursery and lay at least one egg a day the year
round.

In order to ascertain just what effect encour-
agement and training will have upon the hen, an
experimental station has been established by the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the Agricultural
Department.

'This experimental plant is located at St. Denis,
near Baltimore, Md., and is in charge of Robert
R. Slocum, a chicken expert, who was induced
to superintend the work.

Efforts to induce the hen to spend less time
setting and more time laying are being directed

by Dr. George M. Rommel, of the Bureau of
Animal Industry.

Dr. Rommel says: "The matter is all in the
future as yet, but the theory is that we can in-
fluence the hen's egg production by feeding; that
is, by what we feed her and how we feed her.

"We have made practically no experiments as
yet, but the Bureau of Animal Husbandry has
secured the services of R. R. Slocum, who is an
expert in that line, and he will have charge of the
new work.

"The first work at the hen farm at St. Denis
will be the study of the moist and dry mash
systems of feeding and of the use of the self-
feeding hoppers. The equipment is necessarily
modest, because the available funds are not
large.

Experiments in Feeding.

"A house divided into three pens, each accom-
modating twenty-five hens, with suitable yards,
is to be constructed. This house, together with
incubators, brooders, etc., sufficient to raise
enough pullets to replace those used in the ex-
periments, will comprise the immediate equip-
ment.

"The two problems under investigation are to
be combined by the use of three pens of fowls.
The different lots of fowls are to be housed ex-
actly alike, and all the conditions made equal
except the methods of feeding.

"Fowls in pen No. 1 Will receive, morning and
night, a mixture of whole or cracked grains scat-
tered in the litter, and at noon a moistened
mash.

"Those in pen No. 2 will receive, morning and
night, the same grain mixture, fed in the litter
exactly as in pen No. 1, and the same mash at
noon, except that it will be dry.

"The only difference between these two pens
will be that pen No. 1 receives the mash moist-
ened, while pen No. 2 receives exactly the same
mash dry.

"Fowls in pen No. 3 jwill be fed exactly as
those in the other pens, but will be fed from two
self-feeding hoppers, one containing the grain
and the other the mash. This mash will, of
course, be dry. The hopper containing the grain
will be opened about 4 p. m. in winter and 5 p. m.
in summer, and will be left open until the next
noon. It will then be closed; and the second
hopper, containing the mash, will be opened, and
left so, until the first hopper is again opened.

"In this way the fowls will have feed before
them at all times, and can eat as much or as
little as they please. A comparison can be made
with pen No. 2, the only difference being that
pen No. 2 receives its food at regular intervals
and in amounts indicated by the appetite of the
fowls, while those in pen No. 3 can help them-
selves at all times.

"White Plymouth Rock fowls are to be used
in the experiments, not because of any special
preference for this variety, but simply as a mat-
ter of convenience. Pullets are to be raised from
the various pens, and the test will be repeated
twice to confirm results and note the effect of
the different systems on vitality."

THE P A N D E X

89

9(»

THE PANDEX

Points From the Message

I T is probable that only reckless speculation
* and disresrard of legitimate business methods
on the part of the business world can materially
mar our prosperity.

No Congress in our time has done more good
work of importance than the present Congress.

I again recommend a law prohibiting all cor-
porations from contributing to the campaign ex-
pense of any party.

A bill which has just passed one house of the
Congress, and which it is urgently necessary
should be enacted into law, is that conferring
u[)on the Government the right of appeal in
criminal cases on questions of law.

There must be no hesitation in dealing with
disordei-. But there must likewise be no such
abuse of the injunction power as is implied in
forbidding laboring men to strive for their own
betterment in peaceful and lawful ways, nor
must the injunction be used merely to aid some
big corporation in carrying out schemes for its
own aggrandizement.

There is but one safe rule in dealing with
black men as with white men; it is the same rule
that must be applied in dealing with rich men
and poor men ; that is to treat each man, what-
ever his color, his creed, or his social position,
with even-handed justice on his real worth as a
man.

Every colored man should realize that the
worst enemy of his race is the negro criminal.

Corruption is never so rife as in communities
where the demagogue and the agitator bear full
sway.

It should be our aim steadily to reduce the
number of hours of labor, with as a goal the
general introduction of an eight-hour day.

Let me again urge that the Congress provide
for a thorough investigation of the conditions
of child labor and of the labor of women in the
United States. The horrors incident to the em-
ployment of young children in factories or at
work anywhere are a blot on our civilization.

Compensation for accidents or deaths due in
any line of industry to the actual conditions
under which that industry is carried on, should
be paid by that portion of the community for the
benefit of which the industry is carried on — that
is, by those who profit by the industry.

The e.xercise of a judicial spirit by a disinter-
ested body representing the Federal Government,
such as would be. provided by a commission on
conciliation and arbitration, would tend to create
an atmosphere of friendliness and conciliation
between contending parties.

The coal, like the forests, should be treated
as the property of the public, and its disposal
should be under conditions which would inure
to the benefit of the public as a whole.

In my judgment, it will, in the end, be ad-
visable in connection with the packing house in-
spection law to provide for putting a date on
the label and for charging the cost of inspec-
tion to the packers.

There will ultimately be need of enlarging the
powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission
along several different lines, so as to give it
larger and more efficient control over the rail-
roads.

In some method, whether by a national license
law or in other fashion, we must exercise, aild
tliat at an early date, a far more competent con-
trol than at present over the great corporations.

Our efforts should be not so much to prevent
consolidation as such, but so to supervise and
control it as to see that it results in no harm to
the people.

The best way to avert the very undesirable
move for the Government ownership of railways
is to secure by the Government on behalf of tlie
people, as a whole, such adequate control and
regulation of the great interstate common car-
riers as will do away with the evils which give
rise to the agitation against them.

What we need is not vainly to try to prevent
all combination, but to secure such rigorous and
adequate control and supervision of the combina-
tions as to prevent t.heir injuring the public, or
existing in such form as inevitably to threaten
injury.

It is unfortunate that our present laws should
forbid all combinations, instead of sharply dis-
criminating between those combinations which
do gootl and those combinations which do evil.

There is every reason why, when next our sys-
tem of taxation is revised, the national Govern-
ment should impose a graduated inheritance tax,
and, if possible, a graduated income tax.

THE PANDEX

91

It should be our prime object as a nation, so
far as feasible, constantly to work toward put-
ting the mechanic, the wage-worker who works
with his hands, on a higher plane of efficiency
and reward, so as to increase his effectiveness
in the economic world.

The only other person whose welfare is as
vital to the welfare of the country as is the wel-
fare of the wage-workers are the tillers of the
soil, the farmers.

In my judgment, the whole question of mar-
riage and divorce should be relegated to the au-
thority of the national Congress.

If it prove impracticable to enact a law for the
encouragement of shipping generally, then at
least provision should be made for better com-
munication with South America, notably for fast
mail lines to the chief South American ports.

The recurrence of each crop season emphasizes
the defects of the present currency laws. There
must soon be a revision of them, because to leave
them as they are means to incur liability of
business disaster.

I most earnestly hope that the bill to provide
a lower tariff for or else absolute free trade in
Philippine products will become a law.

American citizenship should be conferred on all
the citizens of Porto Rico.

Not only must we treat all nations fairly, but
we must treat with justice and good-will all im-
migrants who come here under the law. Whether
they are Catholic or Protestant, Jew or Gentile;
whether they come from England or Germany,
Russia, Japan or Italy, matters nothing. All we
have a right to question is the man's conduct.

The friendship between the United States and
Japan has been continuous since the time, over
half a century ago, when Commodore Perry, by
his expedition to Japan, first opened the island
to Western civilization. Since then the growth
of Japan has been literally astounding. There
is not only nothing to parallel it, but nothing to
approach it in the history of civilized mankind.

To shut the Japanese out from the public schools
is a wicked absurdity. We have as much to leara
from Japan as Japan has to learn from us.

I recommend to Congress that an act be passed
specifically providing for the naturalization of
Japanese who come here intending to become
American citizens.

The United States wishes nothing of Cuba
except that it shall prosper morally and ma-
terially, and wishes nothing of the Cubans save
that they shall be able to preserve order- among
themselves, and, therefore, to preserve their in-
dependence.

If the elections become a farce, and if the in-
surrectionary habit becomes confirmed in the
island, it is absolutely out of the question that
the island should continue independent.

In many parts of South America there has
been much misunderstanding of the attitude and
purpose of the United States toward the other
American republics. An idea has become preva-
lent that our assertion of the Monroe Doctrine
implied, or carried with it, an assumption of su-
periority, and of a right to exercise some kind
of protectorate over the country to whose ter-
ritory that doctrine applies. Nothing could be
farther from the truth.

I have just returned from a trip to Panama
and shall report to you at length later on the
whole subject of the Panama canal.

It must ever be kept in mind that war is not
merely justifiable, but imperative, upon honor-
able men, ujlon an honorable nation, where peace
can only be obtained by the sacrifice of con-
scientious conviction or of national welfare.

We should, as a nation, do everything in our
power for the cause of honorable peace.

The United States navy is the surest guarantor
of peace which the cffimtry possesses.

In both the army and navy there is urgent need
that everything possible should be done to main-
tain the highest standard for the personnel, alike
as regards the officers and enlisted men.

92

THE PANDEX

-H-H-H!"

-Detroit Journal.

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

FULL TEXT OF THE ADDRESS OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT TO THE

LAST SESSION OF THE FIFTY-NINTH CONGRESS. WITH

SOME OF THE LEADING CARTOONS.

To the LSeniite unil HoiiMe of Reprenentativen:

AS a nation we still continue to enjoy a literally
unprecedented prosperity, and it is probable
that only reckless speculation and disregard
of legitimate business methods on the part of the
business world can materially mar this prosperity.
No Congress in our time has aone more good
Work of importance than the present Congress.
There were several matters left unfinlslied at your
last session, however, which I most earnestly hope
you will complete before your adjournment.

Again I recommend a law
prohibiting all corporations
< ninpnifcn from contributing to the cam-

ContrtbiitlonH paign expenses of any party.
Such a- bill has already past one
House of Congress, l^et indi-
viduals contribute as they desire, but let us pro-

hibit in effective fashion all corporations from
making contributions for any political purpose,
directly or indirectly.

(rovernnieiil*M

Ki^lit

of AppenI

criminal

Another bill which has just
past one House of the Congress
and which it is urgently neces-
sary should be enacted into law
is that conferring upon the Gov-
ernment the right of appeal in
cases on questions of law. This right
exists in many of the states; it exists in the Dis-
trict of Columbia by act of the Congress. It is, of
course, not proposed that in any case a verdict
for the defendant on the merits should be set
aside. Recently in one district where the Govern-
ment had indicted certain persons for conspiracy
in connection with rebates, the Court sustained the
defendant's demurrer; while in another jurisdic-
tion an indictment for conspiracy to obtain rebates

THE PANDEX

93

has been sustained by the Court, convictions ob-
tained under it. and two defendants sentenced to
Imprisonment.

Tlie two cases referred to may not be In real
conflict with each other, but it is unfortunate that
there should even be an apparent conflict At
present there Is no way by which the Government
can cause such a conflict, when it occurs to be
solved by an appeal to a hlg-her court, and the
wheels of justice are blocked without any real
decision of the question. I cannot too stronelv
urg-e the passage of the bill in question. A failure
to pass it win result in seriously hampering the
Government in its efforts to obtain justice espe-
cially against wealthy individuals or corporations
who do wrong, and may also prevent the Govern-
ment from obtaining justice for wageworkers who
are not themselves able effectively to contest a
case where the judgment of an Inferior court has
been against them.

One Unsafe
Precedent

I have speclflcally in view a
recent decision by a district
judge leaving railway em-
ployees without remedy for vio-
lation of a certain so-called
labor statute. It seems an
absurdity to permit a single district judge, against
what may be the judgment of the immense major-
ity of his colleagues on the bench, to declare a
law solemnly enacted by the Congress to be "un-
constitutional." and then to deny to the Govern-
ment the right to have the Supreme Court defin-
itely decide the question.

It Is well to recollect that the real efficiency of
the law often depends not upon the passage of
acts as to which there Is great public excitement,
but upon the passage of acts of this nature as to
which there is not much public excitement, because
there is little public understanding of their im-
portance, while the interested parties are keenly
alive to the desirability of defeating them. The
Importance of enacting into law the particular
bill in question is further increased by the fact
that the Government has now definitely begun a
policy of resorting to the criminal law in those
trust and interstate commerce cases where such a
course offers a reasonable chance of success.

At first, as was proper, every effort was made to
enforce these laws by civil proceedings; but It
has become increasingly evident that the action
of the Government in finally deciding, in certain
cases, to undertake criminal proceedings was justi-
fiable; and tho there have been some conspic-
uous failures in these cases, we have had many
successes, which have undoubtedly had a deterrent
effect upon evil-doers, whether the penalty In-
flicted was In the shape of fine or Imprisonment —
and penalties of both kinds have already been In-
flicted by the courts. Of course, where the judge
can see his way to Inflict the penalty of imprison-
ment the deterrent effect of the punishment on
other offenders is increased, but sufficiently heavy
fines accomplish much. Judge Holt, of the New
York District Court, in a recent decision admirably
stated the need for treating with just severity
offenders of this kind. His opinion runs In part
as follcws;

Punishment

for a

Rebater

"The Gov.;rnment's evidence
to establish the defendant's
guilt was clear, conclusive, and
undisputed. The case was a
flagrant one. The transactions
which took place under this
illegal contract were very large; the amounts of
rebates returned were considerable; and the
amount of the rebate itself was large, amounting
to more than one-fifth of the entire tariff charge
for the transportation of merchandise from this
city to Detroit. It Is not too much to say. In my
opinion, that If this business was carried on for a
considerable time on that basis — that Is. if this dis-
crimination in favor of this particular shipper was
made with an 18 Instead of a 23-cent rate and the
t*rlff rate was maintained as against their com-
petitors— the result might be and not improbably
would be that their competitors would be driven
out of business.

"This crime is one which in its nature is delib-
erate and premeditated. I think over a fortnight
elapsed between the date of Palmer's letter re-
questing the reduced rate and the answer of the
railway company deciding to grant it. and then
for months afterwards this business was carried

on and these claims for rebates submitted month
after month and checks in payment of them drawn
month after month. Such a violation of the law,
in my opinion, in its essential nature, is a very
much more heinous act than the ordinary common,
vulgar crimes which come before criminal courts
constantly for punishment and which arise from
sudden pa.sslon or temptation. This crime in this
case was committed by men of education and of
large business experience, whose standing in the
community was such that they might have been
expected to set an example of obedience to law,
upon the maintenance of which alone in this coun-
try the security of their property depends.

"It was committed on behalf of a great railroad
corporation, which, like other railroad corpora-
tions, has received gratuitously from the state
large and valuable privileges for the public's con-
venience and its own. which performs quasi-public
functions, and which is charged with the highest
obligation in the transaction of its business to
treat the citizens of this country alike, and not
to carry on Its business with unjust discrimina-
tions between different citizens or different classes
of citizens. This crime In its nature Is one usually
done with secrecy and proof of which it Is very
difficult to obtain. The Interstate Commerce Act
was past In 1887. nearly twenty years ago. Ever
since that time complaints of the granting of re-
bates by railroads have been common, urgent, and
insistent. and altho the Congress has repeat-
edly past legislation endeavoring to put a stop
to this evil, the difficulty of obtaining proof upon
which to bring prosecution in these cases is so
great that this is the first case that has ever
been brought In this Court, and, as I am informed,
this case and one recently brought in Philadel-
phia are the only cases that have ever been
brought in the eastern part of this country. In
fact, but few cases of this kind have ever been
brought In this country. East or' West. Now. under
these circumstances, I am forced to the conclu-
sion. In a case In which the proof is so clear and
the facts are so flagrant. It is the duty of the
Court to flx a penalty which shall In some degree
be commensurate with the gravity of the offense.
As between the two defendants, in my opinion, the
principal penalty should be imposed on the cor-
poration. The traffic manager in this case pre-
sumably acted without any advantage to himself
and without any Interest in the transaction, eifher
by the direct authority or In accordance with what
he understood to be the policy or the wishes of
his employer.

"The sentence of this Court in this case is that
the defendant. Pomeroy, for each of the six offenses
upon which he has been convicted, be fined the

He Wm Be a Good Boy.

— St. Louis Globe-Demoerat.

94

THE PANDEX

sum of $1000, making six fines, amounting in all
to the sum of $6000; and the defendant, the New
York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company,
for each of the six crimes of which it has been
convicted, be fined the sum of $18,000, making six
fines, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of
$108,000, and Judgment to that effect will be en-
tered in this case."

In connection with this mat-
SettlnK ter, I would like to call atten-

Aolde tion to the very unsatisfactory

state of our criminal law, re-
of Judgments suiting in large part from the
habit of setting aside the Judg-
ments of inferior courts on technicalities abso-
lutely unconnected with the merits of the case,
and where there is no attempt to sho'w that there
has been any failure of substantial Justice. It
would be well to enact a law providing something
to the effect that:

No Judgment shall be set aside or new trial
granted in any cause, civil or criminal, on the
ground of misdirection of the jury or the improper
admission or rejection of evidence, or for error as
to any matter of pleading or procedure unless, in
the opinion of the Court to which the application
is made, after an examination o*f the entire cause,
it shall affirmatively appear that the error com-
plained of has resulted in a miscarriage of Justice.

In my last message I sug-
Injnnctlons gested the enactment of a law

Are '" connection with the issuance

.j^ of injunctions, attention having

necessary . been sharply drawn to the mat-
ter by the demand that the
right of applying ijijunctlons in labor cases should
be wholly abolished. It is at least doubtful
whether a law abolishing altogether the use of
injunctions in such cases would stand the test
of the courts, in which case, of course, the legis-
lation would be ineffective. Moreover, I believe
it would be wrong altogether to prohibit the use
of injunctions. It is criminal to permit sympathy
for criminals to weaken our hands in upholding
the law; and if men seek to destroy life or property
by mob violence there should be no Impairment
of the power of the courts to deal with them in
the most summary and effective way possible. But
so far as possible the abuse of the power should
be provided against by some such law as I advo-
cated last year.

In this matter of injunctions there is lodged in
the hands of the judiciary a necessary power,
which is, nevertheless, subject to the possitjility
of grave abuse. It is a power that should be exer-
cised with extreme care and should be subject to
the jealous scrutiny of all men, and condemnation
should be meted out as much to the Judge who
fails to use it boldly when necessary as to the
Judge who uses it wantonly or oppressively. Of
course a judge strong enough to be fit for his
office will enjoin any resort to violence or intimi-
dation, especially by conspiracy, no matter what
his opinion may be of the rights of the original
quarrel.

There must be no hesitation

Dlxorder in dealing with disorder. But

Requires Prompt 'here must likewise he no such

abuse of the Injunctive power
Action as is implied in forbidding

laboring men to strive for their
own betterment in peaceful and lawful ways; nor
must the injunction be used merely to aid some big
corporation in carrying out schemes for its own
aggrandizement. It must be remembered that a
preliminary injunction in a labor case, if granted
■without adequate proof (even when authority can
be found to support the conclusions of law on
which it is founded), may often settle the dispute
between the parties, and, therefore, if Improperly
granted, may' do irreparable wrong.

Yet there are many Judges who assume a matter-
of-course granting of a preliminary injunction to
be the ordinary and proper Judicial disposition of
such cases; and there have undoubtedly been
flagrant wrongs committed by judges in connec-
tion with labor disputes even within the last few
years, altho I think much less often than in
former years. Such judges by their unwise action
immensely strengthen the hands of tho.'ie "who are

striving entirely to do away with the power of
injunction; and therefore such careless use of the
injunctive process tends to threaten its very exist-
ence, for If the American people ever become con-
vinced that this process is habitually abused,
whether in matters affecting labor or in matters
affecting corporations, it will be well nigh im-
possible to prevent its abolition.

It may be the highest duty
The Judiciarj' of a judge at any given moment
and to disregard, not merely the

«i.» i>..Kii„ wishes of individuals of great

iiie • none political or financial power,

but the overwhelming tide of
public sentiment, and the judge who does thus dis-
regard public sentiment when it is wrong, who
brushes aside the plea of any special interest
when the pleading is not founded on righteous-
ness, performs the highest service to the country.
Such a Judge is deserving of all honor; and all
honor can not be paid to this wise and fearless
judge if we permit the growth of an absurd con-
vention which would forbid any criticism of the
Judge of another type who shows himself timid
in the presence of arrogant disorder, or who, on
insulficient grounds, grants an injunction that does
grave injustice, or who, in his capacity as a con-
struer, and therefore in part a maker of the law,
in flagrant fashion thwarts the cause of decent
government. The Judge has a power over which
no review can be exercised; he himself sits in
review upon the acts of both the executive and
legislative branches of the goernment; save in the
most extraordinary cases he is amenable only at
the bar of public opinion; and it is unwise to main-
tain that public opinion in reference to a man
with such power shall neither be exprest nor led.

The best judges have ever
Crltiolsm been foremost to disclaim any

I'ltefnl t« the immunity from criticism. This
„. ,„. has been true since the days of

nencn jj,g great English Lord Chan-

cellor Parker, who said: "Let
all people be at liberty to know what I found my
Judgment upon, that, so when I have given it in
any cause, others may be at liberty to judge of
me." The proprieties of the case were set forth
with singular clearness and good temper by Judge
W. H. Taft, when a United States circuit Judge
eleven years ago, in 1895:

"The opportunity freely and publicly to criticize
Judicial action is of vastly more importance to the
body politic than the, immunity of courts and
judges from unjust aspersions and attack. Noth-
ing tends more to render judges careful in their
decisions and anxiously solicitous to do exact jus-
tice than the consciousness that every act of theirs
is to be subjected to the intelligent scrutiny and
candid criticism of their fellow men. Such criti-
cism is beneficial in proportion as it is fair, dis-
passionate, discriminating, and based on a knowl-
edge of sound legal principles. The comments
made by learned text writers and by the acute
editors of the various law reviews upon judicial
decisions are therefore highly useful. Such critics
constitute more or less impartial tribunals of pro-
fessional opinion before wliich each judgment is
made to stand or fall on its merits, and thus exert
a strong influence to secure uniformity of decision.
But non-professional criticism also is by no means
without its uses, even if accompanied, as it often
is, by a direct attack upon tlie judicial fairness
and motives of the occupants of the bench; for if
the law is but tiie essence of common sense, the
protest of many average men may evidence a
defect in a Judicial conclusion, tho based on
the nicest legal reasoning and profoundest learn-
ing.

"The two important elements of moral character
in a Judge are an earnest desire to reach a just
conclusion and courage to enforce it. In so far
as fear of public comment does not alfect the
courage of a judge, but only spurs him on to
search his conscience and to reach the result "which
approves Itself to his inmost heart, such comment
serves a useful purpose. There are few men,
whether they are judges for life or for a shorter
term, who do not prefer to earn and hold the
respect of all. and who can not be reached and
made to pause and deliberate by hostile public
criticism. In the case of Judges having a life
tenure, indeed, their very independence makes the
right freely to comment on their decisions of
greater importance, because it is the only practical

THE • PANDEX

95

AN EARLY SCENE IN THE HOUSE.

— St. Louis Republic.

96

THE P A N-D E X

and available instrument in the hands of a tree
people to keep such judges alive to the reasonable
demands of those they serve.

"On the other hand, the danger of destroying the
proper influence of judicial decisions by creating
unfounded prejudices against the courts justifies
and requires that unjust attacks shall be met and
answered. Courts must ultimately rest their de-
fense upon the inherent strength of the opinions
they deliver as the ground for their conclusions
and must trust to the calm and deliberate judg-
ment of all the people as their best vindication."

There is one consideration which should be taken
Into account by the good people who carry a sound
proposition to an excess in objecting to any criti-
cism of a judge's decision. The instinct of the
American people as a whole is sound in this matter.
They will not subscribe to the doctrine that any
public servant is to be above all criticism. If the
best citizens, those most competent to express their
judgments in such matters, and above all those
belonging to the great and honorable profession
of the bar. so profoundly influential in American
Vfe. take the position that there shall be no criti-
cism of a judge under any circumstances, their
view will not be accepted by the American people
as a whole.

In such event the people will turn to and tend
to accept as justifiable the intemperate and im-
proper criticism uttered by unworthy agitators.
Surely it is a misfortune to leave to such critics
a function, right in itself, which they are certain
to abuse. Just and temperate criticism, when
ne.cessary, is a safeguard against the acceptance
by the people as a whole of that Intemperate
antagonism towards the judiciary which must be
combated by every right-thinking man. and which,
if It became widespread among the people at large,
would constitute a dire menace to the republic.

In connection with the delays

, of the law. I call your attention

Kexirnint ^^^ jj^^ attention of the nation

"' to the prevalence of crime

l^yncDiDK among us. and above all to the

epidemic of lynching and mob
violence that springs up, now In one part of our
country, now in another. Each section — North,
South, East, or West — has Its own faults; no section
can with wisdom spend its time jeering at the
faults of another section; it should be busy trying
to amend its own shortcomings. To deal with the
crime of corruption it Is necessary to have an
awakened public conscience, and to supplement
this by whatever legislation will add speed and
certainty in the execution of the law.

When we deal with lynching even more is neces-
sary. A great many white men are lynched, but
the crime is peculiarly frequent In respect to
black men. The greatest existing cause of lynch-
ing is the perpetration, especially by black men.
of a hideous crime — the most abominable in all
the category of crimes, even worse than murder.
Mobs frequently avenge the commission of this
crime by themselves torturing to death the man
committing it, thus avenging in a bestial fashion
a bestial deed, and reducing themselves to a level
with the criminal.

Lawlessness grows by what it feeds upon; and
when mobs begin to lynch for one crime they
speedily extend the sphere of their operations and
lynch for many other kinds of crimes, so that
two-thirds of the lynchings are not for the un-
namable crime at all, while a considerable propor-
tion of the individuals lynched are Innocent of all
crime. Governor Candler of Georgia stated on one
occasion some years ago: "I can say of a verity
that I have, within the last month, saved the lives
of half a dozen innocent negroes who were pur-
sued by the mob and brought them to trial in a
court of law in which they were acquitted." As
Bishop Galloway of Mississippi has finely said:
"When the rule of a mob obtains, that which dis-
tinguishes a high civilization is surrendered. The
. mob which lynches a negro will in a little while
lynch a white man suspected of crime. Every
Christian patriot in America needs to lift up his
voice In loud and eternal protest against the mob
spirit that Is threatening the integrity of this
republic."

Governor Jelks of'Alabama has recently spoken
as follows: "The lynching of any person for what-
ever crime is inexcusable anywhere — it is a defi-
ance of orderly government; but the killing of
innocent people under any provocation is infinitely
more horrible; and yet Innocent people arc likely
to die when a mob's terrible lust is once aroused.

The lesson is this; No good citizen can afford to
countenance a defiance of the statutes, no matter
what the provocation. The innocent frequently
suffer, and, it is my observation, more usually suffer
than the guilty. The white people of the South
Indict the whole colored race on the ground that
even the better elements lend no assistance what-
ever in ferreting out criminals of their own color.
The respectable colored people must learn not to
harbor their criminals, but to assist the officers
in bringing them to justice. This is the larger
crime, and It provokes such atrocious offenses as
the one at Atlanta. The two races can never get
on until there is an understanding on the part of
both to make common cause with the law-abiding
against criminals of any color."

Moreover, where any crime
committed by a member of one
Real iHHue race against a member of an-

iu Ijynchlng: other race is avenged in such
fashion that it seems as if not
the Individual criminal, but the
whole race, is attacked, the result is to exasperate
to the highest degree race feeling. There is but
one safe rule in dealing Tvith black men as with
white men; It Is the same rule that must be ap-
plied in dealing with rich men .vnd poor men; that
is; to treat each man, whatever his color, his creed,
or his social position, with even-handed justice
on his real -worth as a man.

White people owe It quite as much to themselves
as to the colored race to treat well the colored
man who shows by his life that he deserves such
treatment: for It is surely the highest wisdom to
encourage in the colored race all those individuals
who are honest, industrious, law-abiding, and who
therefore make good and safe neighbors and citi-
zens. Reward or punish the individual on his
merits as an Individual. Evil will surely come in
the end to both races if we substitute for this
just rule the habit of treating all the members of
the race, good and bad, alike. There is no ques-
tion of "social ecjuality" or "negro domination"
Involved; only the question of relentlessly punish-
ing bad men. and of securing to the good man the
right to his life, his liberty, and the pursuit of his
happiness as his own qualities of heart, head, and
hand enable him to achieve it.

Every colored man should realize that the worst
enemy of his race is the negro criminal, and above
all the negro criminal who commits the dreadful
crime; and it should be felt as In the highest de-
gree an offense against the whole country, and
against the colored race in particular, for a col-
ored man to fall to help the officers of the law
in hunting down with all possible earnestness and
zeal every such infamous offender. Moreover, in
my judgment, the crime of attack on a woman
should always be punished with death, as in the
case with murder; assault should be made a capi-
tal crime, at least in the discretion of the court,
and provision should be made by which the pun-
ishment may follow immediately upon the heels
of the offense; while the trial should be so con-
ducted that the victim need not be wantonly
shamed while giving testimony, and that the least
possible publicity shall be given to the details.

The members of the white race
on the other hand should under-
MeanM stand that every lynching rep-

Mornl resents by just so much a loos-

Deterlorntion ening of the bands of civilization;
that the spirit of lynching Inev-
itably throws into prominence In the community
all the foul and evil creatures who dwell therein.
No man can take part in the torture of a human
being without having his own moral nature per-
manently lowered. Every lynching means just so
much moral deterioration In all the children who
have any knowledge of It. and therefore just so
much additional trouble for the next generation of
Americans.

Let justice be both sure and swift, but let it be
justice under the law, and not the wild and
crooked savagery of a mob.

There Is another matter which has a direct
bearing upon this matter of lynching and of the
brutal crime which sometimes calls It forth and at
other times merely furnishes the excuse for its
existence. It is oul of the question for our people
as a whole permanently to rise by treading down
any of their own number. Even those who. them-
selves for the moment profit by such maltreatment
of their fellows will In the long run also suffer.
No more shortsighted policy can be imagined than.

THE PANDEX

97

in the fancied Interest of one class, to prevent the
education of another class. The free public school
the chance for each boy or girl to get a good ele-
mentary education, lies at the foundation of our
whole political situation.

In every community the poorest citizens, those
who need the schools most, would be deprived of
them If they only received school facilities propor-
tioned to the taxes they paid. This Is as true of
one portion of our country as of another. It is as
true for the negro as for the white man The
white man, if he Is wise, will decline to allow the
negroes In a mass to grow to manhood and wom-

become criminals, while what little criminality
there is never takes the form of that brutal vio-
lence which Invites lynch law. Every graduate
of these schools — and for the matter of that every
other colored man or woman — who leads a life
so useful and honorable as to win the good will
and respect of those whites whose neighbor he or
she Is, thereby helps the whole colored race as it
can be helped In no other way; for next to the
negro himself, the man who can do most to help
the negro Is his white neighbor who lives near
him; and our steady effort should be to better the
relations between the two. Great tho the ben-

WORRIED!

-St. Louis Republic.

anhood without education. Unquestionably, edu-
cation such as Is obtained in our public schools
does not do everything towards making a man a
good citizen; but it does much. T|ie lowest and
most brutal criminals, those for instance who com-
mlfthe crime of assault, are in the great majority
m*5Tr ■^hb have had either no education or very lit-
tle; Just as they are almost Invariably men who
(rWn no property; for the man who puts money by
out of his earnings, like the man who acquires edu-
cation, is usually lifted above mere brutal crimi-
nality.

Of course, the best type of education for the
colored man, taken as a whole. Is such education
as Is conferred In schools like Hampton and Tus-
kegee; wliere the boys and girls, the young men
and young women, are trained Industrially as well
as in the ordinary public school branches. The
graduates of these schools turn out well In the
great majority of cases, and hardly any of them

eflt of these schools has been to their colored pupils
and to the colored people. It may be questioned
whether the benefit has not been at least as great
to the wirite people among whom these colored
pupils live after they graduate.'

Be It remembered, furthermore, that the indi-
viduals who, whether from folly, from evil tem-
per, from greed for office, or in a spirit of mere
base demagogy. Indulge in the Inflammatory and
incendiary speeches and writings which tend to
arouse mobs and to bring about lynching, not only
thus excite the mob. but also tend by what crim-
inologists call "suggestion," greatly to Increase the
likelihood of a repetition of the very crime against
which they are inveighing.

When the mob Is composed of the people of one
race and the man lynched is of another race the
men who In their speeches and writings either ex-
cite or justify the action tend, of course, to excite
a bitter race feeling and to cause the people of the

98

THE PANDEX

Influiiiing:
Class Hatred

opposite race to lose sigrht of the abominable act
of the criminal himself; and in addition, by the
prominence they give to the hideous deed they un-
doubtedly tend to excite in other brutal and de-
praved natures thoughts of committing it. Swift,
relentless and orderly punishment under the law Is
the only way by which criminality of this type can
permanently be supprest.

In dealing with both labor and
capital, with the questions
affecting both corporations and
trades unions, there is one mat-
ter more important to remember
than aught else, and that is the
infinite harm done by preachers of mere discontent.
These are the men who seek to excite a violent
class hatred against all men of wealth. They seek
to turn wise and proper movements for the better
control of corporations and for doing away with
the abuses connected with wealth, into a campaign
of hysterical excitement and falsehood in which
the aim is to inflame to madness the brutal pas-
sions of mankind.

The sinister demagogs and foolish visionaries
who are always eager to undertake such a cam-
paign of destruction sometimes seek to associate
themselves with those working for a genuine re-
form in governmental and social methods, and
sometimes masquerade as such reformers. In
reality they are the worst enemies of the cause
they profess to advocate, just as the purveyors of
sensational slander in newspaper or mag.azine are
the worst enemies of all men who are engaged in
an honest effort to better what is bad In our social
and governmental conditions.

To preach hatred of the rich man as such, to
carry on a campaign of slander and invective
against him, to seek to mislead and inflame to
madness honest men whose lives are hard and
who have not the kind of mental training which
will permit them to appreciate the danger In the
doctrines preach<;d — all this is to commit a crime
against the body politic and to be false to every
worthy principle and tradition of American na-
tional life. Moreover, while such preaching and
such agitation may give a livelihood and a cer-
tain notoriety to some of those who take part In
it, and may result in the temporary political suc-
cess of others, in the long run every such move-
ment will either fall or else will provoke a violent
reaction, which will itself result not merely in
undoing the mischief wrought by the demagog
and the agitator, but also in undoing the good
that the honest reformer, the true upholder of
popular rights, has painfully and laboriously
achieved.

Corruption is never so rife as In communities
where the demagog and the agitator bear full
sway, because in such communities all moral bands
become loosened, and hysteria and sensationalism
replace the spirit of sound judgment and fair deal-
ing as between man and man. In sheer revolt
against the squalid anarchy thus produced men are
sure in the end to turn toward any leader who can
restore order and then their relief at being free
from the intolerable burdens of class hatred, vio-
lence and demagogy is such that they cannot for
some time be aroused to indignation against mis-
deeds by men of wealth; so that they permit a new
growth of the very abuses which were In part re-
sponsible for the original outbreak.

The one hope for success for our people lies In
a resolute and fearless, but sane and cool-headed,
advance along the path marked out last year by
this very Congress. There must be a stern refusal
to be misled Into following either that base crea-
ture who appeals and panders to the lowest in-
stincts and passions In order to arouse one set of
Americans against their fellows, or that other
creature, equally base but no baser, who in a
spirit of greed, or to accumulate or add to an al-
ready huge fortune, seeks to exploit his fellow
Americans with callous disregard to their welfare
of soul and body. The man who debauches others
in order to obtain a high office stands on an evil
equality of corruption with the man who debauches
others for financial profit; and when hatred is sown
the crop which springs up can only be evil.

The plain people who think — the

Dimmer mechanics, farmers, merchants,

j„ workers with head or hand, the

men to "whom American tradi-

AKitntors tlons are dear, who love their

country and try to act decently

by their neighbors — owe It to themselves to remem-

^

ber that the most damaging blow that can be given
popular government Is to elect an unworthy and sin-
ister agitator on a platform of violence and hypoc-
risy. Whenever such an issue Is raised in this coun-
try nothing can be gained by flinching from it, for
in such case democracy is Itself on trial, popular
self-government under republican forms Is itself on
trial. The triumph of the mob is just as evil a
thing as the triumph of the plutocracy, and to
have escaped one danger avails nothing whatever if
we succumb to the other.

In the end the honest man, whether rich or poor,
who earns his own living and tries to deal justly
by his fellows, has as much to fear from the in-
sincere and unwortliy demagog, promising much
and performing nothing, or else performing noth-
ing but evil, who would set on the mob to plunder
the rich, as from the crafty corruptionlst, who,
for his own ends, would permit the common people
to be exploited by the very wealthy. If we ever
let this government fall into the hands of men
of eitlier of these two classes, we shall show our-
selves false to America's past. Moreover, the dem-
agog and the corruptionlst often work hand in
hand. There are at this moment wealthy reaction-
aries of such obtuse morality that they regard the
public servant who prosecutes them when they
violate the la^v, or who seeks to make them bear
their proper share of the public burdens, as being
even more objectionable than the violent agitator
^vho hounds on the mob to plunder the rich. There
is nothing to choose between such a reactionary
and such an agitator; fundamentally they are alike
in their selfish disregard of the rights of others;
and it is natural that they should join in opposi-
tion to any movement of which the aim is fearlessly
to do exact and even justice to all.

I call your attention to the need '
Rnilroad Employ- of passing the bill limiting the \
ees' Hours and number of hours- of employment
vt iti n 1 °^ railroad employees. The

I<<lgtit-ilour L.aw measure is a very moderate one .
and I can conceive of no serious
objection to It. Indeed, so far as it is In our power.
It should be our aim steadily to reduce the number
of hours of labor, with as a goal the general in-
troduction of an eight-hour day. There are Indus-
tries In which it is not possible that the hours of
labor should be reduced; just as there are commun-
ities not far enough advanced for such a movement
to be for their good, or, if in the tropics, so sit-
uated that there is no analogy between their needs
and ours in this matter.

On the Isthmus of Panama, for instance, the con-
ditions are in every way so different from what
they are here that an eight-hour day would be
absurd; just as it is absurd, so far as the istlTmus is
concerned, where white labor cannot be employed,
to bother as to whether the necessary work is done
by alien black men or by alien yellow men. But
the wageworkers of the United States are of so
high a grade that alike from the merely industrial
standpoint and from the civic standpoint It should
be our object to do what "we can In the direction
of securing the general observance of an eight-"
hour day. Until recently the eight-hour law on
our federal statute books has been very scantily
observed. Now, however, largely thru the in-
strumentality of the Bureau of Labor, It Is being
rigidly enforced, and I shall speedily be able to say
whether or not there is need of further legislation
in reference thereto; for our purpose Is to see it
obeyed in spirit no less than In letter. Half holi-
days during the summer should be established for
government employees; it is as desirable for wage-
■workers who toil with their hands as for salaried
officials whose labor is mental that there should be
a reasonable amount of holiday.

The Congress at its last session
Labor of Woinen wisely provided for a truant
„„j court for the District of Co-

lumbia; a marked step in ad-
Children vance on the path of properly

caring for the children. Let me
again urge that the Congress provide for a thoro
investigation of the conditions of child labor
and of the labor of women in the United States.
More and more our people are growing to recog-
nize the fact that the questions which are not
merely of industrial but of social importance out-
weigh all others; and these two questions most
emphatically come in the category of those which
affect in the most far-reaching way the home life
of the nation.

The horrors incident to the employment of young

THE PANDEX

99

i-

children In factories or at work anywhere are a
blot on our civilization. It is true that each state
must ultimately settle tb« Question in its own way;
but a thoro offlctal Investigation of the matter,
with the results published broadcast, would greatly
help toward arousing the public conscience and
securing unity of state action in the matter. There
Is, however, one law on the subject which should
be enacted immediately, because there Is no need
for an investigation In reference thereto, and the
failure to enact it Is discreditable to the national
government. A drastic and thorogoing child-labor
law should be enacted for the District of Columbia
and the territories.

evitable sacrifice of life may be reduced to a mini-
mum, but it cannot be completely eliminated. It
is a great social injustice to compel the employee,
or rather the family of the killed or disabled vic-
tim, to bear the entire burden of such an inevitable
sacrifice.

In other words, society shirks its duty by lay-
ing the whole cost on the victim, whereas the In-
jury comes from what may be called the legiti-
mate risks of the trade. Compensation for acci-
dents or deaths due in any line of Industry to the
actual conditions under which that Industry is
carried on, should be paid by that portion of the
community for the benefit of which the industry

PUZZLE:
Find the Man Who Doesn't Want the Tariff Revised.

E^mployerM*
Liability

Among the excellent laws which
the Congress passed at the last
session was an employers'
liability law. It was a marked
step in advance to get the
recognition of employers' lia-
bility on the statute books, but the law did not go
far enough. In spite of all precautions exercised
by employers there are unavoidable accidents and
even deaths Involved In nearly every line of busi-
ness connected with the mechanic arts. This In-

— Chicago Tribune.

Is carried on — that Is, by those who profit by the
Industry.

If the entire trade risk is placed upon the em-
ployer he win promptly and properly add It to the
legitimate cost of production and assess it pro-
portionately upon the consumers of his commodity.
It is therefore clear to my mind that the law
should place this entire "risk of a trade" upon the
employer. Neither the federal law, nor, as far
as I am Informed, the State laws dealing with the
question of employers' liability, are sufllciently
thorogoing. The federal law stiould, of course,
include employees in navy yards, arsenals and the
like.

100

THE PANDEX

The commission appointed by
Inveatlg;atloii of the President October 16, 1902,
Dispute* BetTreen at the request of both the an-
thracite coal operators and

Capital und Labor

miners to inquire into, consider

and pass upon the questions in
controversy in connection with the strike in the
anthracite regions of Pennsylvania and the causes
out of which the controversy arose, in their re-
port, findings and award, exprest the belief "that
the State and Federal governments should provide
the machinery for what may be called the compul-
sory Investigation of controversies between em-
ployers and employees when they arise." This
expression of belief is deserving of the favorable
consideration of the Congress and the enactment
of its provisions Into law. A bill has already been
introduced to this end.

Records show that during the twenty years from
January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900, there were
strikes affecting 117,509 establishments, and 6,105,-
694 employees were thrown out of employment.
During the same period there were 1,005 lockouts,
involving nearly 10,000 establishments, throwing
over one million people out of employment. Those
strikes and lockouts involved an estimated loss to
employees of 307 million dollars, and to employers
143 million dollars, a total of 450 million dollars.
The public suffered directly and indirectly, prob-
ably as great additional loss. But the money loss,
great as it was, did not measure the anguish and
suffering endured by the wives and children of em-
ployees whose pay stopt when their work
stopt, or the disastrous effect of the strike or
lockout upon the business of employers, or the in-
crease in the cost of products and the inconven-
ience and loss to the public.

Many of these strikes and lockouts would not
have occurred had the parties to the dispute been
required to appear before an unprejudiced body rep-
resenting the nation and, face to face, state the rea-
sons for their contention. In most instances the
dispute ■would doubtless be found to be due to a
misunderstanding by each of the other's rights,
aggravated by an unwillingness of either party to
accept as true the statements of the other as to the
justice or Injustice of the matters In dispute.

The exercise of a judicial spirit by a disinterested
body representing the federal government, such as
would be provided by a commission on conciliation
and arbitration would tend to create an atmosphere
of friendliness and conciliation between contending
parties; and the giving each side an equal oppor-
tunity to present fully its case in the presence of
the other would prevent many disputes from devel-
oping Into serious strikes or lockouts, and, in other
cases, would enable the commission to persuade
the opposing parties to come to terms.

In this age of great corporate and labor combi-
nations, neither employers nor employees should
be left completely at the mercy of the stronger
party to a dispute, regardless of the righteousness
of their respective claims. The proposed measure
would be in the line of securing recognition of the
fact that in many strikes the public has itself an
interest which can not wisely be disregarded; an
interest not merely of general convenience, for the
I question of a just and proper public policy must
' also be considered. In all legislation of this kind it
Is well to advance cautiously, testing each step by
the actual results; the step proposed can surely be
safely taken, for the decisions of the commission
would not bind the parties in legal fashion and yet
would give a chance for public opinion to crystallze
and thus to exert Its full force for the right.

It is not wise that the nation
^Vlthdranal should alienate Its remaining
f coal lands. I have temporarily

withdrawn from settlement all
Coal Lands tj,g lands which the geological

survey has Indicated as contain-
ing or in all probability containing, coal. The
question, however, can be properly settled only
|by legislation, which In my judgment should pro-
U vide for the withdrawal of these lands from sale
lor from entry, save In certain especial circum-
I stances. The ownership would then remain In
the United States, which should not, however, at-
tempt to work them, but permit them to be worked
by private individuals under a hoyalty system, the
government keeping such control as to permit
it to see that no excessive price was charged con-
sumers.

It would, of course, be as necessary to super-
vise the rates charged by the common carriers
to transport the product as the rates charged by
those who mine it; and the supervision must ex-

tend to the conduct of the common carriers, so
that they shall in no way favor one competitor
at the expense of another. The withdrawal of
these coal lands would constitute a policy anal-
ogous to that which has been followed in with-
drawing the forest lands from ordinary settle-
ment. The coal, like the forests, should be treated
as the property of the public and its disposal
should be under conditions which would inure
the benefit of the public as a whole.

■X

Corporations

In Interstate

Business

atlons of any
state business,
rate bill, and
passage of the

The present Congress has take
long strides in the direction of
securing proper supervision and
control by the national govern-
ment over corporations engaged
in interstate business — and the
enormous majority of corpor-
size are engaged in inter-
The passage of the railway
only to a less degree the
pure food bill, and the provision
for increasing and rendering more effective na-
tional control over the beef-packing industry.
mark an important advance in the proper direc-
tion. In the short session it will perhaps be dirfl-
cult to do much further along this line; and it
may be best to wait until the laws have been In
operation for a number of months before endeav-
oring to increase their scope, because only opera-
tion will show with exactness their merits and
their shortcomings and thus give opportunity to
define what further remedial legislation is needed.
Yet in my judgment it will in the end be advis-
able in connection with the packing house Inspec-
tion law to provide for putting a date on the label
and for charging the cost of inspection to the
packers.

All these laws have already justified their en-
actment. The interstate commerce law, for in-
stance, has rather amusingly falsified the predic-
tions, both of those who asserted that it would
ruin the railroads and of those who asserted that
it did not go far enough and would accomplish
nothing. During the last five months the railroads
have shown increased earnings and some of them
unusual dividends; while during the same period
the mere taking effect of the law has produced an
unprecedented, a hitherto unheard of, number of
voluntary reductions in freights and fares by
the railroads. Since the founding of the commis-
sion there has never been a time of equal length
in which anything like so many reduced tariffs
have been put into effect. On August 27, for in-
stance, two days before the new law went into
effect, the commission received notices of over five
thousand separate tariffs which represented re-
ductions from previous rates.

It must not be silpposed, however, that with the
passage of these laws it will be possible to stop
progress along the line of increasing the power
of the national government over the use of capital
in interstate commerce. For example, there will
ultimately be need of enlarging the powers of the
interstate commerce commission along several dif-
ferent lines, so as to give it a larger and more
efficient control over the railroads.

It cannot be too often repeated that experience
has conclusively shown the Impossibility of se-
curing by the actions of nearly half a hundred
different state legislatures anything but Ineffective
chaos in the way of dealing within the limits of
any one state. In some method, whether by a
national license law or In other fashion, we must
exercise, and that at an early date, a far more
complete control than at present over these great
corporations — a control that will among other
things prevent the evils of excessive overcapital-
ization, and that will compel the disclosure by
each big corporation of its stockholders and of
its properties and business, whether owned di-
rectly or thru subsidiary affiliated corporations.
This "will tend to put a stop to the securing of in-
ordinate profits by favored individuals at the
expense whether of the general public, the stock-
holders or the wageworkers. Our effort should
be not so much to prevent consolidation as such,
but so to supervise and control It as to see to it
that it results in no harm to the people.

n )

The reactionary or ultracon-
servative apologists for the mis-
use of wealth assail the effort
to secure such control as a step
toward Socialism. As a mat-
ter of fact. It is these reaction-
aries and ultraconservatives who are themselves

Not Soclullsm
Nor a Step
Toward It

THE PANDEX

101

OWINC) TO THE NEW RESTRICTIONS

WE CANNOT COLLECT CftMPAlCN
FUNDS mow COHP0JJATI0N6.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF *!.•• WIU,
BE OlADUY ACCEPTED FROM
INDIVIDUALS.

TLEASE HELP.

-WXCAMRMCNCdHHnTEES.

v«*^^

TAl'T'H iJllDtR-

THE DOLLAR CONTRIBUTION PLAN.
Must Have Been a Great Success, Judging by New York's $3,000,000 Election.

— Chicago Record-Herald.

102

THE P A N D E X

ft

most potent in increasing Socialistic feeling. One
of the most efficient methods of averting the con-
sequences of a dangerous agitation, which Is 80
per cent wrong, is to remedy the 20 per cent
of evil as to which the agitation is well founded.
The best way to avert the very undesirable move
for the governmental ownership of railways Is to
secure by the government on behalf of the people
as a whole such adequate control and regulation of
the great Interstate common carriers as will do
away with the evils which give rise to the agitation
against them. So the proper antidote to the dan-
gerous and wicked agitation against the men of
wealth as such is to secure by proper legislation
and executive action the abolition of the grave
abuses which actually do obtain In connection with
the business use of wealth under our present sys-
' tem — or rather no system of failure to exercise
any adequate control at all.

Some persons speak as If the exercise of such
governmental control would do away with the
freedom of individual Initiative and dwarf Indi-
vidual effort. This is not a fact. It would be a
veritable calamity to fail to put a premium upon
individual Initiative. individual capacity and
effort; upon the energy, character and foresight
which It Is so Important to encourage In the indi-
vidual. But as a matter of fact the deadening and
degrading effect of pure Socialism, and especially
of Its extreme form, communism, and the destruc-
tion of Individual character which they would
I bring about, are in part achieved by the wholly
f unregulated competition which results In a single
I Individual or corporation rising at the expense

I of all others until his or its rise effectually checks

II all competition and reduces former competitors
' to a position of utter Inferiority and subordination.

In enacting and enforcing such
The legislation as this Congress al-

Middle Ground ready has to Its credit, we are
„ _ ' working on a coherent plan,

Me saya with the steady endeavor to

secure the needed reform by the
joint action of the moderate men, the plain men
who do not wish anything hysterical or dangerous,
but who do Intend to deal in resolute common-
sense fashion with the real and great
evils of the present system. The reactiona-
ries and the violent extremists show symptoms
of joining hands against us. Both assert, for
Instance, that if logical, we should go to gov-
ernment ownership of railroads and the like; the
reactionaries, because on such an issue they think
the people would stand with them, while the ex-
tremists care rather to preach discontent and agi-
tation than to achieve solid results. As a matter
of fact, our position Is as remote from that of the
Bourbon reactionary as from that of the imprac-
ticable or sinister visionary. We hold that the
government should not conduct the business of the
nation, but that It should exercise such supervis-
ion as will insure Its being conducted In the inter-
est of the nation. Our aim is, so far as may be,
to secure, for all decent, hardworking men, equal-
ity of opportunity and equality of burden.

The actual working of our laws has shown that
the effort to prohibit all combination, good or bad.
Is noxious where It is not ineffective. Combina-
"^tion ot capital like combination of labor is a n'ec-
"ement of our present industrial system.
possible completely to prevent it; and
if it were possible, such complete prevention would
do damage to the body politic. What we need is
not vainly to try to prevent all combination, but to
secure such rigorous and adequate control and
supervision of the combinations as to prevent their
Injuring the public, or existing In such form as
inevitably to threaten injury — for the mere fact
that a combination has secured practically com-
plete control of a necessary of life would under
any circumstances sho'w that such combination
was to be presumed to be adverse to the public in-
terest.

It is unfortunate that our present laws should
forbid all combinations. Instead of sharply dis-
criminating between those comljinatlons which do
good and those combinations which do evil. Re-
bates, for instance, are as often due to the pres-
sure of big shippers (as was shown in the inves-
tigation of the Standard Oil Company and as has
been shown since by the investigation of the To-
bacco and Sugar trusts) as to the initiative of big
railroads. Often railroads would like to combine
for the purpose of preventing a big shipper from
maintaining improper advantages at the expense of
small shippers and of the general public. Such a

rfy It is not

combination. Instead of being forbidden by law,
should be favored. In other words, it should be
permitted to railroads to make agreements, pro-
vided these agreements were sanctioned by the
Interstate commerce commission and were pub-
lished.

With tliese two conditions com-

Non- piled with It Is impossible to see

Enforcement what harm such a combination

, , could do to the public at large.

oi i-ans n jg jj puijiij, ^.^ji (q ),ave on

tlie statute books a law inca-
pable of full enforcement because both Judges
and Juries realize that its full enforcement would
destroy the business of the country; for the re-
sult is to make decent railroad men violators of
the law against their will, and to put a premium
on the behavior of the wilful wrongdoers. Such a
result In turn tends to throw the decent man and
the wilful wrongdoer in close association, and in the
end to drag down the former to the latter's level;
for the man who becomes a lawbreaker in one way
unhappily tends to lose all respect for law and
to be willing to break it in many ways. No more
scathing condemnation could be visited upon a
law than is contained In the words of the Inter-
state Commerce Commission when. In commenting
upon the fact that the numerous Joint traffic asso-
ciations do technically violate the law, they say:
"The decision of the United States Supreme Court ]
In the Trans-Missouri case and the Joint Traffic |
Association case has produced no practical effect
upon the railway operations of the country. Such
associations, in fact, exist now as they did before
these decisions, and with the same general effect.
In Justice to all parties, we ought probably to add
that It is difficult to see how our Interstate rail-
ways could be operated with due regard to the
Interest of the shipper and the railway without
concerted action of the kind afforded thru these
associations."

This means that the law as construed by the
Supreme Court is such that the business of the
country can not be conducted without breaking it.
I recommend that you give careful and early con-
sideration to this subject, and If you find the
opinion of the Interstate Commerce Commission
justified, tiiat you amend the law so as to obviate
the evil disclosed.

Inheritance

and
Income Tax

The question of taxation Is dif-
ficult In any country, but It is
especially difficult in ours with
its federal system of govern-
ment. Some taxes should on
every ground be levied in a
small district for use In that district. Thus, the
taxation of real estate is peculiarly one for the
Immediate locality in which the real estate Is
found. Again, there is no more legitimate tax for
any state than a tax on the franchises conferred
by the state upon street railroads and similar cor-
porations which operate wholly within the state
boundaries, sometimes in one and sometimes In
several municipalities or other minor divisions of
the state. But there are many kinds of taxes
which can only be levied by the general govern-
ment so as to produce the best results, because
among other reasons, the attempt to impose them
in one particular state too often results merely In
driving the corporation or individual affected to
some other locality or other state.

The national government has long derived its
chief revenue from a tariff on imports and from
an Internal or excise tax. In addition to these,
there is every reason why, when next our system
of taxation is revised, the national government
should Impose a graduated inheritance tax, and, if
possible, a graduated Income tax. The man of
great wealth owes a peculiar obligation to the
state, because he derives special advantages from
the mere existence of government. Not only
should he recognize this obligation in tlie way he
leads his dally life and In th.e way he earns and ■
spends his money, but It should also be recognized
by the way in which he pays for the protection
the state gives him.

On the one liand, it is desirable that he should
assume his full and proper share of the burden of
taxation; on the other hand, it Is quite as neces-
sary that In this kind of taxation, where the men
who vote the tax pay but little of it, there should
be clear recognition of the danger of Inaugurating
any such system save in a spirit of entire justice

THE PANDEX

103

and moderation. Whenever we, as a people, under-
take to remodel our taxation system along the
lines suggested we must make it clear beyond
peradventure that our aim is to distribute the
burden of supporting the government more equi-
tably than at present; that we intend to treat rich
man and poor man on a basis of absolute equality,
and that we regard it as equally fataJ to true
democracy to do or permit injustice to the one as
to do or permit injustice to the other.

I am well aware that such a subject as this
needs long and careful study in order that the
people may become familiar with what is proposed
to be done, may clearly see the necessity of pro-
ceeding with wisdom and self-restraint, and may
make up their minds just how far they are willing
to go in the matter, while only trained legislators
can work out the project in necessary detail. But
I feel that in the near future our national legis-
lators should enact a law providing for a gradu-
ated Inheritance tax by which a steadily increas-
ing rate of duty should be put upon all moneys or
other valuables coming by gift, bequest, or devise
to any individual or corporation.

It may be well to make the tax heavy in pro-
portion as the individual benefited is remote of kin.
In any event, in my judgment, the pro rata of the
tax should increase very heavily with the increase
of the amount left to any one individual after a cer-
tain point has been reached. It is most desirable
to encourage thrift and ambition, and a potent
source of thrift and ambition is the desire on the
part of the breadwinner to leave his children well
off. This object can be attained by making the
tax very small on moderate amounts of property
left, because the prime object should be to put a
constantly increasing burden on the inheritance
of those swolIenfarIun,e5_.-Khicl}_it_is certajnlx-of
noTSSllHIIFToTTiTscountry to p«r-{>etuate.
— TK?rB" can be no question of the ethical pro-
priety of the Government thus determining the
conditions upon which any gift or inheritance
should be received. Exactly how far the inherit-
ance tax would, as an incident, have the effect of
limiting the transmission by devise or gift of the
enormous fortunes in question it is not necessary
at present to discuss. It is wise that progress in
this direction should be gradual. At first a per-
manent national inheritance tax. while it might be
more substantial than any such tax lias hitherto
been, need not approximate, either in amount or
in the extent of the increase by graduation, to
what such a tax should ultimately be.

This species of tax has again and again been im-
posed, altho only temporarily, by the national gov-
ernment. It was first imposed by the act of July
6. 1797, when the makers of the Constitution were
alive and at the head of affairs. It was a gradu-
ated tax; tho small in amount, the rate was in-
creased with the amount left to any individual,
exceptions being made in the case of certain close
kin. A similar tax was again imposed by the
act of July 1, 1862, a minimum sum of $1000 In
personal property being excepted from taxation,
the tax then becoming progressive according to
the remoteness of kin. The War Revenue Act of
June 13, 1898, provided for an inheritance tax on
any sum exceeding the value of $10,000, the rate
of the tax increasing botli in accordance with the
amounts left and In accordance with the legatee's
remoteness of kin. The Supreme Court has held
that the succession tax Imposed at the time of the
Civil War was not a direct tax, but an impost or
excise which was both constitutional and valid.
More recently the Court. In an opinion delivered
by Mr. Justice White, which contained an exceed-
ingly able and elaborate discussion of the. powers
of the Congress to impose death duties, sustained
the constitutionality of the inheritance tax feature
of the War Revenue Act of 1898.

In Its incidents, and apart from the main purpose
of raising revenue, an income tax stands on an
entirely different footing from an inheritance tax,
because it involves no question of the perpetuation
of fortunes swollen to an unhealthy size. The
question is in its essence a question of the proper
adjustment of burdens to benefits. As the law now
stands, It is undoubtedly difhcult to devise a na-
tional income tax which shall be constitutional.
But whether it is absolutely impossible is another
question, and if possible it is most certainly desir-
able. The first purely income tax law was past
by the Congress In 1861, but the most Important
law dealing with the subject was that of 1894.
This the Court held to be unconstitutional.

The question Is undoubtedly very intricate, deli-
cate, and troublesome. The decision of the Court

was only reached by one majority. It is the law .
of the land, and, of course, is accepted as such,
and loyally obeyed by all good citizens. Never-
theless, the hesitation evidently felt by the Court
as a whole in coming to a conclusion, when con-
sidered together with the previous decisions
on the subject, may perhaps indicate the pos-
sibility of devising a constitutional Income tax law
which shall substantially accomplish the results
aimed at. The difflculty of amending the constitu-
tion is so great that only real necessity can justify
a resort thereto. Every efro^->°]]nnlrt hr mndr In
d£aUn£_jatllli, this subject, as~wTth_the subjecr of

th£ CJCQjier^^'nTrBr- by the ■national "government

oiCfiC-tJifiUise pfTrorporate wealth in Interstate busi-
ness^_ to devise legislation which without such
atrtioM shall attain the desired end; but if this fails,
there will ultimately be no .alternative to a con-
stitutidiiitl amendment."

Techuli-nl

anil IniliiMtrlal

Training;

It would be impossible to over-
state (tho it Is, of course, diffl-
cult quantitatively to measure)
the effect upon a nation's
growth to greatness of what
may be called organized patriot-
ism, which necessarily Includes the substitution of
a national feeling for mere local pride, with, as a
resultant, a high ambition for the whole country.
No country can develop its full strength so long
as the parts which make up the whole each put
a feeling of loyalty to the part above the feeling
of loyalty to the whole. This is true of sections
and it is just as true of classes.

The Industrial and agricultural classes must
work together, capitalists and wageworkers must
work together, if the best work of which the
country Is capable is to be done. It is probable
that a thoroly efficient system of education comes
next to the influence of patriotism In bringing
about national success of this kind. Our federal
form of government, so fruitful of advantage to
our people in certain ways. In other ways undoubt-
edly limits our national effectiveness. It Is not
possible, for instance, for the national government
to take the lead In technical industrial education,
to see that the public school system of this country
develops on all its technical, industrial, scientific,
and commercial sides. TJii8-j»ual_tiS. left jprlmarjly
tct,,tlie several_ ^ates. Nevertlieless. the national
govern ihenFTras control of the schools of the Dis-
trict of Columbia, and it should see that these
schools promote and encourage tlie fullest develop-
ment of the scholars In both commercial and in-
dustrial training.

The commercial training should in one of its
branches deal with foreign trade. The industrial
training is even more important. It should be one
of our prime objects as a nation, so far as feasible,
constantly to work toward putting the mechanic,
the wageworker who works with his hands, on a
higlier plane of efficacy and reward, so as to In-
crease his effectiveness in the economic world, and
the dignity, the remuneration, and the power of his
position in the social world. Unfortunately, at
present the effect of some of the work in the
public schools Is in the exactly opposite direction.
If boys and girls are trained merely in literary
accomplishments, to the total exclusion of indus-
trial, manual, and technical training, the tendency
is to unfit them tor Industrial work and to make
them reluctant to go into it, or unfitted to do well
if they do go into it. This is a tendency which
should be. strenuously combated.

Our industrial development depends largely upon
technical education, including in this term all In-
dustrial education, from that which fits a man to
be a good mechanic, a good carpenter, or black-
smith, to that which fits a man to do the greatest
engineering feat. The skilled mechanic, the skilled
workman can best become such by technical indus-
trial education. The far-reaching usefulness of In-
stitutes of technology and schools of mines or of
engineering is no'W universally acknowledged, and
no less far reaching Is the effect of a good build-
ing or mechanical trades school, a textile, or
watchmaking, or engraving school. All such train-
ing must develop not only manual dexterity but
industrial Intelligence. In international rivalry
this country does not have to fear the competition
of pauper labor so much as It has to fear the
educated labor of specially trained competitors;
and we should have the education of the hand,
eye, and brain which will fit us to meet such com-
petition.

In every possible way we should help the wage-

104

THE PANDEX

worker who toils with his hands and who must
(we hope in a constantly increasing measure.) also
toil with his brain. Under the constitution the
national legislature can do but little of direct im-
portance for his welfare save where he is engaged
in work which permits it to act under the inter-
state commerce clause of the constitution: and this
is one reason why I so earnestly hope tliat both
the legislative and judicial branches of the Gov-
ernment will construe this clause of the constitu-
tion in the broadest possible manner. We can.
however, in such a matter as industrial training,
in such a matter as child labor and factory laws,
set an example to the states by enacting the most
advanced legislation that can wisely be enacted
for the District of Columbia,

The only other persons whose
Welfare of welfare is as vital to the wel-
f;n-e of the whole country as is
*"^ the welfare of the wageworkers

AKrlcuItiiriitt are the tillers of the soil, the
farmers. It is a mere truism to
say that no growth of cities, no wealth, no indus-
trial development can atone for any falling oft In
the character and standing of the farming popu-
lation. During the last few decades this fact has
been recognized with ever-increasing clearness.

There is no longer any failure to realize that
farming, at least in certain branches, must become
a technical and scientific profession. This means
that there must be open to farmers the chance for
technical and scientific training, not theoretical
merely, but of the most severely practical type.
The farmer represents a peculiarly high type of
American citizenship, and he must have the same
chance to rise and develop as other American
citizens have. Moreover, it is exactly as true of
the farmer as it is of the business man and the
wageworker, that the ultimate success of the
nation of which he forms a part must be founded
not alone on material prosperity, but upon high
moral, mental, and physical development. Tills
education of the farmer — self-educated by prefer-
ence, but also education from the outside, as with
all other men — Is peculiarly necessary here In the
United States where the frontier conditions even in
tlie newest states have now nearly vanished, where
there must l>e a substitution of a more intensive
system of cultivation for the old wasteful farm
management, and where there must be a better
business organization among the farmers them-
selves.

Several factors must co-operate in the improve-
ment of the farmer's condition. He must have the
chance to be educated in the widest possible sense
■ — in the sense whicli keeps ever in view the inti-
mate relationship between the theory of education
and the facts of life. In all education we should
widen our alms. It is a good thing to produce a
certain number of trained scholars and students;
but the education superintended by the state must
seek rather to produce a hundred good citizens
than merely one scholar, and It must be turned
now and then from the class book to the study of
the great book of Nature itself. This is especially
true of the farmer, as has been pointed out again
and again by all observers most competent to pass
practical judgment on the problems of our country
life.

All students now realize that education must
seek to train the executive powers of young people
and to confer more real significance upon the
phrase, "dignity of labor," and to prepare the
pupils so that in addition to each developing in
the highest degree his individual capacity for work
they may together help create a right public opin-
ion and show in many ways social and co-operative
spirit. Organization has become necessary in the
business worla, and it has accomplished much for
good in the world of labor. It is no less necessary
for farmers. Such a movement as the Grange
movement is good in itself and is capable of a
well-nigh infinite further extension for good so
long as it is kept to its own legitimate business.
The benefits to be derived by the association of
farmers for mutual advantage are partly economic
and partly sociological.

Moreover, while in the long run voluntary effort
will prove more efficacious than government assist-
ance, while the farmers must primarily do most
for themselves, yet the Government can also do
much. The Department of Agriculture has broken
new ground in many directions, and year by year
it finds how it can improve its methods and de-
velop fresh usefulness.

Its constant effort is to give the governmental
assistance In the most effective way; that is,
through associations of farmers. It is also striv-
ing to co-ordinate Its work witl^ the agricultural
departments of the several states, and so far as its
own work is educational, to co-ordinate it with the
work of other educational authorities. Agricul-
tural education is necessarily based upon general
education, but our agricultural educational insti-
tutions are wisely specializing themselves, making
tlieir courses relate to the actual teaching of the
agricultural and kindred sciences to young country
people or young city people who wish to live in
the country.

Great progress has already been made among
farmers by the creation of farmers' institutes, of
dairy associations, of breeders' associations, horti-
cultural associations and the like. A striking ex-
ample of how the Government and the farmers can
co-operate is shown in connection with the menace
offered to the cotton growers of the Southern
states by the advance of the boll weevil. The
Department is doing all it can to organize the
farmers in the threatened districts, just as it has
been doing all it can to organize them in aid of its
work to eradicate the cattle fever tick in the
South. The Department can and will co-operate
with all such associations, and it must have their^
help if its own work is to be done in the most
efficient style.

Much is now being done for the

I»ri.«erviifl.>ii -"'ates of the Rocky Mountains
PreHeriiiti.m .^^^ ^^^^^ plains thru the

of the development of the national

Kori'Mts policy of irrigation and forest

preservation. No government
policy for the betterment of our internal conditions
has been more fruitful of good than this. The
forests of the White Mountains and southern Ap-
palachian regions should also be preserved; and
they can not be unless the people of the states in
which they lie, thru their representatives in the
Congress, secure vigorous action by the national
government.

I invite the attention of the Congress to the esti-
mate of the Secretary of War for an appropriation
to enable him to begin the preliminary work for
the constructon of a memorial amphitheater at Ar-
lington. The Grand Army of the Republic in its
national encampment has urged the erection of
such an amphitheater as necessary for the proper
observance of Memorial Day and as a fitting monu-
ment to the soldier and sailor dead buried there.
In this I heartily concur and commend the matter
to the favorable consideration of the Congress.

Marriage

and
Dlvoree

I am well aware of how diffi-
cult it is to pass a constitu-
tional amendment. Neverthe-
less, in my Judgment the whole
question of marriage and di-
vorce should be relegated to
the authority of the National Congress. At present
the wide differences in the laws of the different
states on this subject result in scandals and abuses,
and surely there is nothing so vitally essential to
the welfare of the nation, nothing around which
the nation should so bend Itself to throw every
safeguard, as the home life of the average citizen.
The change would be good from every stand-
point. In particular It would be good because it
would confer on the Congress the power at once
to deal radically and efficiently with polygamy,
and this should be done whether or not marriage
and divorce are dealt with.

It is neither safe nor proper to leave the ques-
tion of polygamy to be dealt with by the several
states. Power to deal with it should be conferred
on the national government.

Evil In

Race

Suicide

When home ties are loosened,
when men and women cease to
regard a worthy family life,
with all its duties fully per-
formed and all Its responsibil-
ities lived up to, as the life best
worth living, then evil days for the commonwealth
are at hand.

There are regions in our land and classes of our
population where tile birth rate has sunk below
the death rate. Surely it should need no demon-
stration to show that wilful sterility is, from the
standpoint of the nation, from the standpoint of

THE P A N D E X

105

AWAITING THE PUBLIC VERDICT.

— Indianapolis News.

106

THE PANDEX

the human race, the one sin for which the penaity
is national death, race death, a sin for which there
Is no atonement, a sin which is the more dreadful
exactly in proportion as the men and women guilty
thereof are in other respects, in character and
bodily and mental powers, those whom for the
sake of the state it would be well to see the
fathers and mothers of many healthy children, well
brought up in homes made happy by their presence.
No man, no woman can shirk the primary duties
of life, whether for love of ease and pleasure or
for any other cause, and retain his or her self-
respect.

Let me once again call the at-
Govemuient tentlon of the Congress to two

subjects concerning which I

Ala to have frequently before com-

Shlpiiine municated with them. One is

the question of developing
American shipping. I trust that a law embodying
in substance tlie views, or a major part of the
views, expressed in the report on this subject laid
before the House at its last session will be past.
I am well aware that in former years objection-
able measures have been proposed in reference to
the encouragement of American shipping; but it
seems to me that the proposed measure is as nearly
unobjectionable as any can be. It will, of course,
benefit primarily our seaboard states, such as
Maine, Louisiana, and Washington; but what bene-
fits part of our people in the end benefits all, just
as government aid to irrigation and forestry in the
West is really of benefit, not only to the Rocky
Mountain states, but to all our country. If it prove
impracticable to enact a law for the encourage-
ment of shipping generally, then at least provision
should be made for better communication with
South America, notably for fast mail lines to the
chief South American ports. It is discreditable
to us that our business people, for lack of direct
communication in the shape of lines of steamers
with South America, should in that great sister con-
tinent be at a disadvantage compared to the busi-
ness people of Europe.

Currency
Reform

PlllUfI

I especially call your attention
to the second subject, the condi-
tion of our currency laws. The
National Bank Act has ably
served a great purpose in aid-
ing the enormous business
development of the country; and within ten years
there has been an increase in circulation- per capita
from $21.41 to $33.08. For several years evidence
has been accumulating that additional legislation
is needed. The recurrence of each crop season
emphasizes the defects of the present laws. There
must soon be a revision of them, because to leave
them as they are means to incur liability of busi-
ness disaster. Since your body adjourned there has
been a fluctuation in the interest on call money
from 2 per cent to 30 per cent, and the fluctuation
"was even greater during the preceding six months.
The Secretary of the Treasury had to step in and
by wise action put a stop to the most violent period
of oscillation. Even worse than such fluctuation
is the advance In commercial rates and the uncer-
tainty felt in the sufficiency of credit even at high
rates. All commercial interests suffer during each
crop period. Excessive rates for call money in
New York attract money from the interior banks
into the speculative field; this depletes the fund
that would otherwise be available for commercial
uses, and the commercial borrowers are forced to
pay abnormal rates, so that each fall a tax. In
the shape of increased interest charges, is placed
on the whole commerce of the country.

The mere statement of these facts shows that
our present sy.stem is seriously defective. There is
need of a change. Unfortunately, however, many
of the proposed changes must be ruled from con-
sideration because they are complicated, are not
easy of comprehension, and tend to disturb exist-
ing rights and interests. We must also rule out
any plan which would materially impair the value
of the United States two per cent bonds now
pledged to secure circulation, the issue of which
was made under conditions peculiarly creditable
to the Treasury. I do not press any. especial plan.
Various plans have recently been proposed by ex-
pert committees of bankers. Among the plans
which are possibly feasible and which certainly
should receive your consideration is that repeat-
edly brought to your attention by the present Sec-
retary of the Treasury, the essential features of

which have been approved by many prominent
bankers and business men. According to this plan,
national banks should be permitted to issue a speci-
fied proportion of their capital in notes of a
given kind, the issue to be taxed at so high a rate
as to drive the notes back when not wanted in
legitimate trade. This plan would not permit the
issue of currency to give banks additional profits,
but to meet the emergency presented by times of
stringency.

I do not say that this is the right system. I only
advance it to emphasize my belief that there is
need for the adoption of some system which shall
be automatic and open to all sound banks, so as
to avoid all possibility of discrimination and favor-
itism. Such a plan would tend to prevent the
spasms of high money and speculation which now
obtain in the New York market; for at present
there is too much currency at certain seasons of
the year, and its accumulation at New York tempts
bankers to lend it at low rates for speculative
purposes, whereas at other times when the crops
are being moved there is urgent need for a large
but temporary increase in the currency supply. It
must never be forgotten that this question con-
cerns business men generally quite as much as
bankers. Especially is this true of stockmen,
farmers, and business men in the West, for at pres-
ent at certain seasons of the year the difference in
interest rates between the East and the West is
from six to ten per cent, whereas in Canada the
corresponding difference is V>ut two per cent. Any
plan must, of course, guard the interests of West-
ern and Southern bankers as carefully as it guards
the interests of New York or Chicago bankers, and
must be drawn from the standpoints of the f.armer
and the merchant no less than from the sttnd-
points of the city banker and the country banker.

The law should be amended so as specifically to
provide that the funds derived from customs d'lties
may be treated by the Secretary of the Trc isury
as he treats funds obtained under the InternEtl rev-
enue laws. There should be a considerable in-
crease in bills of small denominations. Permission
should be given banks, if necessary under settled
restrictions, to retire their circuiatioij to a larger
amount than $3,000,000 a month.

I most earnestly hope that the
Low Tariff '^'" '° provide a lower tariff

for or else absolute free trade

'**** in Philippine products v^rlll be-

PhilippineH come a law. No harm will come

to any American industry, and,
while there will he some small but real material
benefit to the Filipinos, the main benefit will come
by the showing made as to pur purpose to do all
in our power for their welfare. So far our action in
the Philippines has been abundantly Justified, not
mainly and. indeed, not primarily because of the
added dignity it has given us as a nation by prov-
ing that we are capable honorably and efficiently
to bear the international burdens which a mighty
people should bear, but even more because of the
immense benefit that has come to the people of the
Philippine Islands.

In these islands we are steadily introducing both
liberty and order to a greater degree than their
people have ever before known. We have secured
justice. We have provided an efficient police
force and have put down ladronism. Only in the
islands of Leyte and Samar is the authority of
our government resisted, and this by wild moun-
tain tribes under the superstitious inspiration of
fakirs and pseudo-religious leaders. We are con-
stantly increasing the measure of liberty accorded
the islanders, and next spring, if the conditions
warrant, we shall take a great stride forward in
testing their capacity for self-government by sum-
moning the first Filipino legislative assembly; and
the way in which they stand this test will largely
determine whether the self-government thus
granted will be increased or decreased; for if we
liave erred at all in the Philippines it has been in
proceeding too rapidly in the direction of granting
a large measure of self-government. We are build-
ing roads. We have, for the immeasurable good
of the people, arranged for the building of rail-
roads. Let us also see to it that they are given
free access to our markets. This nation owes no
more imperative duty to itself and mankind than
the duty of managing the affairs of all the islands
under the American flag — the Philippines, Porto
Rico, and Hawaii — so as to make it evident that
it is in every way to their advantage that the
flag should fly over them.

THE PANDEX

107

American citizenship should be
KeforniH conferred on the citizens of

j^p Porto Rico. The harbor of San

Juan in Porto Rico should be
Other Islands dredged and improved. The ex-
penses of the Federal court of
Porto Rico should be met from the Federal treas-
ury. The administration of the affairs of Porto
Rico, together with those of the Philippines.
Hawaii, and our other insular posse.ssions, should
all be directed under one executive department, by
preference the Department of State or the Depart-
ment of War.

The needs of Hawaii are peculiar. Every aid
should be given the islands, and our efforts should
be unceasing to develop them along the lines of a
community of small freeholders, not of great plant-
ers with coolie-tilled estates. Situated as this ter-
ritory Is, in the middle of the Pacific, there are
duties imposed upon this small community which
do not fall in like degree or manner upon any
other American community. This warrants our
treating it differently from the way in which we
treat territories contiguous to or surrounded by
sister territories or other states, and Justifies the
setting aside of a portion of our revenues to be
expended for educational and Internal improve-
ments therein. Hawaii is now making an effort
to secure immigration fit in the end to assume the
duties and burdens of full American citizenship,
and whenever the leaders in the various Industries
of those islands finally adopt our Ideals and hear-
tily join our administration in endeavoring to de-
velop a middle class of substantial citizens, a way
will then be found to deal with the commercial
and industrial problems which now appear to them
so serious. The best Americanism is that which
aims for stability and permanency of prosperous
citizenship, rather than immediate returns on large
masses of capital.

Alaska's needs have been par-
tially met, but there must be a
Booms Alaska complete reorganization of the
Rxposltion goverrfmental system, as I have

before Indicated to you. I ask
your special attention to this.
Our fellow citizens who dwell on the shores of
Puget Sound with characteristic energy are ar-
ranging to hold in Seattle the Alaskan-Yukon Pa-
cific Exposition. Its special aims Include the up-
building of Alaska and the development of
American commerce on the Pacific Ocean. This
exposition. In its purposes and scope, should appeal
not only to the people of the Pacific Slope, but to
the people of the United States at large. Alaska
since It was bought has yielded to the Government
eleven millions of dollars of revenue, and has pro-
duced nearly three hundred millions of dollars in
gold, furs, and fish. When properly developed. It
will become in large degree a land of homes. The
countries bordering the Pacific Ocean have a popu-
lation more numerous than that of all the coun-
tries of Europe; their annual foreign commerce
amounts to over three billions of dollars, of which
the share of the United States is some seven hun-
dred millions of dollars. If this trade were thor-
oly understood and pushed by our manufactur-
ers and producers, the industries not only of the
Pacific Slope but of all our country, and partic-
ularly of our cotton-growing states, would be
greatly benefited. Of course. In order to get these
benefits we must treat fairly the countries with
which "we trade.

It Is a mistake, and It betrays
a spirit of foolish cynicism, to
International maintain that all International
Morality governmental action is, and

must ever be, based upon mere
selfishness, and that to advance
ethical reasons for such action Is always a sign of
hypocrisy. This Is no more necessarily true of the
action of governments than of the actions of indi-
viduals. It Is a sure sign of a base nature always
to ascribe base motives for the action of others.
Unquestionably no nation can afford to disregard
proper considerations of self-interest, any more
than a private individual can do so. But it is
equally true that the average private Individual in
any really decent community does many actions
with reference to other men in which he is guided
not by self-interest but by public spirit, by regard
for the rights of others, by a disinterested pur-
pose to do good to others, and to raise the tone

of the community as a whole. Similarly a really
great nation must often act, and as a matter of
fact often does act, toward other nations in a spirit
not in the least of mere self-interest, but paying
heed chiefly to ethical reasons; and as the cen-
turies go by this disinterestedness in international
action, this tendency of the individuals comprising
a nation to require that nation to act with Justice
toward Its neighbors steadily grows and
strengthens.

It is neither wise nor right for a nation to dis-
regard its own needs, and it is foolish — and maybe
wicked — to think that other nations will disregard
theirs. But It Is wicked for a nation only to regard
its own Interest, and foolish to believe that such
is the sole motive that actuates any other nation.
It_ should be our steady aim to raise the ethical
standard of national action Just as we strive to
raise the ethical standard of individual action.

Not only must we treat all nations fairly, but
we must treat with Justice and good will all im-
migrants who come here under the law. Whether
they are Catholic or Protestant, Jew or Gentile;
whether they come from England or Germany,
Russia, Japan, or Italy, matters nothing. All we
have a right to question is the man's conduct. If
he Is honest and upright In his dealings with his
neighbor and with the state, then he Is entitled
to respect and good treatment. Especially do we
need to remember our duty to the stranger within
our gates. It is the sure mark of a low civilization,
a low morality, to abuse or discriminate against
or In any way humiliate such stranger who has
come here lawfully and who is conducting himself
properly. To remember this Is incumbent on every
American citizen, and it is, of course, peculiarly
incumbent on every government ofHcial, whether
of the nation or of the several states.

Good W^ords

for

Japanese

I am prompted to say this by
the attitude of hostility here
and there assumed toward the
Japanese in this country. This
hostility is sporadic and Is lim-
ited to a very few places. Never-
theless, it is most discreditable to us as a people,
and it may be fraught "with the gravest conse-
quences to the nation. The friendship between
the United States and Japan has been continuous
since the time, over half a century ago, when Com-
modore Perry, by his expedition to Japan, first
opened the Islands to western civilization. Since
then the growth of Japan has been literally as-
tounding. There is not only nothing to parallel
It. but nothing to approach It in the history of
civilized mankind. Japan has a glorious and an-
cient past. Her civilization Is older than that of
the nations of northern Europe — the nations from
whom the people of the United States have chiefly
sprung. But fifty years ago Japan's development
was still that of the Middle Ages. During that
fifty years the progress of the country in every
■walk of life has been a marvel to mankind, and
she now stands as one of the greatest of civilized
nations: great in the arts of war and in the arts
of peace; great in military. In Industrial, in artistic
development and achievement.

Japanese soldiers and sailors have shoTvn them-
selves equal in combat to any of whom history
makes note. She has produced great generals and
mighty admirals; her fighting men, afloat and
ashore, show all the heroic courage, the unques-
tioning, unfaltering loyalty, the splendid Indiffer-
ence to hardship and death, which marked the
Loyal Ronins; and they show also that they possess
the highest Ideal of patriotism. Japanese artists
of every kind see their products eagerly sought for
in all lands.

The Industrial and commercial development of
Japan has been phenomenal — greater than that of
any other country during the same period. At
the same time the advance In science and phil-
osophy is no less marked. The admirable manage-
ment of the Japanese Red Cross during the late
war, the efficiency and humanity of the Japanese
officials, nurses, and doctors won the respectful
admiration of all acquainted with the facts.
Through the Red Cross the Japanese people sent
over $100,000 to the sufferers of San Francisco,
and the gift was accepted with gratitude by our
people.

The courtesy of the Japanese, nationally and in-
dividually, has become proverbial. To no other
country has there been such an increasing num-
ber of visitors from this land as to Japan. In
return, Japanese have come here In great numbers.

108

THE PANDEX

(

They are welcome, socially and intellectually, in all
our colleges and institutions o£ higher learning, in
all our professional and social bodies. The Japan-
ese have won in a single generation the right to
stand abreast of the foremost and most enlight-
ened peoples of Europe and America; they have
won on their own merits and by their own exer-
tions the right to treatment on a basis of full and
frank equality. The overwhelming mass of our
people cherish a lively regard and respect for the
people of Japan, and in almost every quarter of
the Union the stranger from Japan is treated as he
deserves; that is, he is treated as the stranger
from any part of civilized Europe is and deserves
to be treated. But here and there a most unworthy
feeling has manifested itself toward the Japanese
• — the feeling that has been shown in shutting them
out from the common schools in San Francisco, and
in mutterings against them in one or two other
places, because of their efficiency as workers. To
shut them out from the public schools is a wicked
absurdity, when there are no first-class colleges in
the land, including the universities and colleges
of California, which do not gladly welcome Japan-
ese students and on which Japanese students do
not reflect credit,

"We have as much to learn from

Asks for Japan as Japan has to learn

„ ,_ from us, and no nation is fit to

teach unless it is also willing
Treatment tg learn. Thruout Japan

Americans are well treated, and
any failure on the part of Americans at home to
treat the Japanese with a like courtesy and con-
sideration is by just so much a confession of in-
feriority in our civilization.

Our nation fronts on the Pacific, just as it fronts
on the Atlantic. We hope to play a constantly
growing part in the great ocean of the Orient.
We wish, as we ought to wish, for a great commer-
cial development in our dealings with Asia, and it
is out of the question that we should permanently
have such developments unless we freely and
gladly extend to other nations the same measure
of justice and good treatment which we expect to
receive in return. It is only a very small body of
our citizens that act badly. Where the Federal
Government has power it will deal summarily with
any such. Where the several states have power I
earnestly ask that they also deal wisely and
promptly with such conduct, or else this small
body of wrongdoers may bring shame upon the
great mass of their innocent and right-thinking

fellows that is, upon our nation as a whole. Good

manners should be an international no less than
an individual attribute. I ask fair treatment for
the Japanese as I would ask fair treatment for
Germans or Englishmen. Frenchmen, Russians, or
Italians I ask it as due to humanity and civiliza-
tion, I ask it as due to ourselves because we
must act uprightly toward all men.

I recommend to the Congress
that an act be passed specifi-
cally providing for the natural-
ization of Japanese who come
here intending to become Amer-
ican citizens.
One of the great embarrassments attending the
performance of our international obligations is the
fact that the statutes of the United States are
entirely inadequate. They fail to give to the na-
tional government sufficiently ample power,
through United States courts and by the use of the
army and navy, to protect aliens in the rights
secured to them under solemn treaties which are
the law of the land. I therefore earnestly recom-
mend that the criminal and civil statutes of the
United States be so amended and added to as to
enable the President, acting for the United States
Government, which is responsible in our interna-
tional relations, to enforce the rights of aliens
under treaties. Even as the law now is something
can be done bv the Federal Government toward
this end, and in the matter now before me affect-
ing the Japanese everything that it is in my power
to do will be done, and all of the forces, military
and civil, of the United States which I may law-
fully employ will be so employed.

There should, however, be no

UplioIdiiiB particle of doubt as to the

power of the national govern-

" ment completely to perform and

ObllKatlonn enforce its own obligations to

other nations. The mob of a

single city may at any time perform acts of law-

Would

Naturnll!r.e

JniiuneMC

less violence against some class of foreigners
which would plunge us into war. That city by itself
would be powerless to make defense against the
foreign power thus assaulted, and if Independent
of this Government it would never venture to per-
form or permit the performance of the acts com-
plained of.

The entire power and the "whole duty to protect
the offending city or the offending community lies
in the hands of the United States Government. It
is unthinkable that we should continue a policy
under which a given locality may be allowed tO'
commit a crime against a friendly nation, and the
United States Government limited, not to prevent-
ing the commission of the crime, but, in the last
resort, to defending the people who have com-
mitted it against the consequences of their own
wrongdoing.

Last August an insurrection
Intervfntiun broke out in Cuba which, it
to Aid speedily grew evident, the

existing Cuban government was
Cuba powerless to quell. This Gov-

ernment was repeatedly asked
by the then Cuban government to intervene, and
finally was notified by the President of Cuba that
he intended to resign; that his decision was irre-
vocable; that none of the other constitutional offi-
cers would consent to carry on the government,
and that he was powerless to maintain order. It
was evident that chaos was impending, and there
was every probability that if steps were not imme-
diately taken by this Government to try to re-
store order the representatives of various Euro-
pean nations in the island would apply to their
respective governments for armed intervention in
order to protect the lives and property of their
citizens. Thanks to the preparedness of our navy,
I was able immediately to send enough ships to
Cuba to prevent the situation from becoming hope-
less, and I furthermore dispatched to Cuba the Sec-
retary of War and the Assistant Secretary of State
in order that they might grapple with the situation
on the ground. All efforts to secure an agreement
between the contending factions by which they
should themselves come to an amicable under-
standing and settle upon some modus Vivendi —
some provisional government of their own — failed.
Finally the president of the republic resigned. The
quorum of Congress assembled failed by deliberate
purpose of its members, so that there was no power
to act on his resignation, and the government came
to a halt.

In accordance with the so-called Piatt amend-
ment, which was embodied in the constitution of
Cuba, I thereupon proclaimed a provisional gov-
ernment for the island, the Secretary of War act-
ing as provisional governor until he could be re-
placed by Mr. Magoon, the late minister to
Panama and governor of tlie canal zone on the
Isthmus. Troops were sent to support them and to
relieve the navy, the expedition being handled with
most satisfactory speed and efficiency. The insur-
gent chiefs immediately agreed that their troops
should lay down their arms and disband, and the
agreement was carried out.

The provisional government has left the per-
sonnel of the old government and the old laws, so
far as might be. unchanged, and will thus admin-
ister the island for a few months until tranquillity
can be restored, a new election properly held, and
a new government inaugurated. Peace has come
to the island, and the harvesting of the sugar-cane
crop, the great crop of the island, is about to pro-
ceed.

When the election has been held and the new
government inaugurated in peaceful and orderly
fashion the provisional government will come to an
end.

I take this opportunity of expressing upon behalf
of the American people, with all possible solem-
nity, our most earnest hope that the people of
Cuba will realize the imperative need of preserv-
ing justice and keeping order in the island. The
United States wishes nothing of Cuba except that
it shall prosper morally and materially, and wishes
nothing of the Cubans save that they shall be able
to preserve order among themselves and therefore .
to preserve their independence. If the elections
become a farce, and if the insurrectionary habit
becomes confirmed in the Island, it is absolutely
out of the question that the island should continue
independent; and the United States, which has
assumed the sponsorship before the civilized world
for Cuba's career as a nation, would again have to

THE PANDEX

109

Intervene and to see that the government was man-
aged in such orderly fashion as to secure the safety
of life and property. The path to be trodden by
those who exercise self-government Is always hard,
and we should have every charity and patience
with the Cubans as they tread this dlfflcult path. I
have the utmost sympathy with, and regard for,
them, but I must earnestly adjure them solemnly
to weigh their responsibilities and to see that
when their new government Is started it shall run
smoothly, and with freedom from flagrant denial
of right on the one hand and from insurrectionary
disturbances on the other.

American

Conference

in Rio

The second international con-
ference of American republics,
held In Mexico in the years
1901-02, provided for the holding
of the third conference within
five years, and committed the
fixing of the time and place and the arrangements
tor the conference to the governing board of the
Bureau of American Republics, composed of the
representatives of all the American nations in
Washington. That board discharged the duty im-
posed upon it with marked fidelity and painstaking
care, and upon the courteous invitation of the
United States of Brazil, the conference was held
at Rio de Janeiro, continuing from the 23d of
July to the 29th of August last. Many subjects
of common Interest to all the American nations
were discussed by the conference, and the con-
clusions reached embodied in a series of resolu-
tions and proposed conventions, will be laid before
you upon the coming in of the final report of the
American delegates. They contain many matters
of importance relating to the extension of trade,
the Increase of communication, the smoothing
away of barriers to free intercourse, and the pro-
motion of a better knowledge and good understand-
ing between the different countries represented.
The meetings of the conference were harmonious
and the conclusions were reached with substantial
unanimity. , ^ ,

It is interesting to observe that in the success-
ive conferences which have been held the repre-
sentatives of the different American nations have
been learning to work together effectively, for
while the first conference in Washington In 1889.
■ind the second conference in Mexico In 1901-2. oc-
cupied many months, with much time wasted in an
unregulated and fruitless discussion, the third con-
ference at Rio exhibited much of the facility in the
practical dispatch of business which characterizes
permanent deliberative bodies, and completed its
labors within the period of six weeks originally
allotted for its sessions.

Quite apart from the specific value of the con-
clusions reached by the conference the example
of the representatives of all the American nations
engaging In harmonious and kindly consideration
and discussion of subjects of common interest is
itself of great and substantial value for the promo-
tion of reasonable and considerate treatment of
all international questions. The thanks of this
country are due to the government of Brazil and
to the people of Rio de Janeiro for the generous
hospitality with which our delegates, in conimon
with the others, were received, entertained and fa-
cilitated in their work.

ROOt'H

Sontli American
Trip

Incidentally to the meeting of
the conference, the Secretary of
State visited the City of Rio
de Janeiro and was cordially
received by the conference, of
which he was made an hon-
orary president. The announcement of his inten-
tion to make this visit was followed by niost cour-
teous and urgent invitations from nearly all the
countries of South America to visit them as the
guest of their governments. It was deemed that
by the acceptance of these invitations we might
appropriately express the real respect and friend-
ship in which we hold our sister republics of the
southern continent, and the secretary, accordingly,
visited Brazil. Uruguay. Argentina ChUe, Peru,
Panama, and Colombia. He refrained from visiting
Paraguay. Bolivia, and Ecuador only because the
distance of their capitals from the seaboard made
It impracticable with the time at his disposal. He
carried with him a message of peace a"'^ friend-
ship, and of strong desire for good understanding
and mutual helpfulness; and he ^^s everywhere
received In the spirit of his message. The members
of government, the press, the learned professions,

the men of business and the great masses of the
people united everywhere In emphatic response to
his friendly expressions and in doing honor to the
country and cause which he represented.

In many parts of South America
False Ideas there has been much misunder-
Are standing of the attitude and

«k.«...H purposes of the United States to-

snaiierea ^^rd the other American repub-

, . .. lies. An Idea had become prev-

a ent that our assertion of the Monroe doctrine Im-
plied, or carried with it, an assumption of superior-
ity, and of a right to exercise some kind of pro-
tectorate over the countries to whose territory
that doctrine applies. Nothing could be farther
from the truth. Yet that impression continued to
be a serious barrier to good understanding to
friendly intercourse, to the Introduction of Amer-
ican capital and the extension of American trade
The Impression was so widespread that apparently
it could not be reached by any ordinary means.

It was part of Secretary Root's mission to dispel '
this unfounded impression, and there Is just cause
to believe that he has succeeded. In an address
to the third conference at Rio on the 31st of July
— an address of such note that I send it in, together
with this message — he said:

"We wish for no victories but those of peace; for
no territory except our own; for no sovereignty
except the sovereignty over ourselves. We deem ,
the Independence and equal rights of the smallest
and weakest member of the family of nations en-
titled to as much respect as those of the greatest
empire, and we deem the observance of that re-
spect the chief guaranty of the weak against the
oppression of the strong.

"We neither claim nor desire any rights or priv-
ileges or powers that we do not freely concede to
every American republic. We wish to Increase our
prosperity, to extend our trade, to grow in wealth,
in wisdom, and in spirit, but our conception of the
true way to accomplish this is not to pull down
others and profit by their ruin, but to help all
friends to a common prosperity and a common
growth, that we may all become greater and
stronger together. Within a few months for the
first time the recognized possessors of every foot
of soil upon the American continents can be and I
hope will be represented with the acknowledged
rights of equal sovereign states in the great world
congress at The Hague. This will be the world's
formal and final acceptance of the declaration that
no part of the American continents Is to be deemed
subject to colonization. Let us pledge ourselves
to aid each other in the full performance of the
duty to humanity which that accepted declaration
implies, so that in time the weakest and most
unfortunate of our republics may come to march
with equal step by the side of the stronger and
more fortunate. Let us help each other to show
that for all the races of men the liberty for which
we have fought and labored is the twin sister of
justice and peace. Let us unite in creating and
maintaining and making effective an ail-American
public opinion, whose power shall influence inter-
national conduct and prevent international wrong,
and narrow the causes of war, and forever pre-
serve our free lands from the burden of such arma-
ments as are massed behind the frontiers of Eu-
rope, and bring us ever nearer to the perfection
of ordered liberty. So shall come security and
prosperity, production and trade, wealth, learning,
the arts, and happiness for us all."

These words appear to have been received with
acclaim in every part of South America. They
have my hearty approval, as I am sure they will
have yours, and I cannot be wrong in the con-
viction that they correctly represent the sen-
timents of the whole American people. I cannot
better characterize the true attitude of the United
States in its assertion of the Monroe doctrine than
In the w^ords of the distinguished former minister
of foreign affairs of Argentina, Dr. Drago. in his
speech welcoming Mr. Root at Buenos Ayres. He
spoke of —

"The traditional policy of the United States
(which) without accentuating superiority or seek-
ing preponderance, condemned the oppression of the
nations of this part of the world and the control of
their destinies by the great powers of Europe."

It Is gratifying to know that in the great City
of Buenos Ayres, upon the arches which spanned
the streets, entwined with Argentine and American
flags for the reception of our repre.sentative. there
were emblazoned not only the names of Washlne-
ton and Jefferson and Marshall, but also. In appre-

110

THE PANDEX

dative recognition of tlieir services to the cause of
South American independence, the names of James
Monroe. John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and Rich-
ard Rush. We take especial pleasure in the grace-
ful courtesy of the government of Brazil, which
has given to the beautiful and stately building first
used (or the meeting of the conference the name
of "Palacio Monroe." Our grateful acknowledge-
ments are due to the governments and the people
of all the countries visited by the Secretary of
State for the courtesy, the friendship, and the
honor shown to our country in their generous hos-
pitality to him.

In my message to you on the 5th
„ , of December, 1905, I called your

C'OinpiiiDnry attention to the embarrassment
Debt that might be caused to this

Collection government by the assertion by

foreign nations of the right to
collect by force of arms contract
debts due by American republics to citizens of the
, collecting nation, and to the danger that the proc-
ess of compulsory collection might result in the
occupation of territory tending to become perma-
nent. I then said:

"Our own government has always refused to
enforce such contractual obligation on behalf of its
citizens by an appeal to arms. It is much to be
wished that all foreign governments would take
the same view."

This subject was one of the topics of considera-
tion at the conference at Rio and a resolution was
adopted by that conference recommending to the
respective governments represented "to consider
the advisability of asking the second peace con-
ference at The Hague to examine the question of
the compulsory collection of public debts, and in
general, means tending to diminish among nations
conflicts of purely pecuniary origin."

This resolution was supported by the representa-
tives of the United States in accordance with the
following instructions:

"It has long been the established policy of the
United States not to use its armed forces for the
collection of ordinary contract debts due to its
citizens by other governments. We have not con-
sidered the use of force for such a purpose consist-
ent with that respect for the Independent sover-
eignty of other members of tlie family of nations,
which is the most important principle of inter-
national law and the chief protection of weak
nations against the oppression of the strong. It
seems to us that the practice is injurious in Its
general effect upon the relations of nations and
upon the welfare of weak and disordered states,
■whose development ought to be encouraged in the
Interests of civilization; that it offers frequent
temptation to bullying and oppression and to un-
necessary and unjustifiable warfare. We regret
that other powers, whose opinions and sense of
justice we esteem highly, have at times taken a
different view and have permitted themselves,
tho we believe, with reluctance, to collect such
debts by force. It is doubtless true that the non-
payment of public debts may be accompanied by
such circumstances of fraud and wrongdoing or
violation of treaties as to justify the use of force.

"This government would be glad to see an in-
ternational consideration of the subject which shall
discriminate between such cases and the simple
nonperformance of a contract with a private per-
son, and a resolution in favor of reliance upon
peaceful means in cases of the latter class.

"It is not felt, howeer, that the conference at
Rio should undertake to make such a discrimina-
tion or to resolve upon such a rule. Most of the
American countries are still debtor nations, while
the countries of Europe are the creditors. If the
Rio conference, therefore, were to take such action
It would have the appearance of a meeting of
debtors resolving how their creditors should act,
and this would not inspire respect. The true
course is indicated by the terms of the program,
Tvhich proposes to request the second Hague con-
ference, where both creditors and debtors will be
assembled, to consider the subject."

Last June trouble which had ex-
isted for some time between the
republics of Salvador, Guate-
mala and Honduras culminated
in war "which threatened to be
ruinous to the countries involved
and very destructive to the commercial Interests of
Americans, Mexicans and other foreigners who are
taking an important part in the development of

Central
American
Mediation

these countries. The thoroly good understand-
ing which exists between the United States and
Mexico enabled this government and that of Mex-
ico to unite in effective mediation between the
warring republics — which mediation resulted, not
without long-continued and patient effort. In bring-
ing about a meeting of the representatives of the
hostile powers on board a United States war ship
as neutral territory, and peace was there concluded:
a peace which resulted in the saving of thousands
of lives and in the prevention of an Incalculable
amount of misery and the destruction of property
and of the means of livelihood. The Rio conference
passed the following resolution in reference to
this action:

"That the third international American confer-
ence shall address to the Presidents of the United
States of America and of the United States of Mex-
ico, a note In which the conference which is being
held at Rio expresses its satisfaction at the happy
results of their mediation for the celebration of
peace between the republics of Guatemala, Hondu-
ras, and Salvador."

This affords an excellent exam-

Kxerta Ple of one way in which the in-

„ . fiuence of the United States can

properly be exercised for the
Influence benefit of the peoples of the

western hemisphere; that Is, by
action taken in concert with other American re-
publics and therefore free from those suspicions
and prejudices which might attach if the action
were taken by one alone. In this way it is possible
to exercise a powerful influence toward the substi-
tution of considerate action in the spirit of Justice
for the insurrectionary or international violence
which has hitherto been so great a hindrance to
the development of many of our neighbors. Re-
peated examples of united action by several or
many American republics in favor of peace, by urg-
ing cool and reasonable, instead of excited and bel-
ligerent, treatment of international controversy,
cannot fail to promote the growth of a general
public opinion among the American nations which
will elevate the standards of international action,
strengthen the sense of international duty among
governments, and tell In favor of the peace of
mankind. „ ,

I have Just returned from a trip to Panama and
shall report to you at length later on the whole
subject of the Panama Canal.

The Algeclras convention, which
Convention was signed by the United States

- as well as by most of the powers

"' of Europe, supersedes the pre-

AlKeclriiN vlous convention of 1880. which

was also signed both by the
United States and a majority of the European pow-
ers This treaty confers- upon us equal com-
mercial rights with all European countries
and does not entail a single obligation of
any kind upon us, and I earnestly hope it
may be speedily ratified. To refuse to rat-
ify it would merely mean that we forfeited our
commercial rights in Morocco and would not
achieve another object of any kind. In the event
of such refusal we would be left for the first time
in 120 years without any commercial treaty with
Morocco: and this at a time when we are every-
where seeking new markets and outlets tor trade.

The destruction of the Pribilof
BarbaroiiM Islands fur seals by pelagic

i>»i«<rio sealing still continues. The

" herd which according to the sur-

Seallng veys made in 1874 by direction

of the Congress, numbered
4,700,000, and which, according to the survey of
both American and Canadian commissioners in
1891, amounted to 1,000,000, has now been reduced
to about 180,000. This result has been brought
about by Canadian and some other sealing vessels
killing the female seals while in the water during
their annual pilgrimage to and from the South,
or in search of food. As a rule the female seal
when killed is pregnant, and also has an un-
weaned pup on land, so that, for each skin taken
by pelagic sealing, as a rule, three lives are de-
stroyed— the mother, the unborn offspring, and the
nursing pup, which is left to starve to death.

No damage whatever is done to the herd by the
carefully regulated killing on land; the custom

THE PANDEX

111

of pelagic sealing is solely responsible lor all of
the present evil, and is alike Indefensible from the
economic standpoint and from the standpoint of
humanity.

In 1896 over 16,000 young seals were found dead
from starvation on the Pribilof Islands, In 1897
it was estimated that since pelagic sealing began
upward of 400,000 adult female seals had been
killed at sea, and over 300,000 young seals had
died of starvation as the result. The revolting
barbarity of such a practice, as well as the waste-
ful destruction which it Involves, needs no demon-
stration and Is its own condemnation. The Ber-
ing Sea tribunal, which sat in Paris in 1893 and
which decided against the claims of the United
States to exclusive jurisdiction in the waters of
Bering Sea and to a property right in the fur
seals when outside of the three-mile limit, deter-
mined also upon certain regulations which the
tribunal considered sufficient for the proper pro-
tection and preservation of the fur seal in, or
habitually resorting to, the Bering Sea. The tri-
bunal by its regulations established a close season,
from the 1st of May to the 31st of July, and ex-
cluded all killing in the waters within sixty miles
around the Pribilof Islands.

They also provided that the reg-

ReKnlntioDH ulations which they had deter-

Are mined upon, with a view to the

._„j„ , protection and preservation of

inatleqnate ^^le seals, should be submitted
every five years to new exam-
inations, so as to enable both Interested govern-
ments to consider whether, in the light of past
experience, there was occasion for any modification
thereof.

The regulations have proved plainly inadequate
to accomplish the object of protection and pres-
ervation of the fur seals, and for a long time this
government has been trying in vain to secure from
Great Britain such revision and modification of the
regulations as were contemplated and provided
for by the award of the tribunal of Paris.

The process of destruction has been accelerated
during recent years by the appearance of a number
of Japanese vessels engaged in pelagic sealing.
As these vessels have not been bound even by the
Inadequate limitations prescribed by the tribunal
of Paris, they have paid no attention either to the
close season or to the sixty-mile limit imposed
upon the Canadians, and have prosecuted their
work up to the very islands themselves. On July
16 and 17 the crews from several Japanese vessels
made raids upon the island of St. Paul, and before
they were beaten off by the very meager and in-
sufficiently armed guard they succeeded in killing
several hundred seals and carrying olT the skins
of most of them. Nearly all the seals killed were
females and the work was done with frightful bar-
barity. Many of the seals appear to have been
skinned alive and many were found half skinned
and still alive.

The raids were repelled only by the use of fire-
arms, and five of the raiders were killed, two were
wounded, and twelve captured. Including the two
wounded. Those captured have since been tried
and sentenced to imprisonment. An attack of this
kind had been wholly unlocked for. but such pro-
visions of vessels, arms, and ammunition ■will now
be made that its repetition will not be found profit-
able.

Suitable representations regarding the Incident
have been made to the government of Japan, and
we are assured that all practicable measures will
be taken by that country to prevent any recurrence
of the outrage. On our part the guard on the
Island will be increased and better equipped and
organized, and a better revenue-cutter patrol ser-
vice about the islands will be established. Next
season a United States war vessel will also be sent
there.

We have not relaxed our efforts to secure an
agreement with Great Britain for adequate pro-
tection of the seal herd, and negotiations with
Japan for the same purpose are in progress.

The laws for the protection of the seals within
the jurisdiction of the United States need revision
and amendment. Only the islands of St. Paul and
St. George are now. In terms. Included In the gov-
ernment reservation, and the other islands are also
to be included.

The landing of aliens as well as
Outline citizens upon the islands, with-

, out a permit from the Depart-

ment of Commerce and Labor,
New Rules jq^ any purpose except in case
of stress of weather or for wa-
ter, should be prohibited under adequate penalties.

The approach of vessels for the excepted purposes
should be regulated. The authority of the govern-
ment agents on the islands should be enlarged, and
the chief agent should have the powers of a com-
mitting magistrate. The entrance of a vessel into
the territorial waters surrounding the islands with
intent to take seals should be made a criminal
offense and cause of forfeiture. Authority for
seizures In such cases should be given and the
presence on any such vessels of seals or sealskins,
or the paraphernalia for taking them, should be
made prima facie evidence of such Intent. I rec-
ommend what legislation is needed to accomplish
these ends, and I commend to your attention the
report of Mr. Sims, of the Department of Com-
merce and Labor, on this subject.

In case we are compelled to abandon the hope of
making arrangements with other governments to
put. an end to the hideous cruelty now Incident to
pelagic sealing. It will be a question for your
serious consideration how far we should continue
to protect and maintain the seal herd on land with
the result of continuing such a practice, and
whether it is not better to end the practice by ex-
terminating the herd ourselves in the most humane
way possible.

In my last message I advised
Seeond y" that the Emperor of Russia

Hnirii^ had taken the Initiative in

niibue bringing about a second peace

Conference conference at The Hague. Under
the guidance of Russia the ar-
rangement of the preliminaries for such a confer-
ence have been progressing during the past year.
Progress has necessarily been slow, owing to the
great number of countries to be consulted upon
every question that has arisen. It is a matter of
satisfaction that all of the American republics
have now, for the first time, been invited to join
in the proposed conference.

The close connection between the subjects to be
taken up by the Red Cross Conference held at
Geneva last summer, and the subjects which natu-
rally would come before The Hague conference
made it apparent that It was desirable to have the
work of the Red Cross conference completed and
considered by the different powers before the meet-
ing at The Hague. The Red Cross conference
ended its labors on the 6th day of July, and the
revised and amended convention, which "was signed
by the American delegates, will be promptly laid
before the Senate.

By the special and highly appreciated courtesy
of the governments of Russia and the Netherlands
a proposal to call The Hague conference together
at a time which would conflict with the conference
of the American republics at Rio de Janeiro in
August was laid aside. No other date has yet been
suggested. A tentative program for the conference
has been proposed by the government of Russia,
and the subjects %vhlch it enumerates are undergo-
ing careful examination and consideration in prep-
aration for the conference.

It must be kept In mind that
HtshteouHneaM war Is not merely justifiable, but
, Imperative, upon honorable

men, upon an honorable nation.
Pence where peace can only be ob-

tained by the sacrifice of con-
scientious conviction or of national welfare. Peace
is normally a great good, and normally it coin-
cides with righteousness, but it Is righteous-
ness and not peace, which should ' bind the
consciences of a nation as it should bind the
conscience of an Individual, and neither a na-
tion nor an individual can surrender conscience to
another's keeping. Neither can a nation, which
is an entity, and which does not die as individuals
die, refrain from taking thought for the interest
of the generations that are to come, no less than
for the Interest of the generations of to-day, and
no public men have a right, whether from short-
sightedness, from selfish indifference, or from sen-
timentality, to sacrifice national Interests which
are vital in character. A just war is. In the long
run, far better for a nation's soul than the most
prosperous peace obtained by acquiescence In
wrong or Injustice. Moreover, though it is criminal
for a nation not to prepare for war, so that it may
escape the dreadful consequences of being defeated
in war, yet it must always be remembered that
even to be defeated in war may be far better than
not to have fought at all. As has been well and
finely said, a beaten nation is not necessarily a
dis'graced nation, but the nation or man Is dis-
graced if the obligation to defend right is shirked.
We should, as a nation, do everything in our

112

THE PANDEX

power for the cause of honorable peace. It is
morally as Indefensible for a nation to commit a
wrong upon another nation, strong or weak, as
for an individual thus to wrong his fellows. We
should do all in our power to hasten the day when
there shall be peace among the nations — a peace
based upon Justice and not upon cowardly submis-
sion to wrong. We can accomplish a good deal in
this direction, but we cannot accomplish everything,
and the penalty of attempting to do too much would
almost inevitably be to do worse than nothing; for
it must be remembered that fantastic extremists
are not in reality leaders of the causes which they
espouse, but are ordinarily those who do most to
hamper the real leaders of the cause and to dam-
age the cause itself. As yet there is no likelihood
of establishing any kind of international power,
of whatever sort, which can effectively check
wrongdoing, and in these circumstances it would
be both a foolish and an evil thing for a great
and free nation to deprive itself of the power to
protect its own rights, and even In exceptional
cases to stand up for the rights of others. Nothing
would more promote iniquity, nothing would fur-
ther defer the reign upon earth of peace and right-
eousness, than for the free and enlightened people
which, though with much stumbling and many
shortcomings, nevertheless strive toward justice,
deliberately to render themselves powerless while
leaving every despotism and barbarism armed and
able to work their wicked will. The chance for
the settlement of disputes peacefully, by arbitra-
tion, now depends mainly upon the possession by
the nations that mean to do right of sufficient
armed strength to make their purpose effective.

The United States navy is the
Jfnvy surest guarantor of peace which

r'iini-<.nt».> 'h'^ country possesses. It is
uunrnniee earnestly to be wished that we
o( Peace would profit by the teachings of

history in this matter. A strong
and wise people ^vill study its own failures no less
than its triumphs, for there is wisdom to be learned
from the study of both, of the mistake as well as
of the success. For this purpose notliing could be
more instructive than a rational study of the War
of 1812. as it is told, for instance, by Captain Ma-
han. There was only one way in which that war
could have been avoided. If, during the preceding
t'welve years, a navy relatively as strong as that
which this country now has had been built up, and
an army provided relatively as good as that which
the country now has, there never would have been
the slightest necessity of fighting the war; and
if the necessity had arisen the war w^ould, under
such circumstances, have ended with our speedy
and overwhelming triumph; but our people during
those twelve years refused to make any prepara-
tions whatever regarding either the army or the
navy. They saved a million or two of dollars by
so doing; and in mere money paid a hundred fold
for each million they thus saved during the three
years of war which followed — a war which brought
untold suffering upon our people, which at one
time threatened the gravest national disaster, and
which, in spite of the necessity of waging it,
resulted merely in what was in effect a drawn
battle, while the balance of defeat and triumph
was almost even,

I do not ask that we continue to increase our
navy, I ask merely that it be maintained at its
present strength; and this can be done only if we
replace the obsolete and outworn ships by new
and good ones, the equals of any afloat in any
navy. To stop building ships for one year means
that for that year the navy goes back instead of
forward. The old battle-ship Texas, for instance,
would now be of little service in a stand-up fight
with a powerful adversary. The old double-turret
monitors have outworn tlieir usefulness, while it
was a waste of money to build the modern single-
turret monitors. All of these ships should be
replaced by others; and this can be done by a well-
settled program of providing for the building each
year of at least one first-class battle ship equal
in size and speed to any that any nation is at the
same time building; the armament presumably to
consist of as large a number as possible of very
heavy guns of one caliber, together with smaller
guns to repel torpedo attack; while there should
be heavy armor, turbine engines, and, in short,
every modern device. Of course, from time" to
time cruisers, colliers, torpedo-boat destroyers, or
torpedo boats, will have to be built also. All this.

be it remembered, would not increase our navy
but would merely keep it at its present strength'
Equally, of course, the ships will be absolutely use-
less if the men aboard them are not so trained
that they can get the best possible service out of
the formidable but delicate and complicated mech-
anisms intrusted to their care.

The marksmanship of our men
Great has so improved during the last

In Ave years that I deem it within

„ , ^, bounds to say that the navy is

Markomanxhlp more than twice as efficient, ship
for ship, as half a decade ago.
The navy can only attain proper efficiency if
enough officers and men are provided, and if these
officers and men are given the chance (and re-
quired to take advantage of it) to stay continually
at sea and to exercise the fleets singly and above
all in squadron, the exercise to be of every kind
and to include unceasing practice at the guns, con-
ducted under conditions that will test marksman-
ship in time of war.

In both the army and the navy there is urgent
need that everything possible should be done to
maintain the highest standard for the personnel,
alike as regards the officers and the enlisted men.
I do not believe that in any service there is a finer
body of enlisted men and of junior officers than
we have in both the army and the navy, including
the marine corps. All possible encouragement to
the enlisted men should be given, in pay and other-
wise, and everything practicable should be done to
render the service attractive to men of the right
type. They should be held to the strictest dis-
charge of their duty, and in them a spirit should
be encouraged which demands not the mere per-
formance of duty, but the performance of far more
than duty, if it conduces to the honor and the
interest of the American nation; and in return the
amplest consideration should be theirs.

West Point and Annapolis al-

Calla for ready turn out excellent officers.

. , . ^ We do not need to have these

fisntins schools made more scholastic. On

Men the contrary, we should never

lose siglit of the fact that the

aim of each school is to turn out a man who shall

be, above everything else, a fighting man. In the

army, in particular, it is not necessary that either

the cavalry or infantry officer should have special

mathematical ability. Probably in both schools

the best part of the education is the liigh standard

of character and of professional morale which it

confers.

But in both services there is urgent need for
the establishment of a principle of selection which
will eliminate men after a certain age if they
can not be promoted from the subordinate ranks,
and which will bring into the higher ranks fewer
men, and these at an earlier age. This principle of
selection will be objected to by good men of medi-
ocre capacity who are fitted to do well while
young in the lower positions, but who are not
fitted to do well when at an advanced age
they come into positions of command and of
great responsibility. But the desire of these
men to be promoted to positions which they are
not competent to fill should not weigh against the
interests of the navy and the country. At present
our men, especially In the navy, are kept far too
long in the junior grades, and then, at much too
advanced an age, are put quickly through the
senior grades, often not attaining to these senior
grades until they are too old to be of real use
in them; and if they are of real use, being put
through them so quickly that little benefit to the
navy comes from their having been in them at all.

The navy has one great advan-
Advantage tage over the army in the fact

( jl,^ that the officers of high rank

are actually trained in the con-
Navy tinual performance of their du-
ties; that is. in the management
of the battle ships and armored cruisers gathered
into fleets. This is not true of the army officers,
who rarely have corresponding chances to exercise
command over troops under service conditions.
The conduct of the Spanish War showed the la-
mentable loss of life, the useless extravagance,

THE PANDEX

113

and the InefBciency certain to result if. during
peace, tiie high officials of the War and Navy De-
partments are praised and rewarded only If they
save money at no matter what cost to the "efficiency
of the service, and if the higher officers are given
no chance whatever to exercise and practice com-
mand. For years prior to the Spanish War the
secretaries of war were praised chleflv if they prac-
ticed economy; which economy, especially In con-
nection with the quartermaster, commissary, and
medical departments, was directly responsible for
most of the mismanagement that occurred in the
war itself — and parenthetically be it observed that
the very people who clamored for the misdirected
economy in the first place were foremost to de-
nounce the mismanagement, loss, and suffering
which were primarily due to this same misdirected
economy and to the lack of preparation it Involved.
There should soon be an Increase in the number of
men for our coast defenses; these men should be of
the right type and properly trained; and there
should therefore be an increase of pay for certain
grades, especially in the coast artillery.

Money
for .\riny
Miineuvers

Money should be appropriated
to permit troops to be massed
in body and exercised in ma-
neuvers, particularly In march-
ing. Such exercise during the
summer Just past has been of
incalculable benefit to the army, and should under
no circumstances be discontinued. If. on these
practice marches and In these maneuvers, elderly
officers prove unable to bear the strain, they should
be retired at once, for the fact is conclusive as to
their unfitness for war; that is. for the only pur-
pose because of which they should be allowed to
stay In the service. It Is a real misfortune to have
scores of small company or regimental posts scat-
tered thruout the country; the army should
be gathered In a few brigade or division posts,
and the generals should be practiced In handling
men in masses. Neglect to provide for all this
means to Incur the risk of future disaster and
disgrace.

The readiness and efficiency of both the army
and navy in dealing with the recent sudden crisis
in Cuba illustrate afresh their value to the nation.
This readiness and efficiency would have been very
much less had it not been for the existence of the

general staff In the army and the general board
in the navy; both are essential to the proper devel-
opment and use of our military forces afloat and
ashore. The troops that were sent to Cuba were
handled flawlessly. It was the swiftest mobiliza-
tion and dispatch of troops over sea ever accom-
plished by our government. The expedition landed
completely equipped and ready for Immediate ser-
vice, several of its organizations hardly remain-
ing In Havana over night before splitting up into
detachments and going to their several posts. It
was a fine demonstration of the value and effi-
ciency of the general staff.

Cubnn
CrisiM
Well Met

Similarly, it was owing In large
part to the general board that
the navy was able at the outset
to meet the Cuban crisis with
such instant efficiency; ship af-
ter ship appearing on the short-
est notice at any threatened point, while tlie Ma-
rine Corps in particular performed indispensable
service.

The army and navy war colleges are of incalcu-
lable value to the two services, and they co-oper-
ate with constantly increasing efficiency and Im-
portance.

The Congress has most wisely provided for a
national board for the promotion of rifle practice.
Excellent results have already come from this law.
but it does not go far enough. Our regular army
is so small that In any great war we should have
to trust mainly to volunteers; and In such event
these volunteers should already know how to
shoot; for If a soldier has the fighting edge, and
ability to take care of himself In the open, his
efficiency on the line of battle is almost directly
proportionate to excellence in marksmanship. We
should establish shooting galleries in all the large
public and military schools, should maintain na-
tional target ranges in different parts of the
country, and should in every way encourage the
formation of rifle clubs thruout all parts of the
land. The little republic of Switzerland offers us
an excellent example In all matters connected with
building up an efficient citizen soldiery.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
The White House, December 3, 1906.

114

THE PANDEX

Skating Feature in a Recent Musical Comedy.

-New York World.

DRAMATIZING THE TIMES

PLAYWRIGHTS TRANSFERRING THE PASSIONS AND MOTIVES OF
THE HOUR TO THE STAGE— REACTION FROM THE FLIP-
PANT TO THE SERIOUS.— SOME INSPIRING INCIDENTS
FROM ACTUAL LIFE.

WHILE such dramatists as Bernard
Shaw are calling the attention of the
v.orld to the fact that any comprehensive
social reformation is probably impossible
vdthout the framing of some new religioiis
principles that shall touch the deeper im-
pulses of human nature, the sphere of the
drama itself progresses steadily toward an
apparently parallel conviction. Surfeited
with the flippant and having passed pretty
well thru what might be called its
"Romance" period of experiment and quest,
the stage begins to settle down into a serious
effort to reflect the spirit of its own times.
And the times, indeed, afford an abun-
dance of material, intense, graphic, absorbing

as one may readily observe by running thru
the alternating human incidents and dra-
matic criticisms which follow herewith :

LOVE, LABOR, AND CAPITAL

Charles Klein Uses Them in a Successor to
Lion and the Mouse."

'The

Charles Klein, for example, who made a
brilliant success with his dramatization of
the modern business man in the play called
'The Lion and the Mouse," has essayed
another portrayal which deals intimately
with characters and situations thoroly
familiar to the popular mind of the day.
Said Alan Dale in the New York American :

THE PANDEX

115

Labor and Capital made to assume the sweet
juxtaposition of Montague and Capulet — the
leader of men as the Romeo and the sweet capi-
talistic girl as the Juliet— give to Mr. Charles
Klein's "Daughters of Men," at the Astor The-
ater, a somewhat ponderous significance. Fo.-
you find yourself so moiled and broiled with fed-
erated companies, federated brotherhoods,
skilled mechanics, interstate combinations. Wall
Street, the money market, and the branches of
labor, that it is hard work to keep a tab on
such mere triviality as the tender passion. You
feel that you are munching editorials, inhaling
tracts, making a dash into the science of polit-
ical economy, sniffing at economics, and doing
dozens of very worthy things. But they are
the worthy things you generally get done before
you go to the theater.

Oh, the illusion of the playhouse, with its ro-
mance and its lift from the too serious topics of
the hour! At the Astor Theater last night one
realized in "The Daughters of Men" that Mr.
Klein said many extremely good things; that his
political views appeared to have been studied ;
that he took a logical view of labor and a logical
view of capital ; that the heroic Stedman, accused
of being a freethinker and an agitator, had the
elements of all correct stage heroes ; that the shim-
mering blonde thing in pale blue whom he loved
and who went to his rooms at dead of night (as
per usual) to ask him to call off the strike and
save her family from ruin was, after all, an
attractive heroine.

Still one could not disentangle the love theme
of the twain from the political ragout in which
it wallowed. It was like looking for a love story
in the Congressional Record or the Telephone
Book. It was culling sweet romance in a diction-
ary, or scenting poesy in a gazetteer. In fact,
it was an arduous though not wholly impossible
task. The sincerity of the play itself told con-
siderably in its favor. Sincerity in the drama
has a great charm of its own. Those who de-
clined to invest Mr. Klein's political play with
as much human interest as it may have possessed
must at any rate admit its sincerity. That sin-
cerity never let up for one moment.

Stedman, the labor hero, was sincere in every-
thing he said and did. Sincerity oozed through
his fine white teeth. He was sincere to his
cause, sincere to his girl, sincere to his friends,
sincere to his enemies. So was the shimmering
She in pale blue. I'm sorry to say that one
longed for just one touch of insincerity in the
feminine element of the play. Yes, one longed
for it.

Then there was the creature of impulse, born
in anarchy and exuding all sorts of sweet, un-
girlish sentiments. She, too, was sincere. Pos-
sibly she has her prototype in this city — probably
you could name that prototype — but it was not
in her sincerity that she convinced last night.
Louise, in the comedy moments that followed her
first entrance, was delightful. She was the kind-
est thing that happened in "The Daughters of
Men." Then the sincerity got in and did its

fell work. Louise hurled denunciations, exhaled
vituperation, and sank to the level of her asso-
ciates.

A curious play, "The Daughters of Men."
Not for an instant is it trashy or inconsequent;
not for a moment is it light or flippant. It is
dealing all the time with truths, and vital truths.
It is saying things that right-minded people say
and think. But — unfortunately — right-minded
people do not always say and think them when
they are viewing a drama. Mr. Klein's play is
too good, too thoughtful, too missionary, too un-
relenting in its object, to preachy and too deter-
mined to impress us into the right way of life.
It is an extremely worthy defect — if any defect
may be called worthy.

DRAMA OF LOVE AND POLITICS

Broadhurst's "The Man of the Hour" Deals

Entertainingly with City Affairs.
Another play, similar in personnel and
purport .to that of Mr. Klein's, is described
in the New York Times as follows :

A youthful mayor who can not be bribed or
intimidated, a financier who wants to get control
of a street railway franchise in perpetuity, and a
pair of political bosses who are at odds with
each other and who are fighting to gain suprem-
acy in their organization — these are the chief
characters in George Broadhurst's play, "The
Man of the Hour," which was seen for the first
time at the Savoy Theater.

Given the further fact that the young mayor
loves the financier's niece, that his opposition to
the railway deal will involve her fortune, which
has been invested in the stock, and any one may
easily get at the heart of what it required four
acts to adjust. Less time might have been ex-
pended in solving the issues. But in justice to
Mr. Broadhurst it must be said that a good deal
of very fair enjoyment would have been sacri-
ficed thereby.

"The Man of the Hour" is virile melodrama.
It is best in its scenes of political juggling, but
there is a vein of good fun, and occasionally of
the genuine humor of character contrast running
pleasantly through the whole. It contains three
or four highly amusing figures, and has three or
four situations that are theatrically intense.
And though one may have guessed for a moment
at the outset that the financier's private secre-
tary, who is eventually to betray him into the
hands of his enemies, is none other than the son
of the man whom he (the financier) ruined so
many years before, so much will have happened
before that denouement comes that the point
will be made with nearly as much effectiveness
as if it had not all been skilfully planned for
in advance.

As a matter of fact, there is a good deal of
ingenuity exhibited in Mr. Broadhurst's play,
skill in composition and in arrangement. He di.s-

116

THE PANDEX

plays constructive cleverness, and he has written
some excellent natural dialogue. And several
capital actors play the principal character roles
and lend the value of excellent service to the
play. Of its kind, it is the most entertaining
seen in several seasons.

GOSSIP COSTS FOUR LIVES

Man's Attack on Woman's Good Name Causes
Murder and Three Suicides.
While such dramatists as the above are
reaching the public ear and eye with the
plays of intimate human passion, there Ijap-
pens such tragedy as the following in real
life. The item is from the Chicago Record-
Kerald:

Owosso, Mich. — The slighting words of one
man concerning the honor of a neighbor's wife
have cost the lives of four persons in West Haven
township within the last five days. Mrs. Burt
A. Seeley, the woman of whom the words were
spoken, and her husband, who was suspected of
the murder of Edwin Edgar, the woman 's ac-
cuser, committed suicide last night. Edgar was
murdered last Wednesday. Mrs. Melvin Haugh-
ton was the fourth victim. Her mind became
unsettled by the strain of Edgar's murder, and
Thursday she drank acid.

The bodies of Seeley and his wife were found
in bed this morning. The husband's arm was'
about his wife. A bottle of strychnine, from
which they had taken large quantities, was on
a stand by the bed. Pinned to the cover of the
stand were these notes :

"To-night, to-night is our last. Don't blame
Dewev. Good-by, good-bv, mother.

"B. A. Seeley."

"Good-by, father, mother, and everybody;
Burt and I have taken poison. Take our things
and do as you have a mind to with them, and
above all things don't put any blame on Dewey's
shoulders or anyone else. We alone E^re respon-
sible. Your daughter,

"Lottie."

Dewey is Burt Seeley 's brother.

Seeley and Edgar lived within a quarter of
a mile of each other from childhood, attending
the same country school and settling down on
farms on the same road. As they grew up, their
pathways drew apart. Edgar had the reputation
of being a model young man, while Seeley was
wild.

The first open quarrel between the two oc-
curred one Sunday late in September, when they
met in the woods. Seeley declared his mother
had said Edgar was making threats to "do him
up."

"Then your mother is a liar," Edgar replied.

The altercation grew. Then Edgar one day
made the remark which is believed to have caused

his death. To another man he asserted that Mrs.
Seeley was unfaithful to her husband.

The story reached the ears of Seeley and his
wife. Both were infuriated, and it is believed
by many that Mrs. Seeley urged her husband,
whom she seems to have dominated in all his acts,
that he avenge the attack upon her name. Edgar
was ambushed at night on a lonely road and
shot to death.

At first the police were at a loss to solve the
murder mystery. Then they learned of the old
enmity between Seeley and Edgar. Seeley and
his wife were summoned to appear at the in-
quest. The inquiry was set for an early day.
Circumstantial evidence, so strong that
Seeley apparently believed he could not escape,
was uncovered.

It was then the determination of the man and
wife to end their lives and the woman's control
over her husband was apparent. The note written
by her is in firm, clear writing. Seeley 's hand-
writing is wavering and betrays the agitation
under which he was laboring. From the condi-
tion of the stomachs of the man and wife, too,
it was apparent that Seeley had eaten no supper,
while the woman, calm and determined, to the
last, had had a substantial meal.

FORGETS CASTELLANE CASE

Paris Society Finds a New Sensation Keener
Than Count Boni's.

In France, where life has never been lack-
ing in food for the dramatic imagination,
there is such an incident as the following to
recall the Castellane case and to encourage
the playwright toward the composition of a
v/ork that will adequately portray both the
satire and the pathos of the foreign-
American marriages. Said the New York
American :

Paris. — Rivalling the widespread interest dis-
played by the gay set of Paris in the Count
Boni de Castellane divorce proceedings is that
in the coming hearing of the Le Bargy divorce
case. The rush of applications for seats in the
court is unprecedented. Madame Le Bargy has
been thrust before the public not only as an
actress of great talent, but also for the attention
which she received from the son of Casimer-
Perier, a former president of the republic. It
is concerning this affair that the suit has come
about.

Madame Simone Le Bargy, wife of the cele-
brated actor, was at the height of her histrionic
success in June as the heroine of Bernstein 's
"La Rafale," when the production came to a
sudden end. The star and her impetuous young
admirer of twenty-three had fled to London,
away from her husband, who is the idol of the
French matinee. The Ex-president followed to

T HE P A N D E X

117

BEFORE AND

The way a franc looked to Boni when he was
in close touch with the Gould cash box. (Arrow
shows franc.)

AFTER.

The way a franc looks to Boni since the en-
tente cordiale between himself and the cash box
has been disturbed. (Arrow shows Boni.)

— Chicago Tribune.

entreat his son to return to France and became
himself enamored of the charms of the beauty.
The injured husband sought in vain to win her
back, and got the answer from her, "It matters
little whom one lives with. Life is boring any-
way. ' '

Admission to French divorce trials is by in-
vitation only, the lawyers and judges giving out
the tickets. In this instance there will be far
too few cards to go around. Casimer-Perier was
the richest and, after Carnot, the most distin-
guished and polished of French presidents.

RABBI UPHOLDS A PLAY

Indianapolis Jewish Preacher Approves the
Dramatic Satire of Shaw.
That Bernard Shaw was not entirely apart
from the thought of his times is suggested

iri the following from the Chicago Inter-
Ocean :

Cleveland, Ohio. — In a sermon on "Shifting
Standards of Morality" at the Wilson Avenue
Temple, Rabbi N. Feurliclit of Indianapolis de-
clared that the Shaw comedy, "Man and Super-
man," is an incisive indictment against moral
standards of the time. He said that it was folly
to plead not guilty to the charges the play makes
as too many of them are true.

As an illustration of what is termed that staid
and sometimes cowardly morality of the day, at
which Shaw takes a fling in his play. Rabbi Feur-
licht cited the case of Maxim Gorky, Russian
novelist, who was given so chilly a reception in
America when the claim was made by a hotel-
keeper that his companion was not his legal wife.

"He came upon a special errand, a great polit-
ical and humanitarian mission," said Rabbi

118

THE PANDEX

Feurlicht. "We welcomed him with loud ac-
claim.

"The aristocracy of wealth and culture of the
land admired and fawned upon him. Newspapers
exalted and praised him. But suddenly all this
ceased. A hotel-keeper in New York, representa-
tive and guardian of our twentieth century mo-
rality, refused to receive the novelist. His com-
panion, it was said, was not his legal wife. All
at onee the great emissary of freedom was
dropped as an unclean thing into the gutter.
Praise was turned into abuse ; admiration into
vituperation. Society which had fondled him
closed the doors upon him.

"Maxim Gorky had been wedded, but the
couple disagreed. A divorce was impossible in
Russia, so each lived apart and each remarried,
his wife even before he. Gorky selected as his
wife one of the most reputable and brilliant
women of Russia.

"We, apparently a just and reasonable people,
were eager to show our respectability. To do
so we sacrificed the two eternal principles of
righteousness and justice — righteousness in that
we failed to search for the truth, and justice in
that we neglected a transcendent opportunity
to rescue a suffering people from aristocratic
bondage.

"It is just that sort of conduct against which
'Man and Superman' is aimed. Because of our
conventional standards we are all more or less
prudes. ' '

MUD-RAKES MEDICAL PROFESSION

"Sick Doctor Is Most Tragic Thing in World,"
Says Playwright.

If there was a time in England when the
honored practices of the medical profession
were made the butt of keen sarcasm by
Charles Reade, it is not inconceivable, from
the following item from the Chicago Inter-
Ocean, that a present-day satirist like Shaw
may again aim shafts at the medicists and
their ways :

London. — Here is some of the talk in George
Bernard Shaw's play, "The Doctor's Dilemma":

"Most medical discoveries are made every lif-
teen years regularly."

"The most tragic thing in the world is a sick
doctor. He is like a bald-headed man trying to
sell a hair restorer."

"We would be far healthier if every chem-
ist's shop in England were demolished."

"What is a surgical operation? Only manual
labor."

"I don't believe in morality. I am a disciple
of Bernard Shaw."

"It shows want of taste to speak about death,
especially in the presence of a medical man."

"If you knew as much as I about the ignorance
and superstition of patients you would wonder
at doctors being as honest as they are."

The play is very successful, although the
critics agree that it is not a play at all, only a
discourse a la Shaw in three acts and an epilogue.

The chief problem the play offers for discus-
sion is, of course: "Was the doctor right?"
but this is only one of the questions raised in
the play's course. "Should widows marry
again?" "Ought artists be honest?" "Do doe-
tors know anything?" "Should children be vac-
cinated ? " "Is the vivisection of dogs justifi-
able?" are a few others.

A JAPANESE DREAM PLAY

Invited Audience Sees Fuji-Ko at the Garden
Theater in New York.

Sooner of later, of course, some dramatist
i^J going to be able to rise to the treatment
of race antagonisms, such as are now current
between certain people of the United States
and the Japanese, and between the whites
and negroes. Meantime there is the follow-
ing incident, as described in the New York
Times, to show the extent to which drama is
extra-racial and extra-territorial :

Fuji-Ko, rejoicing othenvise in the title, "The
Lady of the Wistarias," appeared before an in-
vited audience at the Garden Theater recently in a
so-called Japanese dream play, which proved to be
one part monologue, very poorly written, with
one part moving pictures, and a tiny bit of
Japanese dancing which added the one pleasing
touch of variety to the whole. According to a
note on the program the play is founded on the
Japanese belief that the spirits of dead soldiers
return at twilight — when the "honorable bugle
calls them home — to guide the hands, to keep
true the hearts of their countrymen."

Goruku-Tanaka, having been called to war, and
supposedly among the dead, his little wife,
0-Tsuri-San, in order to support herself and
"the Baby," adopts the profession of Geisha.
She tells in a long story the various incidents of
her life past and present, with frequent pauses
in the recital, while badly painted biograph pic-
tures are shown supposedly illustrating the inci-
dents. The whole is accompanied by music,
which someliow fails to always seem appropriate,
though it is credited on the program to Mr.
Paul Bevan, M. A. F. S. A., Honorable Secretary,
"Japan Society," London.

Eventually 0-Tsuri-San burns incense before
an altar, prays for the return of her husband,
and he stands before her, a very substantial sort
of vision. He tells the Geisha that he is not a
dream, but a reality, her own husband come back,
and the curtain falls.

J\iji-Ko's dance with fans is pretty and un-
usual, but the rest of her performance is color-
less, insipid, and uninteresting.

THE PANDEX

119

RUSH! RUSH! RUSH! HERE COMES THE BOGIE MAN.

— New York American.

REALISM AT WORST IN BERLIN

Play a Succession of Horrors Which Rouse In-
dignation of the Audience.

Before passing into the realm of the
aitistic and the permanent, all forms of art
usually have to express themselves in the
most extreme terms of realism. The follow-
ing from the Philadelphia North American
i -. an instance in point :

Berlin. — Remarkable scenes took place at the
production of a drama entitled "Chevalier Blue-
beard," by Herr Herbert Eulenberg, at the Les-
sing Theater here recently.

The play surpasses anything that has liitherto

been presented to the theater-going public in the
way of downright sordid and horrible realism.

In the first act the horrified audience saw on
the stage a crypt in which lay the heads of five
wives already murdered by Bluebeard. The sec-
ond act represented a wedding banquet on the
stage, which is suddenly disturbed by the only
son of Bluebeard, who drinks until he falls into
delirium tremens, and then runs amuck, demol-
ishing everything within his reach. Suddenly,
after a most disgusting exhibition of drunken
delirium, he falls on his knees and says the
Lord's Prayer.

More Horrors.

The third act reveals Bluebeard murdering his
sixth wife. During the fourth act the burial of

120

THE PANDEX

the sixth wife takes place on the stage. There
is a coffin, with weeping relatives, and after the
funeral service the coffin is lowered into the grave
by ropes, the planks are removed and earth is
thi-own on the coffin.

The son, still in delirium tremens, hangs him-
self on a tree on the stage in full view of the
audience, and soon afterward the dead wife's sis-
ter drowns herself in despair.

The fifth act shows Bluebeard attempting to
murder his seventh and last wife. She escapes
from him, springs into the flames of his burning
castle and perishes, likewise in full view of the
audience. Her father and brother thereupon ap-
pear and kill Bluebeard without more ado.

This play is not intended to be melodramatic,
but an extremely modern realistic drama, the
Lessing Theater having long enjoyed the repu-
tation of being the home of one of the highest
forms of dramatic art.

The audience began to hoot, shout, and hiss in
the third act, and general indignation rose by
degrees until a perfect storm broke out in the
last act. The spectators shouted: "This is dis-
gusting!" "This is a scandal!" "This is pro-
fane!" "Stop it!"

Loud hoots and hisses at times made the actors
almost inaudible, and many persons rose in their
places and shook their fists at the actors and
actresses, gesticulating wildly with righteous in-
dignation.

Most critics condemn the play, but a few
praise it as revealing wonderful talent.

COURTED BY MAIL EIGHT YEARS

Trenton Co-ed Will Journey Alone to the Philip-
pines to Wed Her Soldier.

Here is another of the incidents of real
romance that serve to keep up the imagina-
tion of the playwrights. It is from the New-
York World :

Trenton, N. J. — A romance of two former
co-eds in the state schools here will have a happy
climax in a wedding in the Philippines. The
principals are Miss Florence Wilkinson Watson,
daughter of John Watson, a Trenton business
man of prominence, and Lieutenant William T.
Butler, a former resident of Morrisville, Pa., now
serving in the United States Army in the Philip-
pines.

The bride-elect will travel alone across the con-
tinent and by steamship to the Philippines, and
upon her arrival in Manila the ceremony will be
performed.

Miss Watson has not seen her sweetheart in
eight years. In that time he had done all his
courting by mail. She was only a school girl
when he left home to join Uncle Sam's forces in
the war with Spain, but at his request she prom-
ised to write to him.

Cupid kept a watchful eje on the mails and

for eight years letters between the couple were
very regular. Recently there was a proposal
from the soldier and an acceptance by the girl.
Lieutenant Butler could not leave his post of
duty, even to be married, and so his bride will go
to him. She says she is not afraid to make tlie
long journey alone.

The bridegroom-to-be is a self-made officer.
He entered the service as a private. Miss Wat-
son will start for the Philippines as soon as she
can get her trousseau ready.

WOMAN LASHED TO WHEEL

Brings the Gold Hunter to Machias, Maine, After
a Terrible Experience.
The following, from the Indianapolis
News, is likely some day to find its way into
the melodrama :

Machias, Me. — To the heroic fortitude of the
captain's wife, Mrs. Frank McGuire, who stood
lashed to the wheel during the severe gale that
swept the New England coast from Sunday, No-
vember 11, to the following Wednesday, is due
largely the safety of the schooner Gold Hunter,
of Blue Hills, Me., which woiked her way into
this harbor, eleven days overdue from Portland.
The little vessel showed plainly the marks of the
storm. Her deck was swept clean and her sails
were in tatters, but the hull withstood the ter-
rific pounding it received.

The Gold Hunter, with Captain McGuire, his
wife, and one man for an assistant, left Port-
land, November 10, with a general cargo for this
port. November 11 the Gold Hunter made good
progress with clear weather until afternoon,
when the wind breezed up from the northeast
while the vessel was four miles off Peter Manan
light.

Split the Mainsail.

A sudden gust of wind split the mainsail of
the vessel and carried away the jibs. Without
her headsails the little schooner became unman-
ageable. The sea made up rapidly and the vessel
was continually smothered in the wash of the
combers. Mrs. McGuire was below at the time
the storm broke, preparing supper, but rushed
on deck and took the wheel while her husband
and his assistant went to work to bend on a fore-
sail so as to bring the vessel up to the wind.

W^ith the ei'aft wallowing wildly in the trough
of the sea this task was most difficult. With
great patience and consummate seamanship the
two men labored for hours to get their little rag
of sail set. while Mrs. McGuire, lashed to the
wheel, aided as well as she could by what little
steering was possible on the almost helpless
craft. Finally the foresail was rigged, double
reefed, and while the two men clung exhausted
to the mast, Mrs. McGuire brought the vessel
around head-up to the wind and held her there
for forty-eight hours.

THE PANDEX

121

Drifted Out to Sea.
Before the fury of the gale the vessel drifted
out to sea for ninety-six miles off Mount Desert
Rock. In all this time it was impossible to cook
food or even to heat any coffee. Kept up only
by excitement and pluck, Mrs. McGuire clung

with the helm "kicking" strongly to the wild
plunges of the ship, but the endurance of the
rugged north woman was equal to the test.

November 13 the gale abated, and the two
men rigged temporary sails before Mrs. McGuire
could be relieved from her post. All hands were

THE DUKE AND COUNT CLUB.

to her post through the height of the gale, while
Captain McGuire and his man attended to their
little storm sail, which continually broke from its
fastenings. It was a man's work at the wheel

exhausted with their struggles and exposure, and
under such scanty' canvas as could be set it was
hard and slow work bringing the Gold Hunter
into port, where she had been given up for lost.

122

THE PANDEX

CHANCE FREED HIM FROM PRISON

Man Who Procured His Conviction Twenty-three

Years Ago, Touched by Pity, Obtains

a Pardon from Governor.

Either melodrama or the sincere romance

ox human strife may take the following

from the New York World for its theme :

The circumstances that led to the release last
Monday of Guiseppe Guidici from life imprison-
ment in Auburn prison show what an important
factor chance is in the career of some men.
Twenty-four years ago a mere boy in intelligence
and experience came to this country from Italy.
Behind him he left his four-year-old sister Anna,
whom he promised to bring over as soon as he
had made enough money. Three months later
he was under sentence of death for the muVder
of a countrymen whom he shot in a quarrel. His
case at that time excited a great deal of sym-
pathy, and through the intercession of such well-
known persons as Judge Tracy, Henry Ward
Beecher, General Catlin, Judge Rapallo, and Mr.
and Mrs. Cantoni, of Brooklyn, David B. Hill,
then governor, commuted his sentence to life
imprisonment.

He was first taken to Sing Sing, where his
good behavior and quiet demeanor won him the
praise and confidence of the prison officials and
in 1890 he was transferred to Auburn. For
twenty years Guidici labored behind prison walls
utterly despairing that he would ever become a
free man again. Last February, however, by
strange chance. Justice Almet F. Jenks, of the
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, who
in 1884, as assistant district attorney of Kings
Couiity, conducted the prosecution of Guidici,
met him in Auburn Prison.

A Strange Meeting.

The Justice, in company with Justice Nathan
L. Miller-, had gone to Rochester to attend a ban-
quet given to the justices of the Appellate Divi-
sion, and was the guest of Justice Rich, who sug-
gested a visit to the prison. It was Sunday, and
the warden in showing them around chanced to
call Guidici, who was near by, to bring him a
key. When the convict returned. Justice Jenks,
much impressed with the quiet demeanor of
Guidici, made inquiries about him.

When told the history of the man, the Justice
suddenly recalled that he had conducted his
prosecution. Questioning the warden still
further, he learned that of all trustworthy and
well-behaved convicts in the prison, Guidici was
the model. He had earned the confidence of the
warden and the keepers and for eleven years had
been a trusty with the freedom of the entire
prison. Justice Jenks was touched and calling
the prisoner to him said:

"Guidici, do you remember me? I was the
district attorney who sent you here."

"No, sir," replied the prisoner.

"Would you like to be free?" continued the
Justice.

"Yes, sir, I would," rejoined Guidici. "I am
contented here. They treat me very well, but I
would like to be free. I have been here so long —
twenty-three years," and bowed with grief the
convict hung his head while tears rolled down
his cheeks.

Justice Jenks was much affected and promised
Guidici that he would try to secure his pardon.
From that day he, as well as Judge Miller, la-
bored until they obtained a full pardon for Gui-
dici from Governor Higgins. But the kind-
hearted justices did not stop there. They wanted
to make the man's future as secure as possible,
and accordingly Guidici will leave in a parlor
coach on the New York Central Railroad for
Cortland, N. Y., where Justice Miller has a
farm. There work will be given Guidici for the
rest of his days.

CALLS LOVE A DREAM

Lecturer Says Race Will End in Madhouse if
Present Marriages Go On.

Occasionally the misanthrope appears in
actual life exactly as in the play. Here is a
recent instance, as given in the Chicago
Keeord-Herald :

' ' If the people of America would keep the com-
ing generations from inhabiting madhouses they
should abolish indiscriminate marriages, forget
that hallucination called love, and choose their
life partners on the same principle that a suc-
cessful cattleman chooses his stock."

In the above sentence Doctor Julius Grinker,
professor of nervous and mental diseases at the
Chicago Post Graduate Medical School, recently
voiced a warning to the American public of the
great dangers which may confront it in the near
future. He spoke in the Public Library Building
under the auspices of the Chicago Medical Soci-
ety on "American Nervousness, Its Cause and
Cure." A large audience listened to the address.

Doctor Grinker eliminated all scientific terms
from his lecture and told the audience in plain
words of the nervous diseases which were slowly
but surely eating their way into the lives of the
people of this country. Considerable stress was
laid on the subject of marriage and heredity, and
the great evils which result from bad marriages
were shown.

"Like begets like," said he, "and the nervous
system bows to the law of all life — the law of
heredity; the law that governs your life and
mine. If we are bundles of unstable nerves and
abnormal susceptibilities, it is but little trouble
to trace the cause back to our forefathers. The
youth of to-day should be educated and com-
pelled to choose his mate in the way that fine
horses and cattle are chosen. When a man
comes to marrying he should choose his wife in
the same way that she chooses a new dress.

"Love is a wonderful thing. It is a halluci-

THE PANDEX

123

nation, an illusion provided by nature to cause
men and women to mate and to procreate the
species. But love should be thrust in the back-
ground and relegated to the scrap heap of worn-
out adages if the health and security of poster-
ity is to be taken into consideration. Do not
have your children afflicted with the evils that
have been inflicted upon you. Stop falling in love
with a pretty face, and get a wife who is healthy
and will rear strong and wholesome children.

"If there could be a law passed in this coun-
try by which men and women would be compelled
to undergo physical examinations and have the
physical records of their ancestors investigated
before a marriage would be allowed it would be
the best thing that could possibly happen. If it
were possible that this law could be passed,
hundreds of diseases, ailments, and ills would
be eradicated from the race."

Doctor Grinker spoke of the prevailing causes
of nervousness and told of the numerous little
things by which the neuresthenic could be easily
distinguished. America, he said, had more nerv-
ous people than any other country in the world,
almost one member of every family in the United
States being afflicted with some form or other
of nervousness. Among the most nervous class,
he said, women predominated.

"You see thousands and thousands of nervous
women on the streets every day," said he, "and
about ninety-nine out of a hundred should be
in a sanitarium. The shopping habit is one of
the great causes."

Besides heredity, Doctor Grinker said that en-
vironment had much to do with the prevailing
nervous epidemic. The bringing up of children,
he said, was the most important and the most
ignored phase of the situation.

NEW MARRIAGE SOLUTION

New York Woman Creates a Storm by Proposing
Trial Wedlock.

No drama of the current day could be
adequate, whether it pretended to be prob-
Ifiri play or not, which failed to take account
of the almost universal controversy as to
how love, which seeks to express itself in
matrimony, may most safely risk its gratifi-
cation. Therefore, it will be others than thtj
comedians who will give their minds to the
following from the Chicago Inter-Ocean:

New York. — Trial marriage is one of the re-
forms advocated by Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons in
a book published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, en-
titled, "The Family."

The author is the daughter of Henry Clews,
the banker, and wife of Congressman Herbert
Parsons of this city. She is a doctor of philoso-
phy, a Hartley housefellow, and was for six years
a lecturer in sociology at Harvard College. The
volume just issued consists of fifteen lectures. It

is a comprehensive, painstaking essay of the
family relations from ancient times to the pres-
ent day, and embraces a great mass of data con-
cerning marriage among all civilized people.

For the infelicities which beset the institution
of matrimony to-day Mrs. Parsons oilers reme-
dies, to be applied before or after the nuptial
knot is tied. The ante-marriage precaution she
advises is a legal supervision of the qualities of
the would-be contracting parties, to the end that
their fitness for the connubial state may be deter-
mined before the license is granted.

Favors Marriage on Probation.

She has much to say about trial or time mar-
riages. The trial marriage as suggested by her
is a union in which the couple set a time limit
on the partnership or fix a period of probation.
At the end of such period, if the relation is found
to be satisfactory, it may be continued.

If, for any of the many reasons Mrs. Parsons
enumerates, the man and wife deem it best to
part, they may do so by mutual agreement, with-
out the intervention of the courts. The author
favors, also, the removal of legal restraint on
either the man or woman so divorced from remar-
rying.

Intended as Guide to Mothers.

The main part of the book is given to the
story of social origins and developments, par-
ticularly in respect to the family relation. In the
closing chapter, which is an ethical consideration
of what has gone before, the author points out
present-day matrimonial evils and suggests re-
forms. The work as a whole, Mrs. Parsons says,
is intended to prove a useful guide for the intel-
ligent mothers, "who, single-handed, undertake
the responsibility of fitting their daughters for
useful and joyous womanhood."

After showing that men and women bent upon
maniage in the past gave no thought to society's
welfare, the author says that she perceives a
changing tendency in modern times.

"There are signs already," she announces,
"of the spread of the idea that the individual
is brought to consider the effects on society of
his or her marriage. Individuals tainted by epi-
lepsy, insanity, inebriacy, deaf mutism, etc., are
taught by many to be morally guilty if they
marry. There is a growing realization of the
cost to the state of reproduction by its di.seased
or vicious subjects, and a growing inclination to
prevent these classes from reproducing them-
selves.

Eugenics a Religious Dogma.

"If the biological knowledge of the future
throws more light upon the present-day mysteries
of heredity — demonstrating the disastrous results
of the mating of those handicapped by minor as
well as more flagrant taints or lacks — the social
obligation in marriage will be held more and more
considerable. The social demand for the posses-
sion of progressive traits, physical, moral, and
mental, as well as lack of disease on the part of
the child bearers and begeters, will exert more

124

THE PANDBX

and more pressure upon the individual. Eugenics,
as Professor Dalton suggests, will become a reli-
gious dogma.

"The relation between married persons should
be that best fitting them for their task of parent-
hood. It should be one allowing for a full devel-
opment of their natures, for all their capabilities
should be taxed in their role of parenthood. It
is unfortunate that in the emancipation-of-woman
agitation of the past half century the reformers
failed to emphasize the social as well as the
individualistic need of change."

Early Marriages, Under Conditions.

Mrs. Parsons makes a plea for early marriages
under certain conditions of education, but admits
the force of some arguments advanced against
them.

"It would therefore seem well," she says,
"from this point of view to encourage early trial
marriages, the relation to be entered into with a
view to permanency, but with the privilege of
breaking it if proved unsuccessful, and in the
absence of offspring, without suffering any great
degree of public condemnation:

"If individualism and altruism are to be recon-
ciled in the view that child-bearing and rearing
is the most important of all social services, the
desirability of change in many social relations
in and out of the family will have to be frankly
faced and, if necessary, new adaptations must
be welcomed."

Discusses Various Forms.

In another part of the book, which treats of
the various forms of marriage, is this passage :

"Duration of marriage in the lifetime of the
married persons seems, to a great extent, to be
dependent upon its form. Where monogamy pre-
vails, it is often accompanied by forms of promis-
cuity or by readily obtained divorce. Polygamy
satisfies, to a certain extent, the desire for vari-
ety to which transiency of relationships is often
due. In this connection Sir John Lubbock makes
an enlightening distinction between lax and brit-
tle mayriage. Wliere an enduring form of mar-
riage is prescribed, marriage tends to be lax ; i. e.,
polygamous or accomplished by promiscuity;
where separation is more or less optional, it tends
to be brittle.

"Incidentally, let us note here, in illustration
of the brittle marriage, so-called time and trial
marriages. In time marriages a contract for mar-
riage for a stated time is made. The time may
be fpr a fixed number of days during the week
(part time marriage). This is a lax rather than
a brittle arrangement. Or for a stated continu-
ous period (term marriage, hand fasting). At
the end of the stated period the relation may or
may not be made permanent. • * » Trial
marriage is a variety of time marriage, it being
distinctly agreed that the relationship may be
di.ssolved at any time."

By making legal provisions for greater care
in the forming of conjugal alliances, however,
Mrs.' Parsons would avert many unhappy results
and simplify the problem of felicitous marriages.

She goes so far as to suggest a matrimonial
white list, although she leaves a possible black
list to the imagination of the reader.

STILL A QUEEN— OF DREAMS

In Her Fancy Mrs. Astor Still Entertains Many
Who Are Dead and Gone.
Royalty has always had its pathetic tales
of declining greatness, which lives in mock
state and holds its court in the halls of its
own disordered imagination; but few would
have thought that America's aristocracy
would ever have had the dramatic story to
recount which is given as follows in the
Denver Post :

Her mind clouded, her health shattered, Mrs.
Astor, last and greatest of the supreme leaders
of New York society, will never again sit upon
her throne. A dreamer of strange dreams, this
American social leader ends her career in sorrow.

There will be no Astor ball this season. There
can not be, for Mi's. Astor will not be able to
entertain. The whispers behind fans, in bou-
doirs, and over teacups are now loudly voiced in
the revelation that Mrs. Astor is insane.

She believes that she is still at the zenith of
her power and glory as a social leader, but she
reigns only in a court thronged with courtiers of
her imagination, the images of lovely women and
gallant men — some of them are quick, but more
dead — by whom, in fancy, she sees herself sur-
rounded.

In the dead hours of the night, the Astor Fifth
Avenue mansion will be a blaze of light, and
within the empty drawing rooms Mrs. Astor will
be strolling about among her imaginary guests.

Night after night the watchman in front sees
the lights flash up in the drawing rooms, the
conservatory, the guest chambers, the ballroom,
wherever Mrs. Astor directs, for it has been ar-
ranged that all her moods and whims be humored,
and that she be under no physical restraint. Act-
ing under the orders of Mrs. Astor 's children.
Colonel John Jacob Astor, whose mansion ad-
joins that of his mother, Mrs. Orme Wilson and
Mrs. Haig, the servants exert themselves to
humor her eccentricities and obey her orders to
the letter, so far as they may be for her wel-
fare.

Day and Night Servants at Her Call.

Taint streams of music will creep through the
massive doors and double windows. In her rest-
lessness she oftens craves music. Not infre-
quently a brougham will dash up to the porte-
cochere with a yawning coachman and footman
on the box. The portal will swing open, perhaps,
and a slim figure, wrapped in furs and sustained
by two serving men, will come to the threshold.

A shake of the head and the little group van-
ishes inside. A footman waves to the coachman
and the carriage returns to the stables. Mrs.

THE PANDEX

125

Astor has been persuaded not to set out in the
dead of night to pay a round of calls.

Mrs. Astor is obsessed of the idea that she is
still at the zenith of her power and glory as
leader of society. She sits at her desk, and with
her secretary, or companion, plans state dinners,
grand balls, little supper parties after the opera.
They indulge her to the top of her beiit. The
engraved cards with a line blank for the date
are brought out, names of the guests whom she
designates are written in, and the envelopes
are addressed.

She checks off the list. Querulously she de-
bates upon the eligibility of this woman or that
man.

Then the bundles of invitations are borne from
the room on a silver salver by a servant and
burned in the furnace. It does not matter to
Mrs. Astor. She forgets.

In the daytime she drives, not often, but when-
ever she can not be persuaded to remain indoors.
It is typical of her condition that she regards
persons and objects inversely. This renders her
amenable to control by taking a contrary, posi-
tion.

How She Is Managed.

If it is not thought best to permit her to
drive, Dr. Flint, the nurse, Colonel Astor, or one
of her .servants will suggest that she go out in
the carriage. Mrs. Astor will decide not to go.

When she will not eat, she is told that she
can not have food. She orders it, to prove her
mastery of her affairs in her own household, and
food is brought to her.

She has conceived the idea that the doonvays
in the mansion are incorrectly placed, that the
arched tops should be on the floor and the sills
at the ceiling. She ordered a table fastened to
the ceiling of one of her private apartments,
declaring that the guests whom she expected to
dinner could not be seated comfortably in any
other way.

Tlie table was secured as she wanted it, but
she was not satisfied that it could not be u.sed
until she had had a stepladder fetched and
vainly essayed to climb it to get to the table.

Quire after quire of her monogramed paper
is covered with invitations to noted society
women, asking them to call and discuss arrange-
ments for balls and dinners.

The letters, of course, are never mailed. The
topics of which they treat are gone from Mrs.
Astor 's mind before the ink on the notes is dry.

She accosts her servants and other attendants
by the names of her friends, those who have
shared with her the social successes of the past
and present generation. This one is Mrs. Fish,
that Mrs. Belmont, the other Ward McAllister,
another Mrs. Oelrichs, a maid Mrs. Vanderbilt,
and so on. Those who have seen Richard Mans-
field in the final act of "Beau Brummel" can im-
agine these distressing and heart-rending scenes.

Intervals of lavish generosity come when Mrs.
Astor will summon her servants and deck them
out in some of the treasures of her wardrobe, and
of her jewel coffers. She smiles pleasedly as she

tosses them rich silks, satins, and furs, and re-
quests them to don them; or hangs about their
necks diamond necklaces, ropes of pearls, set-
ting diamond crowns, coronets, and tiaras upon
their heads, and loading their fingers with gems.

"You will oblige me by accepting these," she
asks plaintively. They bear the jewels and the
dresses away and put them back in their places.

Nurses and Doctors Fear the End May Come.

Sleep flees her for days. Then she is given opi-
ates, not too many nor in too strong doses, for
the physicians fear for her heart. She dreads
the night. When her fitful tossing ceases and
she lies quiet, a felt-shod nurse extinguishes the
lights in the great chamber. Then she flits to a
corner and seats herself where she can watch
the bed. In the shadows the nurse waits, satis-
fled so long as the quiet breathing of the patient
murmurs in the dark, fearing lest it cease and
the impending shadows close down upon the
house, as soon they must.

Mi-s. Astor is the daughter of Abraham Scher-
merhorn, a wealthy merchant of the old city.
She was never a beauty, but no woman who rose
to her eminence in society was ever so generally
and devotedly loved and respected.

It is a tradition that she was never heard to
utter an unkind word of any one. Scandal she
would neither listen to nor repeat.

Her sweetness of disposition and habit was
unchanged even during the provocations of the
famous Astor family feud that arose over the
question of which should be called "Mrs. Astor"
and be the head of the family on the distaff side
• — Mrs. William Astor or Mrs. William Waldorf
Astor, the wife of the son of John Jacob Astor,
William Astor 's brother.

It was that victory which firmly established
Mrs. Astor in her position as leader of society.

Mrs. William Waldorf Astor, defeated, re-
moved to England and died there.

It can not be doubted that Mrs. Astor is the
last society leader. Society as it is now con-
stituted is too large to resign itself to the domi-
nation of one woman. There are over-many
intei-necine quarrels. Besides, where is there a
woman of birth, position, and wealth who has
Mrs. Astor 's tact?

Almost Seventy-nine Years Old.

The break-down, which came in Boston shortly
after she had landed there from the steamship
that brought her across the Atlantic from
Europe, was foreshadowed while she was abroad
in the summer.

All of her life — she is now nearly seventy-nine
— Mrs. Astor had been remarked for her poise, ■
her excellent sense, and her repressive inclina-
tions. None of the oddities of manner which
usually presage the advance of age marred her
demeanor.

But last summer there was a change. As much
as her strength would permit, she plunged into
the gaieties of the various resorts which she
visited. This was startling, for Mrs. Astor for
years had shunned such things.

126

THE PANDEX

Her high spirits were noticeably at variance
with her customary placidity. She ranged the
fashionable shops of London and Paris, buying
lavishly of the beautiful garments which were
laid out for her inspection. She talked of a
social season in New York this winter which
should be the crowning triumph of her career.

"I am growing younger and younger every
day," she frequently told her friends. "Would
you be surprised if I should marry again?"

None of the toilettes which she chose was suit-
able for an elderly woman. They were of bril-
liant hues and radiant materials, the most daring
conceptions of the Parisian modistes.

Most of the gowns were such as would be worn
by a girl of twenty.

With them she ordered coquettish little hats,
confections, such as she had never cared for
previously. Trunkful after trunkful of these

fripperies, representing a great sum, were exam-
ined by the customs inspectors at Boston.

An ominous collapse sent her to bed almost
as soon as she gained the shelter of the Hotel
Somerset. Specialists were sent for, among them
being Dr. Austin Flint of this city. Their ver-
dict at that time has been fully confirmed by
her state since she came to New York in Octo-
ber. Other alienists and phy-sicians learned in
diagnosing and coping with the maladies and in-
firmities of the old have watched her constantly.
Their opinions coincide with the judgment of
Doctor Flint.

Among her medical attendants, besides Doctor
Flint, are his son, Austin Flint, Jr., who vir-
tually lives in the Astor mansion ; Doctor Allan
MacLean Hamilton, and Doctor Charles R. Dana.
Their orders are carried out by three of the best
nurses who could be obtained.

6{E3

AN INCIDENT OF REAL LIFE

WHICH SURPASSES FICTION

OR MELODRAMA IN ITS

PATHETIC HUMAN

INTEREST

SCARCELY the most improbable of East
Side melodrama would have ventured,
for the sake of a new thrill, into the story
that has recently come out of the Middle
West, and involves a scale of family
devotion and sacrifices seldom witnessed or
even conceived. Said the Cleveland Plain
Dealer, describing this incident:

Do gypsies steal children and carry them off
to become members of their own thieving, for-
tune-telling, roving tribes?

Whoever believes that such stories are myths,
invented to terrify refractory little ones at bed-
time, need only to turn to this page and read the
affecting statement of little Rosie Adams of Chi-
cago, who, after more than a year in slavery in
different bands of these nomads, has been re-
stored to her parents at Salem, Mass.

They should bear in mind also that but for the
devotion of her parents, which impelled them to

^Adapted from Cleveland Plain Dealer.

leave their home and become voluntary ffvp^ies,
attaching themselves first to om; tribe and t'len
to another, probably little Rosic wo'-ld never
have escaped from the captors wiio profited by
her toil, and who sold lier into bouiliit."' in other
camps, when so disposed, like any chattel.

In September of last year there was no hap-
pier, though humble, home circle in Chicago
than that of which John Adam, an honest and
hard-working mechanic, was the head. Only a

THE PANDEX

127

few years before he had come from Russia with
his wife and infant daughter, Rosie.

As no more children had been born to them,
Rosie was their idol. The father saved money
out of his wages, and they bought a little home
in the outskirts of the city. Rosie was sent to
the public school a few blocks distant, and at
eleven years old gladdened her parents' hearts
by signs that she was developing into a genuine
little American.

Failed to Return from School.

Then one day at the beginning of November
Rosie failed to return from school at the usual
hour. When Adam returned from his work at
supper time he found his wife weeping and heart-
broken. Their little Rosie had not come home.
Her mother had gone to the schoolhouse and
learned only that Rosie had been dismissed with
the other children.

All that night, and for many days and nights
afterward, Adam searched vainly for his lost
daughter. The most he could learn was that a
little girl answering to Rosie 's description had
been seen walking along Michigan Boulevard
toward the Union Railway Station with a
swarthy complexioned woman and carrying a
bundle.

During the summer there had been a camp of
gypsies in a vacant lot not far from the Adam
home. Both Adam and his wife had seen bands
of wandering gypsies in Russia. They were
among those simple-minded folk who really be-
lieved that gypsies sometimes stole and carried
off white children.

It was useless for their friends to argue with
them. Without little Rosie there was nothing
left for them in this life.

"God's will be done," said Adam to his wife.
"We also will become gypsies, for only in that
way may we hope to get news of our little one."

Eagerly the wife assented. They sold every-
thing they possessed but their little home, ar-
rayed themselves in gypsy garb, boarded a train
on the same road by which the father believed
Rosie and her woman captor had traveled east-
ward from Chicago and got off at a small town
in Indiana, where Adam had learned there was
a gypsy camp.

Adam was a stout fellow, familiar with horses,
wagons, and harness, and the gypsies welcomed
him and his wife into their tribe. They did not
dare make any inquiries about their lost
daughter, merely keeping their eyes open and
their ears ready to profit by idle gossip which
might offer a clew to the missing child's where-
abouts.

Looked Like Real Gypsies.

Becoming a skilful horse trader, Adam gained
the esteem of his gypsy comrades. His mechan-
ical skill made him very useful in repairing their
harness and wagons. It also furnished him with
an excuse to transfer his services to other bands
when they were especially needed. In this way,
without creating suspicion, the father and mother
worked their wav into Ohio and to Detroit.

Mrs. Adam, by her ready and capable services,
gained the good will of the gypsy women wher-
ever husband and wife camped, and so was not
excluded from the circle of tribal gossip. In
this way she learned that she and her husband
were only a few weeks behind an eastward trav-
eling band which had recently purchased from
another band a little white girl who had become
prosperously expert at telling fortunes.

Adam and his wife believed this to be their
daughter. They grasped every opportunity to
work their way eastward. In the winter time
this was slow work, for then most gypsy camps
remain stationary in some favorable location
waiting for spring and good roads.

It was May before they had crossed the AUe-
ghenies. By that time no one would have known
that Adam and his wife were not real gypsies.
Their hands and faces were blackened by weather
and the smoky atmosphere of winter camps.
Mrs. Adam's hair, which had been flaxen, like
little Rosie 's, had been darkened at the begin-
ning of her travels with a decoction of herbs.

In the gossip she overheard from time to time
the stolen child was spoken of as dark-haired,
and the mother had no doubt that little Rosie 's
hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes had been similarly
treated by her gypsy captors. So the father and
mother had never wasted time looking for a child
with their Rosie 's flaxen locks:

In the Jersey Lowlands.

It was not until nearly a year from the time
they started on their travels that Adam and his
wife reached the lowlands of New Jersey and
joined a camp of gypsies not far from Trenton.
Then they became almost certain of little Rosie 's
whereabouts.

They learned that a little girl captive had been
sold for $200 to the famous chief of the New
England tribe, John Croix. This news gave them
grave apprehensions, for the reputation of John
Croix for cruelty and greed had become well
known to them.

"Husband, we must hurry," said Mrs. Adam.
"I feel that we are drawing near to our little
daughter and that her lot is harder than ever."

As soon as possible they had themselves trans-
ferred to a New England bound band which had
need of Adam's hands with wagons and harness.
Then they crossed the Hudson by the Fort Lee
Ferry, journeyed through Westchester County,
N. Y., into Connecticut, into Massachusetts and
to the outskirts of Boston, where the band rested
for a week. It was then late in October.

"Husband, we must hurry; I seem to hear our
little one calling to us," said the wife every
day. The long strain was telling on them both.
It was terrible for them while the band rested.

It was now they learned that John Croix and
his band decided to winter on a farm near
Salem, Mass. Hearing this, the band of which
Adam and his wife were members broke camp,
its leaders thinking that the neighborhood of
Salem might be a good wintering place for them,
too.

Two days brought them within sight of the

128

THE PANDEX

camp of John Croix, and they pitched their tents
for the night.

. First Sight of the Daughter.

•John Adam could not wait for morning light.
In the early dusk he stole over among the tents
of John Croix's camp, his wife following at his
heels. Suddenly the sight of a brown-skinned,
dark-haired little girl in front of one of the
tents stirring something in a pot over a fire made
his heart stand still.

"If only I could see that her eyes are blue,"
thought Adam.

Just then an old gypsy woman came out of
the tent and boxed the little girl's ears so sav-
agely that she cried out.

It was his own little lost "Rosebud's" voice.
But how much older her twelve months' hard
experience had made her appear! Adam started
forward, forgetting all the caution he had
learned.

The little girl saw and recognized her father

and mother. She threw out her anns, screaming
joyfully :

"Oh, mamma, dear! Oh, papa! It's me —
your little Rosebud!"

Mrs. Adam clasped her child to her bosom
and then swooned, while her husband wept and
prayed on his knees with his "little Rosebud's"
hand clasped tight. But the gypsies were en-
raged. The father and mother were roughly
treated and detained by their late companions.
But little Rosie, made nimble and resourceful
by her wild experiences, dashed away and
brought the police. To save himself from arrest,
John Croix was compelled, when taken to court
with the girl and her parents, to pay Adam $400
— $200 on account of the original kidnapping
and $200 for Rosie 's services during her period
of slavery. With this sum the now happy Adam
family will return to their home to begin civil-
ized life anew.

To;\E

REQUISITE TO ANY REFORM.

:^ Mws McDowell

— Adapted from New York World.

BERNARD SHAW AND ANDREW D. WHITE THINK EFFECTIVE

SOCIAL CHANGES CANNOT BE WROUGHT UNTIL A NEW

RELIGIOUS EMOTIONALITY IS MADE GENERAL

BY NEW FORM OF BELIEF.

AS ONE after another of the outward
clothes of graft and social error are
thrown off thru the cumulative influence of the
latter-day demand for comprehensive reform,
there has been a corresponding approach to
the real underlying elements and motives of
human conduct. In the face of the enorm-
ous problems with which the new political
leaders have had to deal, there has been
found a necessity for principles that are

much stronger than expediency, that out-
ride the pomp and thrill of partisanship, and
that will still hold themselves not only in-
tact but enthusiastic as well, no matter what
the opposing circumstance.

Among some close and thoughtful ob-
servers this signifies a return to the primary
conceptions and impulses involved in re-
ligion— an inference which is more or less
borne out by an apparent revival of life

THE PANDEX

129

among existing sects and a remarkable in- ers of the times. The quotation is from the

crease in the number of new sects whose New York Times:

tenets all seem to include, in some manner, London.— Bernard Shaw lectured in the Essex

the union of the religious ideals with the Hall, in connection with the Guild of St. Mat-

.. , ■ i J! i . /.^ thew, his subieet beina: "Some Necessary Re-

practical ponits of statecraft. p^j,.; j,, Religions." Mr. Sl.aw said we 'had a

A Thanksgiving inquiry

(By WALTER JUAN DAVIS)

O, Lore}, so migbty and so kigli.
It is our custom, unto Tljee,

To raise our hands and to Ttee cry
I wonder if Thou knowest me !

O. Lord of earth and sea and sky,
W^tile all Thy people do rejoice.

And check the soh. abate the sigh —
I wonder, dost Thou hear my voice !

Lord, hear me once, ere I should die ;

My greatest "wonder is of me;
What is the thing that I call I?

What IS my meaning unto Thee?

RELIGION NEEDED FOR REFORM

Bernard Shaw Says This Only Can Overcome
Social Cowardice.

For instance, there has been the following
notable utterance by Bernard Shaw, the
caustic dramatist and commentarian of Eng-
land, who, in many respects, may be said to
be one of the most advanced and able think-

great many pressing social problems to solve, but
lacked a religion which would impel us to tackle
them.

The socialism presented by those able middle-
class Jews, Marx and Lasalle, was a demonstra-
tion that the workingTnen were being robbed of
fifty per cent of the proceeds of their labor, but
it was found that people would not make a revo-
lution for fifty per cent. Men were always cow-
ards. If they were not afraid they would con-
stantly be getting run over. The more intelligent

130

THE PANDEX

and sensitive a man was the more cowardly he
was.

A Religious Man Defined.

If the great congregation of cowards called
the human race were to be got to disregard their
own safety and interest, they must be made re-
ligious. A religious man was not one who be-
longed to the Church of England or who did not,
and the enthusiasm of men who did not belong
to that church seemed much greater than that
of men who did. Nor was he a man with a spe-
cial creed. A religious man was one who had
sure knowledge that he was here, not to fulfill
some narrow purpose, but as an instrument of
the force which created the world and probably
the universe. Religion made a man courageous,
and if he was not intelligent it made him ex-
tremely dangerous. In the absence of religion
a coarse man had the most courage, but with
religion the most fragile and sensitive became
enormously courageous.

Many people who said they believed in God
did so because they thought that otherwise He
would strike them dead. That was an abomin-
able idolatry. Yet in schools religion was taught
much in this way. The Jehovah of the earlier
parts of the Bible was an abominable idol who
was pleased to have Jephtha's daughter sacri-
ficed to him, and sent bears to eat up little chil-
dren. The result was that the masses became so
irreligious that the people did not dare to teach
them a genuine religion, for they would not be-
lieve it.

Coming to the New Testament, we found
something new and startling — a Man who spoke
of himself as God, and when he did so always
caused a riot, because the people could not stand
for such a stupendous idea. The end of the Gos-
pel story — the popular and bloody part — spoiled
the beginning. If Christ had died in a country
house, worth five thousand a year, everything He
said would be just as true as if He had been
crucified.

Powerlessness of God.

The main truth that required to be taught was
the powerlessness of God. If we conceived God
as a moral force we must admit that apart from
us He was powerless. Millions revolted against
religion when confronted with the question "If
God is so powerful, why is the world such a hor-
rible place?" It was no use saying God could
not be understood. A man in the dock would
not be e.xcused because he said he had some
higher purpose that other?, could not understand.

The will that drove the universe was driving
every man more or less, even the most sordid
stockbroker in London, and it was evidently
driving at some sort of moral conception. An-
other thing to remember about God was that He
made mistakes. Only after many trials He had
produced a man who, though only a makeshift,
was at his best rather a wonderful creature. If
men realized that what God was driving at
finally was a perfected comprehension of His own
purpose, there would be little difficulty in making
them religious, observant, and intelligent.

People lumped in with their religion and phi-
losophy and morals a number of other things
which were merely associated ideas and customs.
He never talked disrespectfully of religion, but
his mission was to tell people of the rubbish that
choked religion. Until that rubbish was got rid
of there was no chance of getting a world in
which anything worth talking about would ever
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THE PANDEX

131

DAWN OF A NEW RELIGION

No Throne Above, No Beyond, Says Professor
Schmidt, of Cornell.

Another instance is the following from the
New York World :

Ithaca, N. Y. — Professor Nathaniel Schmidt,
of the Cornell department of Semitic languages
and Oriental history, preached in the Unitarian
Church recently. Dr. Andrew D. White and
other prominent Cornell officials were present.

The speaker declared that a new religion was
approaching, in which is a deeper insight into
nature and a deepening of the moral sense.
Christianity has failed to adapt itself to the
spiritual needs of man, he said. The new religion
will meet all these. It will be universal, cover-
ing all times and peoples.

The supernatural in religion is foolishness,
he declared. There is no throne above in the
new faith, and the idea of a beyond can have no
place. We are all denizens of the universe. The
mind must progress. Away with formulas and
creeds ! Put them into a museum, as a thing to
be studied.

THE STORM ABOUT MRS. EDDY.

Christian Scientists Make Ardent Defense of the
Founder of Their Church.

Still another instance of the emotion that
lies in the adherence of many people to new
sects which have to do intimately with the
practical morals of every-day life is afforded
in the promptitude with which the Christian
Scientists rallied to the defense of Mrs.
Eddy. Said the St. Louis Republic:

James A. Logwood, of the Christian Science
Publication Committee of Missouri, issued a
statement regarding the recent published reports
about the condition of Mrs. Mary Baker G.
Eddy, head of the Christian Scientist Church.

"The original report," Mr. Logwood says,
"contained three specific charges.

"First — That Mrs. Eddy, in her daily drives
around, and about the streets of Concord, was
being impersonated by a dummy in the form of
one Mrs. Leonard.

"Second — That Mrs. Eddy was dying with
cancer, and that she was, and had been for some
time, under the charge of a physician.

"Third — That Mrs. Eddy, through disease and
the infirmities of age, was physically and mental-
ly disqualified from attending to her affairs."

Mr. Logwood's statement continues:

It was clearly shown by the published accounts
that charge No. 1 was based wholly upon the
statement of one witness, a janitor from Brook-
lyn, N. Y. This janitor went to Concord for the
purpose of identifying the woman, who, it was

said, was impersonating Mrs. Eddy in her daily
drive. He had never seen Mrs. Eddy, but as-
serted that, from where he stood on the side-
walk, he recognized Mrs. Leonard, although much
disguised through the closed doors of her car-
riage. This incident occurred on October 22.

Sworn Statements.

Here are the unimpeachable facts:

Mrs. Leonard makes a sworn statement before
Josiah Fei-nald, Notary Public, in which she says
she had never impersonated Mrs. Eddy; had
never ridden in her carriage; in fact, had never
stept inside of it, and had not been out of sight
of Pleasant View, Mrs. Eddy's home, since Feb-
ruary 19, 1906.

Mrs. Leonard's denial of having impersonated
Mrs. Eddy was corroborated by Mayor Charles
R. Corning, General Frank S. Streeter, and by
several others. They, according to their sworn
statements, knew Mrs. Eddy personally; saw her
almost daily in her drives about Concord, and fre-
quently spoke to her; had transacted business
with her personally; and all declared that they
had never seen any person in Mrs. Eddy's car-
riage except herself.

Rudolph B. Frost, who has charge of the
painting at Pleasant View, also swore that on
October 22, while Mrs. Eddy was out driving, he
conversed with Mrs. Leonard, who was super-
intending the work he was doing about the house.

As to the second charge, while it was boldly
stated that Mrs. Eddy was dying of cancer, and
had a medical doctor in attendance, these charges
are absolutely devoid of any evidence. No doc-
tor's name has been mentioned in the accusa-
tion, and no such doctor has been found.

Disease Denied.

Mrs. Leonard made the following statement
before a notary public:

"I deny most emphatically that Mrs. Eddy
has any such disease as cancer or that she has
any other disease. As I am and have been in
daily contact with Mrs. Eddy, seeing her many
times each day, I am in a position to know as
to what I am stating. The story that a phy-
sician from Boston is attending her is without
foundation, as there is no physician from any-
where attending Mrs. Eddy, nor has there been
while I have been in her home."

This statement was also corroborated by those
in Mrs. Eddy's home, and many others, whose
names can be furnished if desired.

The third charge, that Mrs. Eddy is mentally
and physically disqualified, and is unable to at-
tend to her affairs, on account of disease and in-
firmity of age, is also disproved beyond con-
tradiction.

Frederick N. Ladd, treasurer of the Concord
Loan and Savings Bank, in a signed statement,
said: "I am not a member of the Christian
Science Church, but I feel it my duty to con-
tradict such false rumors. I have had the honor
of being in the presence of Mrs. Eddy several
times each year, and most emphatieally say that

132

THE PANDEX

she is in every way capable of conducting her
business affairs."

George H. Moses, editor of the Concord Even-
ing Monitor, made a signed statement to this
effect :

"I have had the pleasure of knowing Mrs.
Eddy for more than ten years, and I have had
occasion to correspond with her, and to meet her
with reference to matters of public importance
in this community. These relations with her still
continue, and within a very short time I have
received from her long letters, written from be-
ginning to end in her own handwriting, which,
from long acquaintance, is perfectly familiar to
me, and that she is indubitably alive, both phy-
sically and mentally, is well attested by these
communications. ' '

Mrs. Eddy's Statement.

Following the interview with Mrs. Eddy, Oc-
tober 20, the Associated Press representative
wrote :

"Although Mrs. Eddy shows her advanced age
in some respects, her voice to-day was clear and
strong, and she gave no evidence of decrepitude,
or of any weakness not to be expected of a
woman in her eighty-sixth year."

Edward N. Pearson, Secretary of State of New
Hampshire, says : "I was present by invitation
at Pleasant View to-day with the representatives
of eleven newspapers. I stood near Mrs. Eddy,
whom I have known personally for some fifteen
years. I distinctly heard her answers to the
questions asked her. I saw her leave the room
in which the interview was given, and walk to
her carriage. I saw the carriage drive toward the
city. Mrs. Eddy's voice was clear and strong,
and her appearance was that of a woman in full
possession of all her faculties. I am not a Chris-
tian Scientist and I am without bias and preju-
dice in this matter."

On November 1, two press representatives —
Mr. Harlan 0. Pearson, local representative of
the Associated Press, and the editor of the Pa-
triot— were at Mrs. Eddy's residence, and stood
in the hallway while Mrs. Eddy came down stairs.
They stood where they could not be seen by Mrs.
Eddy, who was totally unaware of their presence.
They said she descended easily, without any ap-
parent hesitation, thus proving to them her abil-
ity to go up and down stairs, and about her
house as usual.

These and many other signed statements, at-
test Mrs. Eddy's mental and physical ability
and freedom to attend to her personal affairs.

Her Writings.

To lift any lingering shadow of mystery as
to Mrs. Eddy's retirement, I quote from her own
writings on the subject. In her book "Miscel-
laneous Writings," page 278, in a letter to her
students in Chicago, written in 1888, she says :

"For two' years I have been gradually with-

drawing from active membership in the Chris-
tian Scientist Association."

Same volume, page 136, in 1891, writing to her
students:

"When I retired from the field of labor, it
was a departure, socially, publicly and finally,
from the routine of such material modes as so-
ciety and our societies demand. Rumors are ru-
mors— nothing more. I am still with you on the
field of battle, taking forward marches, broader
and higher views, and with the hope that you
will follow."

On page 322 in Mrs. Eddy's message to her
Boston church, prior to 1896, explaining why she
would not be present : ' ' Your dual and imper-
sonal pastor, the Bible, and science and health
with key to the Scriptures, is with you; and the
life these give, the truth they illustrate, the love
they demonstrate, is the great shepherd that
feedeth my flock, and leadeth them 'beside the
still waters.' By any personal presence or word
of mine, your thought must not be diverted or
diverged, your senses satisfied, or self be jus-
tified."

Christian Science does not include in its prac-
tice hypnotism, mesmerism, or spiritualism. It
is based upon the rational and demonstrable
teachings of the holy Scriptures. By their fruits
ye shall know them. It is conservatively esti-
mated that within the brief period of _ the his-
tory of Christian Science more than 1,000,000
people have become virtually interested in it, be-
cause they have learned, through actual proofs,
that it is not a mere theory, but a tangible,
living, demonstrable truth.

There is hardly a town or hamlet in the civi-
lized world but that one will find those that have
been benefited by this Christ-truth and are ready
to give a reason for the hope that lieth in them.
"Therefore, beloved, my often-coming is un-
necessary; for, though I be present or absent, it
is God that feedeth the hungry heart, that giveth
grace, that healeth the sick and cleanseth the sin-
ner. For this consummation he hath given you
Christian Science, and my past poor labors and
love." Christian Science Journal, volume 12,
page 94.

Mrs. Eddy issued a public statement, dated May
3, 1894. She says, in part : ' ' My work for the
mother church is done; and be it remembered
that I came to Concord, N. H., for the purpose
of retirement."

Christian Science teaches its followers to lead
pure and upright lives, and to heed the words of
the Master, as given in the sermon on the mount.
"Love your enemies, bless them that curse you,
do good to them that hate you, and pray for
them which despitefully use you, and perse-
cute you ' ' ; and, thus ' ' to let your light so shine
before men tha,t they may see your good works
and glorify your Father which is in heaven."

THE PANDEX

133

WHISTLING GIRL IN CHURCH what were apparently feelings of mingled interest

— and surprise while a woman whistler warbled

Vaudeville Feature Employed to Attract Attend- three tunes in the intervals between the reading

ance in New York. of the Word and the sermon.

The appreciation with which some of the Dr. Goodchild believes in the efficacy of ad-

, , , , ,, , , „ vertising, and the last number or Gist, hi?

orthodox sects meet the new demands for g,i„rch paper, announced that it was the pur-

AT A CHICAGO CORNER AT THE BUSIEST HOUR.
"Farewell, dear; we must hope for the best. I may be able to get across safely."

— Chicago Tribune.

practical phases to the religious organiza- pose of the trustees to do all that could be done

^ ,,..,«,, • J. .1, to make the services of tlie church attractive,

tions IS reflected in the following from the « t^ ^ ■,,;■, ,

bo the members ot Dr. Goodchild s congi-ega-

Jsevf York Herald: tion were prepared for something unusual

„-,.,,, 1 • J. i 1- • when they assembled last evening. Thev saw a

Vaudeville turns, as an adjunct to religious ^^^^^ ^-^^^ ^^ ^,^p rostrum under the choir loft,

service, have been introduced by the Rev. Dr. ^^^^ j^ ^ front pew a young woman whom ihey

Frank M. Goodchild, pastor of the Central recognized from her lithographs, which hung xn

Baptist Church, in West Forty-second Street,- the lobby of the ehureh, as Miss Ethel M. Palmer,

and recently- the congregation listened with "artistic whistler;'''' -.'A.

134

THE PANDEX

Miss Palmer had her own accompanist, and
when it came time to do her first turn she stepped
briskly to the rostrum. A moment later bird-
like notes interpreting the "Manzanillo," by
Robyn, were chasing each other through the
building. There was no doubt of the artistic
rendering of the number, but the privilege of
applauding which is accorded a theater audience
was denied to the congregation, so the "turn"
was received in silence.

Defends His Action.

Miss Palmer's second number was the inter-
mezzo from "Cavalleria Rusticana," and this
was followed by Tobani's "Hearts and Flow-
ers," so familiar to all students of semi-classic
music. There was a little stir among Dr. Good-
child's hearers after the whistler retired, and it
was noticed that many settled back in their seats,
their faces bearing an expression of relief. It
was evident then, as was proved by bits of con-
versation heard after the services were over,
that there was some uncertainty in the minds
of the pastor's flock as to the propriety of the
performance, and they were glad it was over.

After the sermon Dr. Goodchild consented to
give his views regarding vaudeville as an acces-
sory to religion. He said :

"My object in making this departure from
conventional lines is to see if by introducing a
little musical novelty we could not fill the whole
church on Sunday night. The conditions under
which we have to labor are not equalled in any
other city in the world. The Central Baptist
Church is in the middle of a block in which
there are seven theaters. We have not a half
dozen families in the congregation who
live within a mile of the church. We must draw
on the floating church attendants, and it is with
this in mind that the departure from regular
lines was made.

"While I do not wholly approve of the intro-
duction of anything that will mar the sacred-
ness of church worship, I believe in using the
best means of assembling the people. I be-
lieve with Dr. Duff, that eminent preacher who
once said: 'I would be willing to knock two
old shoes together if it would draw a crowd to
whom I might preach Jesus Christ.'

"Personally, I would prefer a plain, ordinary
sei-vice, but to reach the people I intend to com-
pete in as dignified a way as possible with the
attractions with which this church is surrounded.

"Next Sunday night we will listen to Charles
Wold play sacred and classical melodies on his
musical glasses."

TO CARE FOR THE BABIES

Kindergarten in a New Jersey Edifice While
Mothers Attend Service.
An interesting side light on the trend to-
ward the practical is given, again, in the
following from the New York World :

"Bring your babies to church; the girls j villi
play with them during- the services. "

Such is the message which the pastor and trus-
tees of the Methodist Church of Verona, N. J.,
have sent to the mothers of the town.

A kindergarten has been established in the
chapel of the church, and Miss Gertrude Edith
MacDowell and Miss Jane Condit, both promi-
nent in the Epworth League, have taken upon
themselves the task of caring for the youngsters
while the mothers listen to sermons by the Rev.
Charles Eugene Little. Last Sunday was the
first session of the kindergarten, and church at-
tendance increased mightily because of the in-
novation.

"I think the work is simply grand," said Miss
MacDowell after the service last Sunday morn-
ing. ' ' And how much the mothers enjoyed the
sermon ! Why, there were lots and lots of women
in church to-day whom we had not seen for a
long time, just because there was no one to mind
their children."

THE RELIGION OF THE OCCULT

Englishmen Are Debating the Question of Trans-
migration of Souls.
The reaching out of religious forms to-
ward the expanded world included under
the nomenclature of the Occult is shown, in
part, in the following from the Philadelphia
Inquirer :

London. — If letters to the newspapers can be
accepted as a criterion, hundreds of Englishmen
are wondering whether we have ever lived before.
Dr. Andrews Wilson analyzes the strange phe-
nomenon of memory given by the contributors
in part as follows :

' ' The doctrine of metempsychosis or trans-
migration of souls represents a very ancient be-
lief. Not merely did it credit the possibility
that the soul after death could be transferred
from one human being to another, but it also
held that the human soul might take up its
abode in another form of life and be trans-
ferred from the purely human to the lower ani-
mal domain. The theory asserts that as each
stage is ended and a new era begun, the soul
sheds most of the features it illustrated in the
life it left, retaining, now and then, however,
vague memories of some of its antecedent states.
Such memories, forcibly projected into the fore-
ground of our existence to-day, it is held, should
convince us that we have 'lived before.'

"Everything we have heard or seen or other-
wise appreciated through the agency of our sense
organs — every impression, every sensation — is
really stored up within those brain cells which
exercise the memory function. True, we may
not be able to recall all of them at will; many
are doubtless beyond the reach of the power
that revives and prints off for us positives from
our stored up mental negatives. But it is none
the les& significant that on occasion we can dis-
inter memories of events whose date lies very

THE PANDEX

135

far back in our lives — recollections, those per-
haps, we have never realized after their recep-
tion, but lying latent, and only awaiting the re-
quisite and proper stimulus to awaken them and
to bring them to the surface of our life.

"This expresses briefly what wq mean by our
'subliminal consciousness.' "

OBJECTS TO THANKSGIVING.

Jewish Rabbi Finds Danger in the Presidential
Proclamation.

A peculiar phase of the religious situation,
and one which probably reflects, in spite of
its controversial aspect, the tendency to-
ward new religious unity, is shown in the
following from the New York Times:

Philadelphia. — Rabbi Krauskopf, speaking in
the Broad Street Temple, attacked President
Roosevelt's Thanksgiving proclamation and de-
clared that no Thanksgiving service would be
held in his synagogue. He argued that compli-
ance with the proclamation would be subversive
of the religious liberty in which the Nation was
founded, the Constitution of the United States
guaranteeing an absolute separation of Church
and State. His subject was "Sectarianism in
Public Institutions." He said:

"A President's proclamation asking the peo-
ple to assemble for a Thanksgiving service in
their respective places of worship implies either
that such a service is not provided for by the
various church organizations, or that he is
obliged to do so by the laws of the land. As
to the former supposition, none knows better
than President Roosevelt that of all religious
practices none is more frequently enjoined and
none more scrupulously observed than that of

rendering thanks to Him from whom all our
blessings flow. As to the President being re-
quired by law to issue such a proclamation, our
law books fail to show such authority. The
practice is due to custom only.

"The many ways in which the Thanksgiving
Day is observed shows that almost instinctively
the people refuse to take their religious orders
from any save their respective church organiza-
tions. In but comparatively few churches are
services held, and the attendance upon them is
the most meager of the year. Large numbers of
the persons devote the day to feasting and merry-
making. Football games are attended by tens
of thousands, foremost among them the so-called
cream of society, among them many who seldom
absent themselves from the regular services of
the church. Theaters, music halls, and other
places of amusement are crowded on that day.

"I have no objection to Thanksgiving Day as
a day of rejoicing. I would be the last to ad-
vocate its abolition as a secular holiday. We
have none too many holidays, and there is noth-
ing that our Nation needs so much as days of
relaxation. But as much as I favor it as a
secular holiday, I strongly oppose it as a holy
day enjoined by the Government. I regard a
government's interference in matters religious,
or a religious interference in matters political,
as a danger against which we can not be suf-
ficiently on our guard."

ON TRAIL OF THE MISSIONARY.

A Newspaperman Starts Out to Learn Whether
They Are a Value or a Pest.
In no field does the religious element im-
pinge so much upon the practical field of
polities as in the matter of missions. Some-
thing of interest in this direction, evidently.

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136

THE PANDEX

is at least to be forthcoming if the following
preliminary story from the Pittsburg Dis-
patch may be taken as an indication :

Mr. Ellis's assignment is to make a frank, un-
biased and first-hand newspaper study of what
American missionaries are really doing in for-
eign lands, and how they are doing it; to in-
vestigate the social and religious changes that
are now transforming the East, and to write char-
acter studies of some of the interesting men from
this side who are doing things on the other side
of the world.

A special interest will attach to these letters
on the part of church-going readers, for these
■want to know, in unstereotyped speech, just what
religious work in so-called "heathen" lands is
like and exactly how it is done. Mr. Ellis is com-
missioned as a special representative by the
International Young Men's Christian Associ-
ation, by the World's Christian Endeavor
Union, by the Student Volunteer Movement, by
the Religious Education Association, by the
American National Red Cross Society, by the
Young People's Missionary Movement, and by
the secretaries of all the leading missionary
organizations in the United States and Canada.
He also bears letters from Government officials,
from international business concerns, and from
residents of the Orient, so that all doors will be
open to him and every possible facility extended
for the fullest investigation of his subjects.

Midpaciflc. — I am on the trail of the American
missionary. His footprints are large and deep
and many, and I shall certainly come up with
him. Then we shall know what sort of individual
he is — whether a haloed saint, as the religious
papers represent, or a double-dyed knave, as
many other papers and people assert, or a plain,
every-day American trying to do an extraordi-
nary job to the best of his ability.

Rather queer, isn't it, that after having been
in the business of exporting missionaries for well-
nigh one hundred years America should actually
know so little about the article himself, and be
So decidedly divided as to his value?

For the American missionary has been more a
subject of controversy than American canned
beef. Hundreds of persons who have visited
foreign parts and say they know, and thousands
who declare that they have their information
"straight," declare that the missionary is a sort
of pious bunco man; that he is not wanted where
he works; that he is an unmitigated nuisance,
and he is keenly alert to the welfare of number
one.

Contrariwise, a vastly larger number of per-
sons in every part of the land firmly believe, and
support their conviction by their coin, that the
missionary is a saint and a hero, and the selfless
servant of a thankless world's welfare. All criti-
cism of him they sweepingly resent, and are loath

to hear aught to his dispraise. The apotheosis
of the missionary is a characteristic of modem
religious life.

On a Still Hnnt for Facts.

Curiously enough, the public hears only these
two opinions of the missionary, one of which
represents him as a scoundrel or a fool, the other
of which exalts him as a demi-god. So far as I
am aware, nobody has ever set out, indepen-
dently, and representing no board, society, or
cause, to find out, impartially, the exact facts
in the case. This is the mission I have under-
taken. My journalistic integrity is pledged to
the duty of ascertaining, without favor or fear,
exactly what sort of person the missionary is,
how he works and amid what conditions, and
whether the task he has imposed upon himself
is worth doing at all, and, if so, whether he is
doing it well.

To that end I shall personally examine on the
ground representative enterprises of all denomi-
national and undenominational missions. I shall
attempt to study the workers themselves and
hear their side of the story. With equal diligence
I shall consult qualified native opinion and search
out the foremost foreign critics and ascertain
their views. In a word, with no other purpose
than to give the American public a fair, frank,
full story of this controverted subject, I have
started on this journey around the world. What-
ever the conclusions I may report, they will at
least be honest.

Largest American Business Abroad.

The biggest single foreign enterprise in which
America is engaged is this one of foreign mis-
sions. The rest of the world, and especially the
Orient, knows the Western continent chiefly by
its missionaries. Figured in dollars, the business
last year cost the American public $5,807,165,
paid in by an organization with approximately
12,000,000 shareholders of all religious denomi-
nations, Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Mor-
mon. (The foreign mission work of all coun-
tries cost $15,000,000 yearly.) For all this enor-
mous output the tangible returns to Amtrica
were practically nothing. True, the missionary
helped to create a market for the American pack-
ers ' products and for American locomotives and
sundry other forms of merchandise. But the
church members, as church members, who put
up the money, profited not at all by this.

Apparently, the missionaries themselves, of
whom America maintains 3776 in Japan, China,
Korea, the Philippines, Burma, Siam, India,
Thibet, Persia, Turkey, Egypt, and the South
American countries, do not get rich out of this
vast sum. According to the official figures, which
I secured before leaving the United States, the
missionary's salary ranges from nothing to $1800
a year. The last-named figure is paid to veterans
of the Baptist denomination, who are married
and have families; the former represents the
salary promised to the missionaries of the China
Inland Mission, the Christian and Missionary

THE P AND EX

137

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138

THE PA NDEX

Alliance, and a few other undenominational
bodies.

Per cent

United Presbyterian 4 1-3

Methodist, North 5 2-5

Methodist, South 5 7-10

Baptist, South 6 1-10

Presbyterian, North 6 3-10

Presbyterian, South 7 7-10

Reformed Church 8 7-10

American Board 10 3-5

Protestant Episcopal 11 1-10

Baptist, North 11 1-2

I found these Missionary Board officials a civil
lot. I could have wished the Armstrong Commit-
tee such luck in its investigation of insurance
matters. The boards open wide up, and then
deluge one with information upon his approach.
In fact, the consideration which, more than any
other, tends to predispose me, as an investigator,
toward the missionary people is the heartiness
and frankness with which they seem to welcome
an investigation. Without hesitation they have
afforded me every facility for looking into their
work at home and in foreign lands. They say :
"Find out the worst and tell the public, includ-
ing us. We want to see the thing with the eyes
of a disinterested observer." Surely, I reason,
the organization which maintains that attitude
can not contain much graft, however mistaken
its principles and policies may be.

New Side of College Life.

Picked up in the forest of facts amid which I
found myself, is the news that Yale University
has established a missionary lectureship, with
Professor Harlan P. Beach, an ex-missionary, as
incumbent; and that Yale, Harvard, Princeton,
and the University of Pennsylvania all now
have foreign mission enterprises of their own,
manned by graduates and supported by alumni
and students.

Nothing more extraordinary has come to my
knowledge than the grip the missionary cause
seems to have taken upon the American insti-
tutions of higher learning. The largest and
most representative intercollegiate and under-
graduate gathering ever held on the Western con-
tinent, if not in the world, was the Student
Volunteer Convention in Nashville last spring,
when more than three thousand students, from
some four hundred universities, colleges, and
academies, met in a remarkable convention.
About three thousand of these volunteers have
gone to foreign parts since the movement was
inaugurated in 1892.

In connection with this body and other organ-
izations of young people there has been a phe-
nomenal development of the study of missionary
literature, and within a dozen years more than
600,000 purely missionary books have been sold.

Hard Knocks for the Missionaries.

Quite different are the stories I hear in other
quarters. One of the higher officers of the Pacific
Mail Steamship Company assured me, as one

who knows, that "the missionaries are a lot
of grafters. But," he added, with the charac-
teristic commercial spirit of the day, "I do not
want to see their graft stopped, for it pays us
to carry them."

A Hong Kong merchant aboard ship declared
that "the missionaries are a pack of scoundrels.
They are overbearing, lazy, pestiferous fellows,
recruited only from the very lowest ranks of
society in America and Great Britain." That
last was a little more than I could swallow, for
it went contrary to my personal knowledge in
numerous instances. The missionary may prove
to be a bad egg when he reaches foreign shores,
but every college man in the land knows the
stock from which he springs. I recalled while
leaning over the rail conversing with Mr. Hong
Kong Merchant, that a few weeks before I had
read an enthusiastic autograph letter from Presi-
dent Roosevelt to Rev. Dr. Arthur H. Smith
(father of the project of bringing Chinese stu-
dents to American universities) concerning tlie
latter 's books on China. A few days previously
Dr. Smith had been the President's guest at
luncheon.

As a matter of candor, I may say that thus
far I am having some difficulty in running down
to particulars the countless charges against the
missionaries. I hope to have better fortune in
foreign lands. As an illustration of my troubles,
there is the instance of a fellow-passenger on the
transpacific steamer, the wife of a Philippine
official. She had learned the nature of my quest.
"I am glad you are going to get after the mis-
sionaries, and I hope you will rip them up the
back," she began breezily. "We who travel
and live out here know that they are a bad lot."
Yet she could not, when urged, become more
definite, and, although long a resident of Manila
and an Episcopalian, she confessed that she had
never heard or met Bishop Brent, the brilliant
head of the Philippine missions of her church.

Good Morals but Bad Manners.

Already I have a dim suspicion that one rea-
son for the antipathy which many travelers have
to missionaries is to be found in the latter 's
attitude toward life aboard ship and in port
cities. The missionary is, I infer, often narrow
and intolerant, and desirous of imposing his
standards upon everybody. He is prone to make
unmannerly remarks about the amount of drink-
ing that goes on, seven days a week, aboard
ship. The incessant gambling, also, of the smok-
ing room and ship saloons gets on his puritanical
nerves. He can not see — and he is entirely too
blunt and inconsiderate, I believe, in expressing
this opinion — why practices should be counted
good form aboard ship that are contrary to the
law of the land when ashore. That is the way
he justifies his tactlessly aired opinions.

Tourists do not like to have the narrow stand-
ards of the missionaries thus flung at their heads
censoriously; and they are not likely to form an-
entirely favorable estimate of their critics. "Too
many young missionaries," said a famous vet-

THE PANDEX

139

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

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Gentlemen:

The Pandex of the Press

Percy C. Pickkell. Manager

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Chicago, III., Dec. 1, 1906.

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140

THE r A N D E X

eran missionary to me a few minutes ago,'
"think that they must start out by trying to
convert the whole ship. They do not try to
mingle socially and congenially with their fellow-
passengers. They acquire an identity as mission-
aries, rather than as men and women."

The same man, himself a resident of Yoko-
hama, is authority for the statement that mis-
sionaries in port cities maintain an attitude of
aloofness or separation toward other foreigners.
They apparently reason that they have come out
to work for the natives, and so they can not
give any time to the European community. The
result is inevitably a lack of mutual sympathy
and understanding, and the creation of a hostile
spirit on both sides. A good missionary, I take
it, needs to be a good "mixer"; he must know
how to be a man among all kinds of men; else
his usefulness, his reputation, and his calling
will suffer.

Still, whatever his faults or virtues, the mis-
sionary is an interesting personality. He man-
ages to keep pretty much in the public eye,
whether by being kidnapped by brigands, mas-
sacred by Chinese, by being lost in Africa's wil-
derness, by making work for the nation's gun-
boats and marines and diplomats, by running
genuine relief enterprises, or by being decorated
by kings, emperors, and scientific societies.

LOVE IN THE CAR.

A motor car is not the place

To court a girl with ease and grace,

You'll find you can't keep up the pace

And woo her.
Your eyes on the road ahead,
There isn't much that can be said;
You really dare not turn your head

To view her.

Her color comes, her color goes.
On either side the landscape flows;
The motor is the worst of foes

To Cupid.
The man who guides his flying car
Along love's lane will ne'er go far;
He'll fetch up with an awful jar —

The stupid !

'Tis better then to wisely wait.
And when you strike a tamer rate
Along the path from papa's gate —

Why, view her.
There'll be no throttle there nor brake.
No speeds your anxious thoughts to take,
No fear of skid or bump or break —

So woo her.

— Exchange.

FOR PREVENTING SUICIDE.

A NEW YORK MINISTER INAUGURATES A MOVEMENT WHICH HAS

ALREADY RESCUED A LARGE NUMBER OF PERSONS OF BOTH

SEXES FROM THE TAKING OF THEIR OWN LIVES.

Twelve men and women, frankly declaring that
they believed suicide to be the only way out of
difficulties in which they found themselves, have
sought the aid of the Reverend Henry M. War-
ren, chaplain of the city hotels, within the last
five days in response to a general invitation ex-
tended by him to those who contemplated suicide,
in which he said he would help them to change
their minds. This invitation was given by Doctor
Warren in his service last Sunday night in the
Fifth Avenue Hotel and was printed in the
Herald the next day.

In his sermon Doctor Warten said there were
scores of strangers in New York every day
who had come there with the well-founded in-
tention of ending their lives. They came, he >
said, because they could easily conceal or lose
their identity.

Doctor Warren argued that the suicidal intent
of such persons might often be thwarted if they

only had some person to whom they could pour
out their hearts at the critical moment in their
unhappy lives. They almost invariably came
to the city alone and were therefore without
counsel when the contending thoughts coursed
through their brains. To serve as a personal
friend rather than as a minister, Doctor Warren
made his recjuest that all persons so inclined
see him before they carried out their purposes.

Twelve men and women have confessed person-
ally to Doctor Warren that they intended to
commit suicide, and he has received more than
a score of letters from others^ who, although not
intending to end their lives, have declared them-
selves to be in dire straits, from which they
believed, they said, there was no departure save
by extreme methods.

Keeps Identity Secret.

Doctor Y7arren granted an interview (o the

THE PANDEX

141

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142

THE PANDEX

Herald touching the cases of those who called
on him, but refused to divulge the names or
addresses of any of them.

"One of the most striking instances," said
Doctor Warren, "was that of a^ man who came
to this city from Boston. He is the manager of
a large manufacturing concern there and has a
wife and several daughters. Family and finan-
cial difficulties caused him to ponder over suicide
as a way out of his difficulties, and he came to
this city and registered in the Grand Union
Hotel under an assumed name. He had told his
family he was going to the Pacific Coast on
business.

' ' On his way through the lobby to a drug
store, where he expected to purchase poison, he
saw my explanatory card and asked the clerk
about me. He came to see me, and by remain-
ing with him for a whole day I got him to go
back home. I have received a letter from him
telling me I saved him from what he saw after-
wards would have been an awful mistake."

Many of the cases which have come to Doctor
Warren's personal attention arose from lack of
funds. Others were caused directly by business
or professional failure. As an illustration. Doc-
tor Warren quoted this letter:

"Dear Sir: — I have read a reprint of your
'invitation to suicide' in the Herald. Well, you
may give new hope and life to some, but not
to me. Some, like I, have suffered so long that
any kind of rest must be welcomed. Years ago,
a graduate of the Universities of Zurich and
Munich, I started life full of hope and ambition
as an architect. Now, after untold hardships, I
mean to end it, and not even my wife can
prevent it, I fear. If there is any power in
words, for my wife's sake give me hope. Things
are dark, dark — so dark. Send for me.

"New York, November 26, 1906."

Another Man Saved.

"About three days ago," continued Doctor
Warren, "a Scotchman came and told me he
was going to commit suicide. Although his
clothes were shabby, one could tell that they had
been cut from good material. He told me that
a year ago he had been a well-to-do merchant
in Glasgow, that he had failed in business, had
been deserted subsequently by his wife, and had
fled to America. For several months he said he
had worked as a clerk, but had lost his position
when his employers cut down their force of
clerical men. The rest of his story was short.
He had gone from bad to worse until he sought
sleep on park benches and food anywhere.

"Several days ago, he said, he picked up a
Herald on a bench in Central Park and read
the account of my sermon on suicides and came
to see me. I got him work and to-day he has
no thought of suicide."

Illustration of the mental state of women
who plan to commit suicide is this letter, received
a few days ago by Doctor Warren :

' ' Dear Doctor Warren : — I read of your ser-
mon in Monday's Herald. You stated that any

person in trouble who expected to commit sui-
cide should come to you first and you would
advise them. I must see you at once.

"I am just now impelled to do anything, how-
ever desperate. I can't tell my troubles to my
friends. I can't do it — I haven't the heart. I
must tell some one. I would rather die, however,
than even give an inkling of my difficulty to
my friends."

Another case of which Doctor Warren told
was that of the son of a banker living in River-
side Drive, who, after he had made one unsuc-
cessful attempt to end his life, was dissuaded
from a second attempt.

"This young man," said Doctor Warren, "is
a college graduate and independently wealthy.
He told me he had tried to die by inhaling illu-
minating gas in his bedroom. A servant, how-
ever, had entered his room and turned off the
gas and he let the matter pass as accidental.
He told me he wanted to die because a young
woman to whom he had been engaged had broken
the engagement and been married to another
man. Imagine my astonishment when he told
me that I had performed the wedding ceremony
myself.

"I soothed him and told him I was not posi-
tive that I had ever performed such a ceremony
and that he might have heard an erroneous re-
port. He thought his case over for an hour,
shook hands and said goodby. He is to-day as
happy as ever, having heard that the report was
false, and I have learned that the sweetheart's
quarrel may be patched up soon.

Letter from St. Louis.

Unusual because of its grim philosophy is this
letter recently received by Doctor Warren from
a man in St. Louis :

"Dear Sir: — I have seen your appeal in the
paper to the effect that any one who intended
suicide could address you. As I am one of those
unfortunate ones, or, perhaps, fortunate ones
who can make up his mind to such a step under
certain circumstances, I address you frankly.

"The first question you'll ask me is, 'Is life
worth living?' My reply is that it is, but when
you have a family depending upon you and you
can not make a livelihood for them you are only
an extra burden, whereas they would benefit by
your death. They would get the life insurance.
If I stay here much longer even this will be
gone, as I am unable to keep it up. I am fifty
years old. I was in business for myself, but
failed in 1902 by endorsing notes for others. I
am now out of work. You may think it an easy
thing to get a position at ray time of life. Just
try it and you will learn differently; nobody
wants you. * * *

"Quotations from Scripture and sermons will
not be of any assistance. It is practical assist-
ance that is wanted, and to get this practical
assistance the Lord must help those who help
themselves. The only practical help I see is
suicide. ' '

"This man's case, hopeless though it may

THE PANDEX

143

PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
PHEN
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P H E N
P H E N
PHEN
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P H E N
PHEN
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IX
IX
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IX
IX
IX
IX
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IX
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IX
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IX

PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX

PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX

PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX

PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX

PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX

PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX PHENIX

PHENIX

INSURANCE COMPANY

OF BROOKLYN, NEW YORK

NET SURPLUS OVER
$2,000,000.00

GEORGE P. SHELDON President

GEORGE INGRAHAM Vice-President

CHAS. F. KOSTER Secretary

J. H. LENEHAN, General Agent

Western and Southern Department, Chicago, Illinois

A, C. OLDS, State Agent for Pacific Coast

KOHL BUILDING. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

BOOLE-SLOANE CO., Inc.

CITY AGENTS

FERRY BUILDING

CITY REPRESENTATIVE
NOBLE H. EATON

218-219 KOHL BUILDING

PHENIX
PHENIX
PHENIX
PHENIX
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PHENisX

PHENiX
PHENIX^

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PHENIX

PHENIX

I'leaae mention The Paudex when writing to Advertisers.

144

THE PANDEX

seem, should not in reality be so," said Doctor
Warren. "If there were some one to whom
he could go in St. Louis, some one to advise him,
I feel sure that the cloud would be dispelled."

"Several days ago," continued Doctor War-
ren, "a smartly gowned woman about thirty-five
years old, came to see me. She told me she was
a widow and had until then been in financial
straits for several months. She said she had
left her boarding house two weeks previous with-
out paying her bill, being ashamed to say she
had no money. She handed me $90 and begged
me to go and pay the bill. She said she had
feared arrest daily and had several times been
on the point of committing suicide because of
sheer mortification. I paid the bill and this
woman's troubles ended."

"Only Wednesday a young woman told me
she had intended to commit suicide unless she
was able to get a position at once to buy her
food and shelter. I talked to her for several
hours and sent her away in a cheerful mood.
All she needed was a ray of hope and a sugges-
tion as to how and where to find employment."
"I am in a dreadful fix," wrote a woman. "I
am here alone in the city, my only home being
a rented room at $2 a week. I owe $3 on it
and all I have is five cents in cash. I am too
weak from lack of food to even hunt work. I
never thought I would be in such a predicament
when, several years ago, my husband (now dead)

was pastor of the Church, in , and

I was organist."

"This letter," said Doctor Warren, "is only
one of many of its type. A few dollars from
some fund would help such persons to their
feet."

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THL
LAST

COWBOY

The Last Cowboy looked at the caravan of
prairie schooners waiting for the opening of the
Big Pasture. Far away the wisps of smoke from
a flouring mill blurred the horizon.
"Mexico for me," was all he said.
There are no more Big Pastures. There was
all of Oklahoma once. Then the Government cut
down the range by the great opening of 1888.
Then there was the Cherokee Strip and this went
out in the great rush of 1893. Then there was
No Man's Land, and this is now a peaceful
county in Oklahoma, settled by the despised
"Nestors." Then there was the I. X. L., with
its three million acres in a solid body. This has
been cut up in small farms and Amarillo, the old
cattle outfitting point, has become a city of farm-
ers. And last of all was the Big Pasture. Now
that is going.

The Last Cowboy was too good a loser to
whimper. "It was a great day for us while it
lasted," he said. "All of this western country
was ours. We could ride where we pleased,
shoot where we pleased, when we pleased, and
almost whoever we pleased, and no questions
asked. We made this country, or at least this
part of the country. We got here when the In-
dians were here. We drove out the Indians.
Then we drove out the wolves. Then we exter-
minated the coyotes and prairie dogs. Now we
have got to follow the long trail. No more
United States for us. The blamed old Nestor
has made us hard to catch. It's home and kids
and the quiet life for us after this.

"But we have done some things besides shoot
up towns and make tenderfeet dance in booze
joints. First of all we tamed the Comanches.
We had a hard tussel with them redskins, but
we made Christians out of them before we got
through and they are the peaceablest Indians
in the West to-day. We fought 'em all the way
from the Cimarron to the Rio Grande, through
the sage brush and the chaparral till they quit
stealing ponies and quit burning towns. The
picture books don't give us any credit for this.
They just tell about the times when we got off
the range on a budge hunt. Yet we were the
long arm of the law in this Western country up
to the time the 'Nestors' began to get thick
some twelve or fifteen years ago. Time was
when you could go five hundred miles on a stretch
and never strike a constable. It was the cow-
boy who kept out the cattle thief, who kept out
the train robbers and the murderers and the

T H E P A N D E X 14')

All the Way

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Pleaae nK-atlon The Pnndex when wrltlnx to Advertiser*.

146

THE PANDEX

—Judge.

SORT OF A SOUFFLE SOUND.
"Sh-s-s-s! They're eating dinner now."
" Are you sure .'"
"Yes; 1 bear father eating soup.'*

rest of the bunch who go out principally in the
night time.

"Of course it hurts. When a fellow has got
used to 'gyp' water and the mirages, when the
shadows of the mountains take on the gold and
silver in the evenings, when the gray of the
sage brush gets into the blood, a fellow kind of
hates to leave it. It's been home to us from
the time we could throw our legs across a pony's
back. The great winking stars at night and the
great staring sun in the daytime — they have
burned their way into the marrow of our bones.
We have been brother to the desert loneliness,
to the gray wolf and the slinking coyote, com-
panions of the dumb brutes who feed on the
rolling prairies. And it's hard to quit. It's
hard to think we have reached Lands End, that
the old free life has gone forever
and that from this time on we must
adopt domestic habits or go to
where there are no wire fences, no
railroads, and no 'Nestors.' Think
of me with a bunch of kids."

And he laughed way down in the
cavernous rfecesses of his sun-
browned chest.

"Wouldn't I make a pretty
father? Why the first time I tried
to hold a baby I would let him drop
and break his head. It's Mexico
or the Philippines or dinky old
Argentina for me."

The pinto pony grazed around at
his feet and he pulled at the pipe
for a minute.

"Now, wouldn't it jar yOu to
think that the Indian has outlived
the cowboy after all? That's the
hell of it. We must go alone. We
are the last of what the literary
fellers call a type. But the old
paint-faced Indians remain and the
Government feeds 'em. That's
what makes me want to go out and
turn loose this old gun of mine six
times more for luck. Still it's all
in the game and when a man calls
the turn wrong he's got no right to
holler when the dealer rakes in

the chips. It's just a case of betting on the
wrong card. We thought it was going to last
forever. We thought there was room enough in
other parts of the country for the fool farmers
without their trying to cut up the big ranches.
That 's where we got off wrong. And the damned
Indian who didn't think, who didn't have no
think, is here, and we are the ones to go. And
the first son of a gun of an Indian who laughs
at me is going to get what's coming to him.
He's going to get it so the doctors, won't be of
much use to him.

' ' Some fellers have been telling me to give
it up and settle down, to acquire a section of
land and raise a family. Now, that sounds good
to a man who has always had a policeman to
see that he got home all right every night and
who wears slippers when he goes out on the porch
to get his morning paper, but none of it for
Willie. The old saddle for a pillow, the ground
for a bed and the long wail of the coyote to
sing me to sleep. I'd just as soon be in jail as
cooped up in a cottage. The stampede, the long,
long days on the Montana trail, the night rides,
the thirst and the hunger and the good old windy
ranges are what call to me. A man who has
had his feet frozen to his stirrups, who has had
snow-blindness and sand-blindness, who has
thrown wild steers with his naked hands and
snapped rattlesnakes' heads off as a child would
pop a whip, would look like a fool beside a fire-
side with a baby on his knee."

There was a long pause and the pipe sent long

ALL FOOT-WORK.
The Girl — " Oh. isn't this heavenly, Charley, dear!
he forgets half the time we've a patent piano-player."

Papa's so absent-minded
—Puck.

THE PANDEX

147

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fl ORCHARD AND FARM, the most handsomely executed farm publication in
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q THROUGH ITS COLUMNS during the year 1907 we shall be delighted
to take you to California twelve times. We will tell you of the great reclama-
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q THE MARTHA WASHINGTON NEEDLE CASE with one year's sub-
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q THIS CASE IS WORTH $1.00, and it cannot be bought at any store in
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q THIS OFFEIR is good for either old or new subscribers.
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Please mentton The Pandex n-hen nrltlnB to AdvertUer*.

148

THE PANDEX

streamers into the hazy blue of the sky. He pinching shoe. Still, it all comes to the same in

kicked with his heels in the sand and watched the eiid."

the sun going down. He swung himself into the saddle, the pony

"Well, we'll go up into British Columbia, swept across the plain in a long easy "lope."

maybe. They tell me there's big ranges up For miles you could see him, a lonely figure

THOROUGH BUT NOT PEDANTIC.

(Overheard at the Louvre.)

American Tourist (suspiciously) — "Say, guide, haven't we seen this room before?"
Guide — "Oh, no, monsieur."

Americaji Tourist — "Well, see here. We want to see eversrthing, but we don't want to see
anything twice!"

—Punch.

there. Anyway, we're not wanted here. It's limned against the sun. He disappeared over a

skidoo. Go away, old peoples, go away. If it rise in the prairie and the shadows fell. The

wasn't that the damned Indian has got the laugh last of the old-time cowboys had become just a

on us at the last — that's the rub; that's the memory.

THE PANDEX

149

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150

THE PANDEX

A VANISHED COMMODITY

Old-Fashioned Brown Sugar with All Its De-
lights Is Gone.

"What I waiit, " said the top-flatter who was
buying groceries, "is some brown sugar. Got
any?"

The clerk said he had and sifted out a shovel-
ful of sugar in to the tray.

"Hold on a minute," said the top-flatter.
"That isn't brown sugar. It's the kind you fel-
lows all over town have been trying to sell me
for brown sugar, but it isn't brown; it's a pale,
whitish, sickly yellow. What I call brown
sugar is the kind mother used to sweeten the
pies with when I- was a kid. Don't you remem-
ber it? It was dark and coarse-grained and
full of lumps as big as your fist. There was more
of the concentrated essence of sweetness in one
of those lumps than in a whole shovelful of this
yellow stuff, and after a fellow had sneaked a
chunk of it out of the barrel and crawled off
under the back stairs and gobbled it in secrel
he was fairly oozing sugar at every pore. Thai
is the kind of sugar I want. Got any?"

"No, sir," said the clerk, "we don't keep
it. It is very old fashioned. There is only a
little of it put on the market."

The top-flatter sighed. "I understand now,"
he said, "why so many cakes and pies and
preserves don't taste right."

Too Bad to Be True.

The hall bedroom boarder, who had been I'e-
cently married, rose screaming from his nuptial
couch.

"What in the world is the matter, dearest?"
exclaimed his bride.

"I dreamed," and he shuddered almost to the
swooning point at the memory; "I dreamed that
I saw a forest scene like the one in the home-
made oil painting in my room at the boarding
house. ' '

Reminding him of the impossibility of such
a thing, the young woman managed to quiet the
terrified man. — Judge.

Forewarned.
"How is the water in the bath, Fifi?"
"Please, my lady, it turned baby fairly blue."
"Then don't put Fido in for an hour or so."
— Courier- Journal .

■ The First Quarrel.
Adam — It's all off. Good-bye forever!
Eve — Then take back your rib.

Some men grow, under responsibility, and oth-
ers were swell. — Puck.

If conscience makes cowards of us all, cow-
ardice, on the other hand, gives some of us about
all the conscience we ever know. — Puck.

New Lamps for Old.

Johnny's dog, Tige, was a nuis-
ance. His pet theory must have
been that all things were created
to be destroyed — at least, so his
practices indicated. Johnny's folks
were anxious to be rid of Tige,
and at last they decided to work
upon the lad's affections with lucre.

"Johnny," said his father one
day, "I'll give you five dollars if
you'll get rid of that dog."

Johnny gasped at the amount,
swallowed hard at thought of Tige,
and said he would think it over.

The next day at dinner he made
the laconic announcement: "Pa, I
got rid of Tige."

"Well, I certainly am delighted
to hear it," said the father.
"Here's your money; you've
earned it. How did you get rid of
the nuisance?"

"Traded him to Bill Simpkins
for two yellow pups." answered
Johnny. — Lippincott 's.

In time, no doubt, all kinds of
geese will fly south in the fall, ex-
cept the very timidest, who will
always go by rail, probably. — Puck.

IT'S IN THE AIR.
' VVliat on eartti are you doine with those electric fans .^"
' Preparing for to-morrow's spin, my dear."

—New York Herald.

THE PA NDEX

151

DAY CURE'

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Pleaae mention Tfce Pandex when nrrltlng; to Advertisers.

152

THE PANDEX

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of testimonials, gathered from 1 2 years of successful
experience.

CONNELLEY LIQUOR CURE

505 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, Cal.

Every Woman

is interested and should know
about the wonderful

Marvel Whirling
Spray Douche

Ask your druggist lor it.
II he cannot supply the
MARVEL, accept no other but
send stamp for illustrated book-
sealed. It gives full particulars and
directions invaluable to ladies

Umi CO., ReOM B, 44 E. 23(1 STREET, HEW YORK

FOR BREAKFAST

GERMEA

The JOHNSON-LOCKE MERCANTILE CO., Agents

SAN FRANCISCO

Plense mention The Pandex Tvhen vrrltlns to Advertlner*.

1 UNIVtKai I Y

or

comfmiBuiLii/mm/m

I LSTABLISHKD I8a9

^3,000,000.'^

. FA/D /N CAPITAL Sc/ffS£/^VE

' * •

^

Mr. Edison

says:

READ

every -word of
this straight-
for-ward offer.

"I want to see a Phonograph
in every American home."

The ptaonoeraph is Mr. Edison's pet and
hobby— the only one of his wonderful
inventions of which today he holds
active control.

Buys This
Improved
EDISON

Outfit No. 5

$27.50 for Edi-
son outfit No. 5,
far, far superior to
the highest priced
imitations of the
genuine Edison.

^A and upward
•^iVfor other
Edison outfits.

i^

FREE TRIAL

Send no money — no deposit — no C. 0. D. — If after 4S hours ' free trial in your oHun
home the Edison does not fully satisfy yott and all your family, return outfit AT
OUR EXPENSE — an offer open to every responsible person in the United States.

$ ^ .50 a Month

Comnarisonfl Drove ***" »biiolute. unquaiifled nuperiorltT
vumparivunv pruvc ^^ ^i^,, genuine Edison phono^ntph
ftnd the genuine Edison gold moulded recordH. Mr. Edison's
patents, AS the reader probably knows, are the phonograph
patents. At the remarkable price now msLdeon the great hkllson
outfit No. 5— total cost of •27.60— and other genuine Edison out-
fits for 914.20 and upward — why ehou'd anybody choose the
Inferior Imitation talking machines, costing as much or eren
much more than the genuine Edison !

No Imitator Is allowed to infrlnfre on either the original or
the later Udlson patents. Hence the imitation machines are
made In all kinds of peculiar ways to ^et around the patent laws,
though detracting from the real vatue of ihe phonograph. I^Ir.
Edison orcoiirse covered the [^ood polntH of the phonograph by
his patents; it is the only one of h]» inventloDs In which he Is
stlU actively Interested, working dally in the phonograph lab-
oratory. And we need not argu« with you aa to the merits of
Mr. Edison's invention compared with the work of some other
"Inventor" or "inventors,"

We want toprot'f fo you by this remarkable free trial offer
what everybody In the talking machine business openly or
■ecretly admits about the wonderful superiority of Hr. Edison's
own Initrument.

5

buys the great outfit No. 5. and t^
costs you ag little as if you paid cash
(not even Interest on payments) totsl
cost only $27.50.

fJO O^Ti'tt^ a W/^#»Alr *°*^ upward for other
cJV «-CtIL9 A W CCi\ genuine Edison outflta.

No discount for cash ^^ ^'•^^ '^^^ purchasers are tak-
IXO aiSCOUnr lOr Casn ,„g advantage of tbia offer to ae-
cure the finest Improved Edison outfits at present prlcas, that
we aie often asked for some cash distiount. We must Inform you
that the prices at which we now sell on time are already so low
(the lowest allowed under the patent laws) that we cannot give
you anything off for cash. If you prefer, send cash In full after
i8 hours* free trial In your home. No reapontibU party need
send any cash with order.

By making this offer it is unnecessary to Aoht imitators in court, for
they simply cannot compete. You get the benefit in the rock-bottom
price and easy-payment terms on the finest genuine Edison outfits.

You cannot Imaiplne how much pleasure you and your family, old and younK. will g^et
from the genuine Edison until you have tried it in your own home. Waltzes, two-steps,
minstrel shows and grand opera. Perfect reproduction. The improved Edison phono-
graphs are no ordinary automatic entertainers, but musical Instruments of highest merit.

WRITE for Catalog

You need not bother with wrltlnK a letter. Just write your name and addresa ^ <^
plainly on coupon : put the coupon in an envelope and mail it today. Edison cata- ^ >p
Iocs, special circular on the new style improyed Edison outfits and Edison record cata- > ^^ ^

no money /y^ »,-
down. Wouldn't you like to try the new sty le Edison phonograpb ' ^jSy ^ »

Frederick Babson / ^"^^^^^^

149-150 Michigan Av*. * o'^'V^'^Sv*'

loff will be mailed free prepaid. Remember, frte trial-
down. Wouldn't you like to try th
Oet the Edison catalog anyway Sim the coupon now.

^^ij — ~p^ Suite 1661 Chicago, III.

15 Cents

FEBRUARY

SOFT WHITE HANDS

and Hygienically Clean Clothes are worn
by the WOMEN who use 20 Mule
Team Borax Soap — the only real Borax
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WRITE FOR "FREE SAMPLE"^

PACIFIC BORAX COMPANY, Oakland, Cal.

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UNDERWOOD
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Some Thoughts About The Pandex

From a New York Newspaper Man

W. J. Lampton, inventor of the famous "Yawp" Verte*

Pandex came and I'm here to say that it is the best yet along
general reading lines. I don't know what you are doing in ex-
tending its circulation, but it seems to me that you should build
it up into the 1 00 thousands. As a magazine for the people
who live beyond the daily paper zone, it leads all and should be
in every farmer's house. I showed it to a Swiss editor who is
here seeing the country and learning about us, and he will write
you about having it sent to him, not in exchange, but for his $1 .50.

From the San Francisco
Chronicle

The January Pandex of The Press is crowded with readable
matter, as December was rich in noteworthy news. The Pres-
ident's message is printed in full, and the editor announces that
any one who wishes the message in a separate pamphlet may
get it by sending 1 0 cents in stamps to the publisher. This is a
sensible scheme for any one who wishes to preserve a copy of
the message in convenient form. The main topics that are dis-
cussed in this number are the war against trusts, the coal famine,
the Japanese school question, the financial outlook, the Panama
canal and ships, etc. The editor's comment is strong and pithy
and the cartoons and other illustrations throw amusing side lights
on the news. The Pandex is by all odds the most readable of
the magazines and it is indispensable to the busy man who wishes
to keep posted on the News of the world.

From a Subscriber in Seattle

J. p. Martin, Real Estate

I am highly pleased with The Pandex. It is more than all the
other magazines put together for a man with limited time to de-
vote to current events.

THE PANDEX OF THE PRESS

Edited by Arthur I. Street

INDEX TO CONTENTS

Series II.

FEBRUARY. 1907

Vol. V. No. 2

COVER — Wall Street Snuggery — Adapted from
Chicago News

frontispiece: — voted for It. — New York
World.

EDITORIAL — From State to Religion 153

FEW DAYS OF FELLOWSHIP 162

No Eviction Christmas Eve 162

Poor and Wealthy Get Money 162

Cincinnati Men Receive Gifts 163

$50,000 by Special Train 163

Santa Claus in Baltimore 164

J51. 230.294 Given to Charity 166

Europe's Christmas Cheer 166

Christmas Strilte in Schools 168

Condemns Christmas Feeds 169

T. VESUVIUS ROOSEVELT— Verse and Car-
toon 170

HARRIMAN VS. ROOSEVELT 172

Congress Ready for a Fuss 173

Must Use His Big Stick. . .' 173

Democrat to the Defense 173

President Right; No Row 174

Charged with "Fatuous Meddling" 174

Fine, McCutcheon '175

Will Break Message Habit 176

Fines and Jail Scare Railways 176

Root for Senator 178

Gompers Cries Fraud 178

Dare Not Revise Tariff 179

"Thru" It Shall Be 179

"The Beloved, Exalted Roosevelt ' 180

FIGHTING "THE MEDDLER."

Harriman Leads Forces 180

Criticism Resented by President 184

LABOR AT THE PLAY 185

ROCKEFELLER AS "KING OF THE REPUB-
LIC" 189

VERSE.

A Wail 192

Story of the Rich Man 192

PRICES, FUEL, AND WEATHER 193

May Cost Many Lives 193

Famine Felt in Canada 194

Starvation Behind Famine 196

Fuel Famine a Conspiracy 196

Southwest Losing Millions 196

Shippers Partly to Blame 197

Hill, J. J., on Coal Famine 198

High Prices for Every Necessity 198

HUMOR 204

SEVEN MONTHS AT SEA WITH A DRY DOCK 205

THE GOLDEN BAIT OF NEVADA 206

HARRIMAN'S DEFEAT OF HILL 209

VERSE 210

STATE RIGHTS VS. STATE DUTIES 211

Democrats See a Live Issue 211

Root Explains Talk 212

Chicago to Lead World 212

May Amend Crime Laws 214

Slot-Machines Tax Bill 214

Some Proposals in Colorado 214

Reforms Strong in West 215

New Anti-Tipping Bill 216

Big Year for Legislatures 216

"State Rights" Go to Court 218

Hughes Blames Laws for Evils 218

Texas Car Shortage Remedy 219

Ohio Liquor Law to Stand 219

Square Deal in Pennsylvania 219

Sovereign State not a Nation 219

Manitoba for Public Telephones 220

Owe City Enormous Debt 220

Fight on Municipal Plant 220

Municipal Plant a Success 222

Bryan's Reply to Root 222

Europe on States' Rights Fight 222

Protectionism Followed Civil War 223

Folk Wants a Lot of Things 223

HEROES OF THE PHILIPPINES 224

VERSE 228

CHAPTER IN RAPID TRANSIT TOLD IN
CARTOONS . , , 229

RELIGION AS AN ISSUE 233

Vatican Issues a Note 233

Pope Would Be a Martyr 234

Evangelizing the World 234

Ministers Will Edit Paper 235

War on Sunday Theaters.' 235

Fight for Open Sunday 23S

Church Wins in Porto Rico 235

Pulpit the Coward's Castle 236

Man Superior to Commerce 236

It's a Moral Problem 238

Church Neglects Labor 238

Legislation No Cure for Ills 239

Puritan Day In Boston 239

Union of All the Protestants 240

Confucius Promoted 240

Madhl to Reconquer Egypt 240

Services in Many Languages •. 241

Daniel II, Latest Prophet 241

Scientist Exposes "Miracle" 242

Why Sam Jones was a Clown 242

Saving Souls at 101 243

SEPARATION ACT — FULI- TEXT 243

"I,ORD OF THE ■WORLD, ROI^Ij OVEHl ME".. 2H

BETWEEN SEX AND DUTY 253

De Raylan's Sex Known . 253

Wife Beat De Raylan 254

Madman Poses as Woman 256

Senorlta Dressed as Tramp 258

First to Hold Indiana Office 258

Women in Postal Service 258

Women Happy Without 'Vote 259

Corelli Calls Woman Names 259

Luxury-Loving Wives Crush Souls 260

Fight to Separate Elections 260

Names Woman Deputy Sheriff 260

Women Outgrowing Men 260

Trade Schools for Girls 261

How Women Waste Millions 261

Labor Laws for Women 261

Hotel for Women a Failure 262

Paper Published by Women 262

Woman's Brain for Sale 264

Sees Good in Race Restriction 264

Question of Courage 265

French Women and Corsets 265

Nine Years to Malte a Dress 265

Down With the Broom 266

Cannes Feels Man Famine 266

Woman Moonshiner 266

Stare at Weil-Known Women 267

Jilted Because of Beauty 268

His "Tootsy Wootsy" 269

Girl Wife Traded for Them 269

Sisters In Duel for Love 269

THE "NEW MAN" 270

FAMOUS DUEL ON MISSISSIPPI SAND 272

VERSE 276

A YEAR'S EXTRAVAGANCE IN NEW YORK. 278

TALE IN CARTOONS 282

THE HUNTER, THE ANIMAL AND THE RE-
VENGE 286

Killed a Silver Fox 286

Wild Dogs of India 286

Monster Wildcat 287

Tigers Reared by Dogs 287

Cat Hunts Like Bird Dog 287

Mouse That Robbed Railroad 287

Fought Snakes Three Hours 288

Fiddling Charms Wolves 288

To Domesticate Eight Foxes 288

Monopoly on Chickens 390

Eagle Attacks Hunter 292

Hunting Jaguars In Mexico 292

Dogs as Holiday Gifts 295

Hotel for Dogs Pills Need 298

Ontario's Great Hunting Record 300

Real Fish Story 300

Man With a "Night Eye" 302

PUBLISHED THE FIRST OF EACH MONTH BY

THE CALKINS NEWSPAPER SYNDICATE

OFFICES:
24 Clay Street. S«n FranoKO. Tribune Building, New 'Votk.

Hartford Building. Chicago.

Editorial Office. I : MiU VaUey. Gal.

Entered at the San Francisco Postoffice a. Second - claM Mail Matter ' 5 Cents tSe Copy. $1 .50 Per Year

When you are interested in trunks or
leather goods we would be pleased to have
you look over the largest and best selection
of Trunks, Valises, Suit Cases, Telescopes
and Baggage of all kinds shown on the
coast.

Write for Catalogue

A. B. Smith Co.

Turk St. and Van Ness Ave., San Francisco, Cal.

There's Reason in It.

A man who has used the Williams
Typewriter for five years is in a posi-
tion to know what it will do. Notice
it is a comparative knowledge, too:
Rockland Commercial College

ROCKLAND, ME.

M. A. HOWARD, Proprietor.

"1 have used a number of Williams Typewriters in
this college during the past five years, which have been
subjected to hard usage at the hands of students and
operated side by side with other leading makes of type-
^vriters. My experience has convinced me that the
Williams does more and better work, costs less for
maintenance, and is easier to operate than any other
machine." (Signed) "^ H. A. HOWARD."

IF YOU HAVE NOT YET INVESTIGATED THE

WILLIAMS

VISIBLE STANDARD TYPEWRITER

you have failed to secure a writing machine which will
turn out exactly the kind of correspondence you have long
wanted. Your letters written on the Williams will challenge
the admiration of your patrons; you will effect a saving of
90 per cent in maintenance, increase your output with no
increased effort, and have a machine that stands up to the
hardest usage. It satisfies Write now. Booklet B.

Williams Typewriter Co.

G'ene°rTi Office. Dcrby, Conn., U. S. A.

London Office: 57 Holborn Viaduct.

1 2 Trips

to
California

for
Only$1.00

^^P^ Mail the Coupon to
any one of the fol-
lowing offices :

New York; Chicago; Reno, Ne-
vada; Los Angeles, California;
Portland, Oregon; San Francisco,
California; Kansas City, Missouri;
Denver, Colorado.

^ ORCHARD AND FARM, the most handsomely executed farm publication in
the United Slates, is published in San Francisco, and is 20 years old.

q THROUGH ITS COLUMNS during the year 1907 we shall be delighted
to take you to California twelve times. We will tell you of the great reclama-
tion work in the Western States. We will show you how crops are produced
through the process of irrigation. We will keep you posted on horticulture and
floriculture in the land where trees blossom and bloom the whole year 'round
and where flowers never fade.

q WE WILL PROVE TO YOU the great progress in live stock development
in the States west of the Rockies. In fact, through the columns of ORCHARD
AND FARM, every vital item of interest to the agriculturist and live stock
grower will be presented from the standpoint of the practical farmer living west
of the Rockies.

TREE

q THE MARTHA WASHINGTON NEEDLE CASE with one year'ssub-
scription to ORCHARD AND FARM. This is a beautiful leatherette case
which is filled with all the needles that a woman will use from the age of four-
teen until she is ninety-four. Also, IT IS WELL STOCKED with the
" Can't Bend 'Em Pifls."

q THIS CASE IS WORTH $1.00, and it cannot be bought at any store in
the world. We will give it absolutely free with one year's subscription to
ORCHARD AND FARM.

*1 THIS OFFEK is good lor either old or new subscribers.
Cut Out and Mail Today

THE CALKINS NEWSPAPER SYNDICATE, Hartford Bldg., Chicago.

Gentlemen : I am enclosing $' .00, for which please send to my address immediately the
Martha Washingrton Needle Case and your publication. Orchard and Farm, for one

year.

NAME

STREET

CITY STATE

Pleas« mention The Pandex n-hen vrrltinff to Advertisers.

154

THE PANDEX

The Senate Demanded an Explanation and Got It.
— St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

directed himself, finds it requisite to elabor-
ate his messages to Congress until they
become sermons in political and social
morality. This is why Governor Hughes,
pursuing the precedent set by President
Roosevelt when he first entered the White
House, has followed an earnest inaugural
address on the philosophies of modern gov-
ernmental methods with a notice to all per-
sons, influential and otherwise, that what
business can not be transacted with the
Chief Executive of the State in the open
chamber has no right to claim the secrecy
of locked doors or the privilege of favored
consideration. This is why the Speaker of
the lower house of the Pennsylvania Legis-
lature, contemplating the venal record of
preceding state administrations and legis-
latures, made a candid and apparently most
sincere appeal to his fellow members to
"play the game above board." to justify the
popular confidence, to elevate honorable
considerations above those of personal bene-
fit or corrvipted pledge.

forces in order to raise the level of cost
much beyond the level of the increase in
wage or other emolument which they, as
masters of the situation, are willing to pay.

Conscience

vs.

Practice

Indeed, tho the declaration
of common will has ex-
pressed unqualified support
of the men in public office
who govern by the rule of higher standards,
and tho prosecutions have been inaugurated
in every section of the country against the
systems of extortion by which a limited
group pirate and absorb the energies, earn-
ings, and accumulations of the general
public, the factor of selfish acquisition has
still so trenchant a hold iipon the impulses
and extortions of those who are in the ad-
vance that the leaders of reform begin to
realize the necessity of assailing the ideals of
conduct and of seeking to create a new re-
lationship between the consciences of heart
and the practices of competitive existence.
This is why the President at Washington,
to achieve the large ends to which he has

A

Preacher
Governor

This is why, too, the golden
state of Colorado, altho it
has since named as its rep-
resentative in the Senate a
member of one of the most absolute and
grinding trusts in the United States, acceded
to the candidacy of, and installed in power,
a preacher-governor so church-devoted that
he must needs have his inaugural ceremonies
performed in the clerical edifice in which he
made his first public success.

The Spirit

of
Compromise

Furthermore, it is the reason
why the animated contro-
versies and warfare of Con-
gress and of business, such
as the Brownsville affair or the rivalry of
Hill and Harriman, or the strike of the train-
men, which seem at the moment of their
crises so threatening, pass away shortly into
a superior spirit of compromise and resolu-
tion.

Ardently antagonistic to the President tho
Senator Foraker may seem, and spokesman
tho he is suspected of being for the Vested

THE PANDEX

155

¥4/ li

UNCLE SAM GROWS TALLER.
Or Maybe the Money Power Is Shrinking Some.

-Indianapolis News.

156

THE PANDEX

Interests which seek the President's over-
throw, he did not fail to perceive, at the
crucial instant, that the issue of the Browns-
ville affair was beyond the reach of his
forensic eloquence and that its final adjudi-
cation would lie, not in the matter of the
tecnnical right or non-right of the Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Army to dismiss
summarily troops virtually guilty of the most
dangerous insubordination, but in the larger
question of the moral responsibility of those
who witness and refuse to divulge crime of
whatsoever degree.

Adjusting
for the
People

Bitter tho the antagonisms
of Mr. Hill and Mr. Harri-
man may be in their anti-
thetic conceptions of the
profession and obligations of railroading,
both know that the use of arms in the fight-
ing for rights-of-way along the Columbia
River and the exerting of "undue influence"
upon the municipal councils of the cities of
Puget Sound for the sake of protecting or
securing terminal privileges are a far de-
parture from the trend of the times and an
alienation of their individual interests from
the sympathies of the public or the indul-
gence of the public's administrators. And,
accordingly, they make their mutual peace
upon the basis of at least an outward mani-
festation of fellow feeling and they moderate
their franchise demands to a poinj as little
in conflict as they can render them with
the spirit of concession and generosity
which the public is beginning to find more
to its liking and more to its general benefit
than the older zest of grab and confiscation.
However much the men who handle great
industries may resent the constant aggres-
sions of Labor and the constant pressure for
an increasing share of the product of work
and enterprise, a trainmen's strike is not al-
lowed to expand into the magnitude of a
strike of the coal miners because the lesson
has been assimilated that, after all, if the
laborers can show with any degree of fair
front that the inequality of financial favor
incident to an increasing of dividends upon
capital stock disproportionate to the increas-

on
Expediency

ing of dividends upon the efficiency and
faithfulness of labor is in violation of the
better principles of humanity, there is no
reasonable possibility of holding out against
Labor's demands.

Financially, commercially, po-
Building ntically, the axis of interest
thus shifts from the expe-
dient to the ethical. The
nation has lived, almost, upon the founda-
tion of the expedient ever since the Civil
"War, when, as Miss Tarbell's valuable
articles in the American Magazine have so
clearly shown, economic policies were de-
vised without the slightest idea of ever be-
coming permanent or of being economically
defensive, yet which have since fastened
themselves upon the country with a grip
almost as tenacious as patriotism itself. The
high tariff schedules were made to provide
a revenue whose need was as extraordinary
as it was imperative. They were framed
under utterly abnormal and impassioned
conditions wherein those who were without
honesty or honor molded the form of laws
to their own selfish ends. And, unhappily,
they imbued the political concepts of the
people with the belief that that impost policy
is best which brings in the income in the swift-
est possible manner without regard to the
opportunities it affords for fraud and per-
sonal aggrandizement. They imbued the in-
dividual standards of conduct and of re-
lationship with the Government with the be-
lief that wherever the people can be made
to aid the cause and prosperity of the indi-
vidual, there is neither vice nor error in the
business policy that drives the opportunities
thus opened to the furthermost limit.

Distorting

the
Corporation

And under the guidance of
the thoughts thus instilled,
American conditions have
grown on to the unfortunate
and perilous situation with which President
Roosevelt and his aides are now battling.
Instead of adhering to the liberties and bene-
fits of Democracy because of the more equit-
able distribution of opportunity and acquisi-

THE PANDEX

* I MU51 GO 8AO?i>
TLBV^E TAKE jbsK5 . i.^ii

^VM 5* AT TME ^

^ ^^ SUhBAY » ^^

w^n> you ,^ j

0«ryaiiq)fJ

I.,. J

;^

¥ ■ ■ • •^ulVlRiV^"^- A 11/1 1

THE CAR SHORTAGE SEASON.
The Dream of the Railway Official.

— Chicago Inter-Ocean.

158

THE PANDBX

tion which Democracy should guarantee, the
dominating elements have fought for Democ-
racy's retention and exalted its greatness
because of the play it gives to the stronger
to outmaneuver the weak, and for the more
unscrupulous to put beneath their power those
less able than themselves to grasp the van-
ishing coins or to preserve intact the re-
sults of their own labors. Sheltered by a
system designed to scatter evenly among
workmen and employer the differences be-
tween the costs of labor abroad and labor at
home, the masters of industry have juggled
the giant's share of the fruits into their own
pockets. And, successful in this, they have
extended the same methods into the wide
field which may be said to be the distinguish-
ing feature of the current century, namely,
the field of corporations and syndicates.
Where the valuable and wisely legislated in-
stitution known as the corporation might
have been employed, as in theory it is in-
tended to be, to protect the small owner to
the same degree that the larger one's su-
perior ownership protects him, the aim has
been chiefly to consolidate and fortify the
station of the majority stockholders, to as-
sure increasingly the supremacy of those
who aspire to it, and to rob the minority of
such force as belonged to them, by virtue of
individuality, before they submitted to the
leveling dictates of the forms of law.

Forgetting

the Purpose

of Trade

Steel plant and railroad, oil
refinery and meat-packing
house alike have been
aborted Into the creating of
power, wealth, and benefit for restricted
groups of men, akin in lack of conscience or
sympathetic in the greed of superiority. The
transportation problem, which should by its
very nature as a public utility be handled
solely for the good it works to the com-
munity in general, has been approached and
manipulated to give unnatural ascendency
and reckless authority to those who rise to
the command. The slaughtering of live stock
and the making of its innumerable products
and by-products into commodities for gen-
eral consumption have been distorted until the

primary purpose of accommodation has be-
come chiefly a game in imposture and wage
slavery, in order that one man's, or a few
men's, ambitions for vast wealth and vaster
distinction may be achieved without limita-
tion.

That business, whatsoever its sort, has its
first genesis in social need, and derives its
quality and its real permanence from the ex-
tent to which it fulfils actual social exchange,
has been almost forgotten. The simple
elements that exist in barter, that establish
men's reputations in the small circles of im-
mediate friendships within which they move
— branding them with marks of fairness or
clothing them in the shame of universal dis-
esteem — are eliminated from the larger fight
which begins when the commercial office is
reached or trade and finance are conducted
over the wire or thru the mails.

Principles

of
Personal Life

Men, in the narrow limits of
personal and friendly con-
tact, sacrifice themselves and
their comfort and wishes,
rather than cheat their fellows or lie and
steal from those who dwell near them. Mr.
Rogers, of the Standard Oil, as Mr. Lawson
has testified, has nothing but personal
charm, generosity, and human sympathy
when among those whom he knows and for
whom he cares. Mr. Rockefeller has, of late,
been ardently defended for his personal
piety and simplicity by a British clergyman
who was warned against becoming subject to
his domination by accepting the pastorate
of the church to which Mr. Rockefeller is
one of the leading contributors.

Lose

the Sense

of Truth

But outside and away from
the sphere of home and close
associates, these men lose
their sense of truth and
honor ; they put off the garb of sincerity and
take on that of expediency. They guide
themselves by the modern adaptation of the
principle which carried the institution of the
Jesuits, first to great power, and then to
ignominous overthrow, namely, the principle
that the end jiistifies the means. Their
philosophy reiterates the tenets of Machia-

THE PANDEX

159

BRYAN OUTDONE.

— Washington Post.

160

THE PANDEX

velli; and it points to the unprecedented
prosperity of the country to prove the sub-
stance and worth of such contemplations
when put into action. Prosperity becomes
to them like an ancient estate such as Mach-
iavelli counseled thru his "Prince" to erect
upon an artificial basis of intrigue and politi-
cal duplicity. Or it is a fetich at the shrine
of which they worship; and the interference
of a President with any of the sacred proc-
esses by which it has been builded provokes
their retaliatory resentment to such an ex-
tent that they seize upon and magnify every
incident of his administration that may pos-
sibly redound to his discredit or ultimately
lead to his deposition from office. They use
their organs of publicity to confound his
reputation for veracity in the controversy
with the Storers. They agitate the issue of
State Rights, even tho it threatens the prog-
ress of their expanding trade in the Orient,
when they think that by so doing they can
unfasten his hold upon the votes of the
Pacific Coast, or avert his growing popular-
ity in the States of the South. They ridicule
the frequency of his congressional messages,
and delight, as with the exultancy of youth,
when they put a temporary quietus vipon his
advocacy of Simplified Spelling.

A Voice

of
Warning

It is only when confronted
with the specter of the ob-
secrated Bryan, or the ab-
horred Hearst, as an alter-
native, that they pause in their reverences,
and wonder how it is that not every one
bows with them, or that a servitor, hitherto
so faithful as Secretary Shaw, should warn
the country that there is something hollow,
inflated, and perishable in the image which
they have set up. To a surprising degree
their senses remain closed to the apparently
unstayable advance of socialism, whose fun-
damental impulse is the desire to re-estab-
lish the principles of common humanity, to
rebestow upon society the reign of decent
comradeship and spontaneous common love.
Like the German Emperor, they are faced
with an electoral upheaval greater than any
that has yet taken place within the n.ation.

greater by far than that which returned
Cleveland to the Presidency in 1892 ; yet they
still make playthings of so much of the
public as is willing to believe it can grow
suddenly rich along the pavements of Wall
Street; they still continue to seek to drive
from power such able, tho not always
credit-worthy men, as James J. Hill, by wrest-
ing the control of the St. Paul from his
grasp, as they wrested that of the Illinois
Central from Stuyvesant Fish. They watch
the waxing potency of Labor in its ever
more frequent demands, and they glower
at it with the withering indignation of in-
jured and insulted right. Even in places
so far away as San Francisco, where they
have long stood in wicked coalition with the
wicked managers of Labor's political organ-
ization, they talk of establishing a daily
newspaper to break the back of all the
unions.

Need

of

New Morals

Nothing seems to call them
again to the simpler ways,
the fairer ways, the better
ways, which they are only
too glad to follow in private, which they
are only too imperative in impressing upon
their children and requiring of all the public
except themselves when engaged in business.
Commercially and financially they are cut
loose from the moorings of morality. The
incentive of gain has become greater than
the incentive of virtue. The acquisitions of
the day have got out of proportion to the
more permanent possessions which outlast
decay or accident, and are yet ready to be
at hand and in use when monetary panic be-
falls or bankruptcy chases away the tinsel
and the accoutrements of thrift.

Impulses

of Higher

Religion

What they need to bring
them out of the obsession,
to rehabilitate the elements
that will make them over
into the average, the worthy, the unob.jur-
gated men they once were, is the deep,
thrilling impulse that proceeds only from
some manner of religion — not a religion,
necessarily, such as any of those which now

THE PANDEX

161

exist, but one which, like Christianity when
it supplanted the worship of the Roman Em-
perors, is big enough, clear enough, simple
enough, ordinary enough to be assimilable by
every class of people, to provoke response in
every fashion of mind, to arouse passionate

adherence in every line of avocation. It must
be a religion that will teach men that they are
something more than themselves, and that
the greater life is that which is lived in the
widest possible sphere, not of money and
of gain, but of fellowship and human unity.

THE REAL SIX-DAY RACE.

-New York American.

162

THE PANDEX

HOLIDAY

SEASON PROVOKES AN
UNPRECEDENTED MANIFESTATION
OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE GENEROSITY.

THE SMILE THAT SHOULDN'T
COME OFF.

Photographic Tourist — "Hold on! I want to
take one a day for 363 days, and all like that! "
— Adapted from Chicago News.

PROFIT-SHARING AND WAGE-INCREASES TAKE

THE PLACE OF OLD-TIME PHILAN-

THROPY AND CHARITY.

TO an extent greater than in any previous
holiday period since the earlier days of
the Republic, the Christmas season of 1906
witnessed a public endeavor to distribute the
largesses and joys of prosperous living. And
this, too, not so much in form of philan-
thropy, of dinners and trees and charitable
donations for the poor, as in the sharing of
mercantile profits and the division of the
products of labor. At least for the few days
of the year thus represented, the spirit of a
broader humanity prevailed, and, pos-
sibly set an example which will do much
toward working social betterment in the
future.

NO EVICTION CHRISTMAS EVE

Justice Refuses to Sign Warrants to Dispossess
the Poor.
Even the courts appreciated the spirit of
the season, as was manifested in the follow-
ing pathetic incident as described in the
New York Herald :

When Justice Edgar Lauer reached the Mu-

nicipal Court, in East Fifty-seventh Street, he
found an unusually large number of poor per-
sons from the East Side who had been served
with .summonses in dispossess proceedings. Sor-
row and fears showed on almost every face, until
Mr. Lauer said:

"If all of you weeping women and children
will have patience I will try to gladden your
hearts. It is the .judgment of this court that
every one of you shall keep on decorating your
Christmas trees and have a happy Christmas,
for I have decided to sign no warrants at this
season, but to give you time to pay your rents
or obtain other quarters. I am sure that after
these remarks no landlord or agent will insist
upon any of you being thrown into the street
on this bitter cold day, the eve of a merry Christ-
mas. ' '

POOR AND WEALTHY GET MONEY

Pittsburg Institutions Declare Dividend for
Stockholders and Workers.
What the profit-sharing disposition was is
shown in the following from the New York
Herald :

Pittsburg, Pa. — Mill worker, bank clerk, and
financier shared alike in special distributions of
wage and stock dividends declared by the most

THE PANDEX

163

important interests in Pittsburg. Special Christ-
mas distributions were made to wage earners in
nearly all the steel and iron mills in the Pitts-
burg district, ranging from 5 to 10 per cent of
the monthly payroll, while in the financial dis-
trict the leading banking institutions paid em-
ployees from 20 to 100 per cent of their respec-
tive monthly stipends.

Mill workers on monthly and semi-monthly
pay received their salaries for the full month of
December, and this, together with the many
premiums, is estimated to have caused a dis-
tribution of nearly $30,000,000 in the Pittsburg
district.

The shopping districts that afternoon presented
the spectacle of one huge struggling sea of hu-
manity and at midnight department stores were
still disposing of the remnants of their depleted
stocks.

An extra dividend of turkeys was declared in
many of the industrial establishments. It has
been the custom in prosperous years to distribute
turkeys among mill and electrical workei-s on
Thanksgiving. This was done this year and was
repeated again on Christmas. Turkeys are sold
here for 27 cents a pound, and as the birds given
the will workers averaged twelve pounds apiece, '
this special dividend calls for a substantial finan-
cial expenditure in plants employing from 2000
to 5000 men.

The Farmers' Deposit National Bank declared
a special Christmas dividend of 1 per cent on
its new capitalization of $6,000,000; this means
a gift of $60,000 to stockholders.

The Union Trust Company declared a Christ-
mas dividend of $6 a share, making dividends for
the year 66 per cent. The Colonial Trust Com-
pany declared a special Christmas dividend of
1 per cent; the Lincoln National Bank declared
a special dividend of $2 a share, and many other
financial institutions offered similar holiday pres-
ents to their stockholders.

The First National Bank gave its employees
10 per cent of a month's salary as a Christmas
present. Other institutions gave presents of
from 5 to 100 per cent on monthly salaries.

CINCINNATI MEN RECEIVE GIFTS

Employees in All Lines Made Happy by Ad-
vanced Pay or Dividends on Salaries.

The extension to the West of the same
manner of dividing up the earnings as was
followed in Pittsburg is reflected in the fol-
lowing from the same paper as the above :

Cincinnati, Ohio. — The homes of thousands of
workers in this city have been made happier
by the liberality of employers, who have dis-
tributed extra wages, dividends and other gifts.

Many of the railroads several weeks ago
granted increases in wages that came in time to
add to the Christmas funds of their workers.
Scores of smaller employers remembered their
helpers with gifts of varying kinds and values.

All of the bankers in the city granted a di-
vidend of 2 per cent of the annual salaries to
their assistants and clerks. The only exception
was the Western German Bank, which made its
gift of good will on the basis of 4 per cent. The
Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Com-
pany gave the young women in its employ 6 per
cent on their yearly pay and remembered each
man on the payroll with a turkey and a quart of
oysters.

The Cincinnati Traction Company will follow
its custom of former years by having two big
celebrations in Music Hall later in the season.
Immense trees will be burdened with gifts for
all of the employees and their wives and chil-
dren. The affair will last two days, so that every
man will have an opportunity to attend.

$50,000 BY SPECIAL TRAIN

McHarg Sends a Real Santa Claus Over Virginia
and Southwestern Railway.

More striking and dramatic than almost
any other incident of the season was the fol-
lowing, also from the New York Herald :

Bristol, Tenn. — Henry K. McHarg, a wealthy
New York man, generously remembered all em-
ployees of the Virginia and Southwestern Rail-
way, which he recently sold to the Southern Rail-
way. He presented farewell gifts aggregating
nearly $50,000 in cash.

FATHER'S CHRISTMAS LEG.

— St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

164

THE PANDEX

Heads of departments each received a check
equal to one year's salary, while all other em-
ployees received the equal of one month's pay.

The company sent a special train to deliver
the checks to the men along the road. The con-
ductor was attired as Santa Claus and the train
was designated in all telegraphic train orders as
the 'Santa Claus train,' and given the right of
way over all others.

This is the second time in recent years Mr.
McHarg has distributed thousands of dollars in
presents among his employees. When he sold the
Atlantic, Knoxville and Northern Railway he

This was especially so in the main telephone
exchange, where every girl in the 'hello row'
was the recipient of presents galore. Most of
the presents from subscribers were in the form
of checks or cash. Besides the money there were
boxes of candy, handkerchiefs, writing paper,
fans, rosaries, gloves, calendars, pictures, and
flowers. One girl received $40 in cash from sub-
scribers whom she has served in the past year.

A Lombard Street liquor dealer sent down a
case of whisky to be divided among the girls.

With the merry Yuletide here comes increased
pay for the local employees of the Pennsylvania

GETTING READY!

-St. Louis Republic.

presented his manager, John B. Newton, with
$25,000. Mr. Newton received a liberal share
this time.

SANTA CLAUS IN BALTIMORE

Telephone Girls Get Many Presents, While
Wages Are Increased.

In Baltimore the story was as follows in
the New York Herald :

Baltimore, Md. — No city, perhaps, has more
to be thankful for than Baltimore, for there were
signs of prosperity everywhere.

Railroad, the Standard Oil Company, and for all
of the trainmen, engine drivers, and yardmen of
the Western Maryland Railway.

During the year all the employees of the United
Railways received an increase in wages and the
Typographical Union won the eight-hour day.

The brewery companies have granted increased
wages and the eight-hour day. The horseshoers
are now getting more pay. The old scale was
$14.15, while the new rate is $16.17. The car-
penters of the city have succeeded in establishing
the eight-hour day and now receive $2.50 in-
crease a week, while the can makers received an
increase of 50 cents a day.

THE PANDEX

165

m

" 'TWAS THE WEEK BEFORE CHRISTMAS AND ALL THROUGH THE TOWN
EVERY CREATURE WAS STIRRING AROUND AND AROUND."

— Chicago Tribune.

166

THE PANDEX

$51,230,294 GIVEN TO CHARITY

Marshall Field, With $8,000,000 for Museum,
Led the Contributors.

With such liberality in the gift part of the
year as is exhibited by the above items, the
possibilities of the ensuing year as a whole
become an absorbing subject of speculation.
For comparison, the following summary of
the philanthropies of 1906 as estimated by
the Indianapolis News, is instructive:

Philadelphia, Dec. 22.— One hundred and fifty-
three thousand three hundred and eighty-four
dollars and eleven cents a day ! That is the phil-
anthropic tribute which the year now passing has
paid to mankind's betterment and relief from
suffering. The twelvemonth's total of $51,230,-
294 is impressive, even to those who may have
followed the course of such annual records, and
have so become accustomed to eight-figure giving.

No record has been kept of the many small
gifts, made daily, which undoubtedly would raise
the year's aggregate by fully $10,000,000, nor
the contributions to the suffering Jews of Russia,
to the famine-stricken provinces of Japan, to the
homeless and hungry of San Francisco and Val-
paraiso and to the Italian sufferers from the fury
of Vesuvius, whose total probably exceeded
$5,000,000.

None of the old world's charities is included
in this record — American only being given. For-
eign benefactions in 1906 probably equaled those
of the United States, making the grand total of
the world more than $100,000,000.

Here are some of the gifts made by foreigners :
Estate of 'Sam' Lewis, London, to general chari-
ties, $15,000,000; five prominent Germans, in
honor of the Kaiser's silver wedding, $10,000,-
000; Pedro Alvarado, Mexico, to the poor of his
country, $10,000,000; Alfred Beit, South Africa,
mainly educational causes, $10,000,000; Princess
Matternich, France, miscellaneous charities, .$5,-
000,000; John Crowle, London, to the temper-
ance cause, $2,500,000; William Imre, London,
general charities, $1,500,000; an anonymous Pole,
to endow the Warsaw Orchestra, $1,000,000;
Princess of Monaco, to found Paris marine in-
stitute, $1,000,000; Lord Inverclyde, London, va-
ious marine charities, $600,000; Montfiore Levi,
Brussels, to aid consumption fight, $500,000;
Oscar Bischoffscheim, London, various charities,
$500,000.

$18,264,350 for Education.

More than a third of the year's grand total in
the United States has gone to the advancement
of education. Fifty-nine colleges and universities
and twenty-one institutions of the secondary
class received $5000 or more.

Following education the benefactions of 1906
rank: To galleries, museums, and societies of
kindred aims, $11,029,340; to homes, hospitals,
and asylums, $5,719,053, with practically the same
sum ($5,610,681) to miscellaneous charities. Va-

rious gifts made not in cash, but 'officially'
valued, amounted to $5,448,000; church, works of
one kind or another received, $3,047,075; and
$1,316,795 was spent for library building or en-
dowing.

A study of these figures, in connection with the
similar totals of the past six years, shows that
1906 has fallen behind each of those predecessors,
with the sole exception of 1900. The year 1901
still holds the 'record.' The benefactions for
these years have been approximately: 1900, $47,-
500,000; 1901, $107,360,000; 1902, $94,000,-
000; 1903, $95,000,000; 1904, $62,000,000;
1905, $76,100,000.

Woman's Share and the Honor Roll.

The detailed lists show that American woman-
hood is playing a great part in this work, but it
is worth special notice that no less than eleven
of these givers have passed the $100,000 mark.

That larger 'Roll of Honor,' where one may
set apart the names of those who have given in
the millions, gives from its eleven items a total
of practically seven-tenths of the whole year's
aggregate— $36,966,148. This includes Mr.
Anonymous, who has put his hands into his vari-
ous pockets to the tune of $1,508,000.

Those who contributed $1,000,000 or more are :

Marshall Field, Chicago $8,000,000

Charles T. Yerkes, New York 6,655.000

Andrew Carnegie, New York 6.108,148

John D. Rockefeller, New York 4,425,000

P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia 3,000,000

William Markuardt, Fallis, Okla 3,000,000

Daniel B. Shipman, Chicago 1,150,000

Albert Willcox, New York 1,110,000

Otto Young, Chicago 1,000,000

James D. Phelan, San Francisco 1,000,000

EUROPE'S CHRISTMAS CHEER

Bountiful Feeding During French Celebration —
Britain's Titanic Plum Pudding.

Christmas, as experienced abroad, is par-
tially reflected in the following from the
New York Sun :

The consumption of Christmas cheer in vari-
ous European cities has set a Frenchman with
an odd- taste in statistics figuring. He indulges
in -some appalling calculations, but he also gives
a merry idea of the way in which the festival
is observed in the Old World.

Of course he begins with Paris. Christmas Eve
is the great time there, and the reveillon, or
watch night — which they hold a week earlier than
New Yorkers — is the feature. At midnight the
gay city is as animated as at noonday. The deli-
catessen stores and the grocers, as well as the
cafes and restaurants, are wide open and doing
a land office business.

Golden hued pates, poultry roasted to a turn,
all sorts of meats in jellies tempt buyers who are
going to end the evening with a feast at home.
The rotisseries, or roasting establishments, are
all aglow. They are not unlike the Coney Island

THE PANDEX

167

^(^v-^i^iS;^^^^'^''-'; ■'■;''■■■ ' ■" ;:■ ?; ■ ^■

^f{^r^a^i

A MERRY CHRISTMAS DEPENDS LARGELY UPON WHERE YOU LIGHT.

— Chicago Tribune.

168

THE PANDEX

furnaces at which rolls of beef are kept turning
on horizontal bars. But they are huge affairs,
each with several horizontal bars and each bar
has four or five roasts on it — chickens, ducks,
turkeys, geese, rabbits, and game.

During the night of Christmas Eve, 1905,
Paris is credited with devouring in public or
private feasts 400,000 pounds of beef, veal, and
mutton; 57,200 pounds of pork in various forms,
350,000 pounds of poultry, 20,000 pounds of
game, 136,000 pounds of butter, 140,000 pounds
of cheese, 380,000 pounds of fish and shell fish,
1,530,000 eggs, and 2,100,000 oysters.

Evidently Paris did not oo hungry. The statis-
tician refuses to figure on tlie ocean of liquor that
was consumed, but he mentions that one leading
restaurant sold 600 bottles of champagne and that
its total receipts for the night were 26,000 francs,
or $5200.

Next in order, the British plum pudding is
discussed. The writer dwells on the picture as
it is carried into the dining room at the close of
the family dinner, with the lambent blue flame
of the blazing brandy playing all around and
over it. Then comes the appraisal.

If all the plum puddings of all the families in
England were united in one great sphere it would
have a diameter of nearly thirty-five miles. The
ingredients are calculated as follows: 42,800,000
pounds of bread crumbs (the crumbs of 800,000
four-pound loaves), 2,800,000 pounds of raisins,
2,800,000 pounds of suet, 26,000,000 eggs, 700,-
000 pounds of almonds, 500,000 pounds of cinna-
mon, 1,500,000 nutmegs, 3,200,000 citrons, 330,-
000 quarts of brandy besides minor ingredient?.
He forgets to give estimates on the currants,
sugar and milk used.

The goose is the staple of the German Christ-
mas. As Christmas approaches whole trainloads
of geese converge upon Friedrichsfelde, a vil-
lage near Berlin, which is the great goose mar
ket of Germany. Thence they are redistributed
to the ovens, spits, and braising pans of the em-
pire. Berlin devoured 400,000 of them on Christ-
mas Eve, 1905.

Nowhere is the feasting more hilarious than
at Naples. It takes place, mostly, in the open
air. Turkeys are in great favor, but fish is the
characteristic Neapolitan viand.

On December 23 and 24 every year a long pro-
cession of wagons streams into the city, laden
with eels which come all the way from the la-
goons of Comacchio on the Adriatic Coast. Oth-
ers are brought by boats from Corsica. The
total amounts up to something like 3,000,000
pounds of fish, all of which is cooked in oil, well
flavored with garlic in the Italian way.

No one is so poor in Naples that he does not
feast at Christmas. Those who live from hand
to mouth all year make sure of plenty at this
time. They begin to save for it in the preceding
March, depositing with certain provision dealers
small sums varying from one to four cents a day.
When the festival comes, they have sums saved
varying from about $4 to $15. According to the
amount they receive a basket of eatables more
or less well' stocked. A three-cent daily deposit

from March 30 to December 24 means a total of
$8.31.

For this amount the basket contains thirty-
four articles, among which are thirty pounds of
flour, thirty pounds of macaroni, two pounds of
beef, two pounds of eels, two pounds of lard,
chestnuts, hazelnuts, figs, apples, tomatoes, an-
chovies, cheese, fresh or dried fish, pickles, olives,
a live turkey and a bottle of ' rosolio, ' a pink cor-
dial with a flavor of roseleaf much beloved of
the Neapolitan palate. With a little cheap wine,
the possessor of such a basket and his family
may feast almost continuously for a couple of
days.

The statistician winds up with a couple of in-
stances of eccentricity in Christmas feasting.
He tells of a rich Brazilian in Paris who gave a
midnight dinner last year to six friends which
cost him $756. The only instructions he gave
to the traiteur were that everything served should
be the most expensive that it was possible to ob-
tain.

An Englishman varied the idea by ordering a
summer dinner for Christmas day at the Savoy
in London. Covers were set for thirteen and
the bill was $2600, just $200 a plate. The feast
opened with melons, which were charged at $55.

The asparagus cost $65 a bunch; a great
bouquet of cherries, which was the ornamental
feature of the dessert represented $90. The
windup was a bottle of brandy, put away in
1789, which cost $60.

CHRISTMAS STRIKE IN SCHOOLS

Hebrew Protest Against Observance of Festival
Keeps Thousands From Studies.

A suggestive religious phase of the holiday
season is reflected in the following from the
New York Herald :

Attendance was decreased from fifty to sixty
per cent one day in the schools in the heart of
the East Side on account of the protest by the
orthodox rabbis and the Hebrew press against
the Christmas celebrations.

Opinions of parents differed in degree. Some
of them not only permitted their children to go
to such exercises as were colorless as far as any
religious significance was concerned, but even
went themselves. Between these two extremes
the opinion was registered by schools, which
showed a falling off from ten to thirty per cent in
attendance.

Exhortations to the Hebrew pupils to go on
strike had been spoken and printed since the pre-
vious Saturday, when it became evident that the
Committee on Elementary Schools did not intend
to take any action with regard to the Christmas
observances, other than to warn principals and
teachers to be careful.

In ultra-orthodox households children were or-
dered not to go to school. In several tenements
in Rivington Street, where there is a strong Rou-
manian and Polish influence, the housekeepers

THE PANDEX

169

and janitresses were stationed with brooms at
the doors, with requests to drive back all young-
sters who would attempt to go to the forbidden
observances. With the natural perversity of .
childhood, a few of the pupils ran a blockade at
the back doors and arrived breathless in their
classrooms.

There was a much larger proportion of boys
absent than girls throughout all the institutions.
The girls, who had bought new frocks and
learned recitations and songs, seemed to have pre-
vailed on their parents to let them take part in
the much-discussed programs.

CONDEMNS CHRISTMAS FEEDS

Vicar of Burtonwood Thinks Spiritual Aspects of
the Day Are Ignored.

In view of the tendency to get away from
the purely charitable aspect of philanthropy
to the wider region wherein liberality spends
itself in sharing of products and profits at
all seasons and under all circumstances, the
following condemnation of "Xmas feeds,"

as taken from the New York Sun, is of un-
usual interest :

London.— The Rev. A. M. Mitchell, vicar of
Burtonwood, Lancashire, who recently censured
the action of the Rev. Mr. Goodchild, of New
York, in giving performances in his church as
counter attractions to the Sunday theatrical per-
formances, now lashes the popular observance of
Christmas. He says:

"Gorge and surfeit make Christmas to a ma-
jority. The spiritual aspect of the festival is
conveniently and unblushingly ignored in favor
of worship at the kitchen altar.

"The kitchen altar as the sacred shrine of
Christmas! What number of knees bow low be-
fore it which are too stiff to bend before God and
the altar of love. A bird's carcass, a joint of
beef and a piece of swine's flesh constitute the
pivot of Christmas joy.

"If our goui-mandizing Christmas customs
ceased nominal Christians would discontinue
their observance of the festival. Eat and eat
well is the creed of all sorts and conditions of
Christians. There is no difference. As is the
aristocracy so is the democracy. Like priest like
people ! ' '

THE CANDY HEART— GUARANTEED FOR
ONE DAY.
— St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

170

THE PANDEX

T. VESUVIUS ROOSEVELT.

Copyrighted by Collier's Weekly.

— Reproduced by Special Permission.

THE PANDEX 171

T. Vesuvius Roosevelt

By WALLACE IRWIN

'TpHE ordinary hill which remains forever still,

-*■ All covered o'er with specimens of botany,

Is hugely safe and sane; but its heights seem rather plain

And its silence breeds political monotony.
I myself prefer a mount with a crater as its fount.

Dropping firebrands like the thunderstorms of Pluvius —
There is something half satanic in conditions so volcanic,

Yet we're proud of our Political Vesuvius.

tVith a curious, sulfureous

Rumbling, grumbling roll of thunder,
Teddy's going to erupt —
Stand from under I

"IT /"HERE the grafter sleeps content, suddenly the air is rent
'^ ' With a blast like that which buried Herculaneum;

Railway lobbies cough and choke in a cloud of flame and smoke,

And the Conscript Fathers get it in the cranium.
Now Chicago beef is shook, now the poor old Spelling-Book

Shouts: " Have mercy, sire! your heat will crack the shell o' me!"
Now the mountain heaves its shoulders and upheaves a ton of boulders.

While the sparks descend and roast the luckless Bellamy.

With a hectic, apoplectic

Howling, growling roll of thunder,
ITeddy's going to blots up —
Stand from under!

'"p^HOUGH there's sometimes scarce a puff from his lid, that's just a blufF,

-"■ For his calmer moments never mean security,

And the prophets yell: " Look out! he's intending for to spout —

There'll be trouble in the very near futurity."
No, we can't foresee just what, but his crater's getting hot.

And the coals will soon be dropping, as they must, again
Singeing up the Tariff's tatters and the mossy old Standpatters —

There's no telling lohere Vesuvius will bust again.

]Vith a jouncing, nation-bouncing.

Bumping, thumping roll of thunder,
'Ceddy's going for to spout —
Stand from under!

Copyrighted by Collier's Weekly.

— Reproduced by Special Permission.

172

THE PANDEX

SANTA KNOWS WHAT WE NEED.

Harriman vs. Roosevelt.

-Detroit Journal.

MAN WHO HAS RISEN TO THE SUPREMACY OF THE TRANSPOR-
TATION WORLD APPEARS TO BE AT THE HEAD OF A
WIDESPREAD MOVEMENT TO BREAK THE
POWER OF THE PRESIDENT.

ALTHO the Christmas season provoked
an unprecedented display of fellow
feeling and of willingness to distribute
more evenly the products of industry — or,
perhaps for this very reason — the big forces
which stand at the head of the productive
and intermediary agencies of the times seem
to feel that the time has come to administer
a check to the national administration which
insists upon criticism and restraint of exist-
ing business methods. Marshaling once
more the factors and instrumentalities they
have so often employed before, and rely hi g

upon the traditional popular prejudice
against third terms for Presidents, they ap-
pear to have inaugurated a campaign cal-
culated finally to overthrow Mr. Roosevelt
and his policies. On this occasion, they are
under new generalship, that of the man who
has been showing an invincible supremacy
in the world of business. And, as this
man's will and purpose have been as imper-
ious in their sphere as President Roosevelt's
have been in theirs, there is a joining of
personal issue, which promises to become of
most dramatic interest.

THE PANDEX

173

CONGRESS READY FOR A FUSS

Members Had New as Well as Old Scores to
Settle.
Of course, the principal field of war on the
part of this new enemy of the President is
Congress, which in the past has been all too
pliant a tool of the selfishness of Business.
How the field was utilized was shown, in
part, in the following from the Philadelphia
Inquirer shortly after the opening of the
current session:

Washington, D. C, January 1. — Congress will
begin the actual work of the short session on
Thursday. All indications point to a great deal
of friction and pulling and hauling, from start
to finish. There are some important bills on the
calendar which must be disposed of. Their pas-
sage will be contested at every stage. Organized
labor will be on hand to resume the flglit of last
session. Great financial interests concerned in the
anti-immig:ration bills, the Ship Subsidy Bill, and
the Philippines Tariff Bill will look out for their
welfare.

Pacific Coast interests will watch the Chinese
exclusion modification act closely and fight it at
every turn. And all this is to be done between
times of passing the great supply bills of the
nation, whose proper consideration alone shoulcl
consume all the time, it is claimed by some.

A row with President Roosevelt is thought to
be certain. It will start with the Brownsville af-
fair, will be intensified if the Santo Domingo
treaty is attempted to be revived, and will be a
kind of continuous performance throughout the
session. Very sensitive upon the subject of al-
leged executive encroachment, still chafing over
some events of last session, not in a very good
humor over the flood of executive recommenda-
tions. Congress figuratively is carrying a chip on
its shoulder and looking for trouble.

The Brownsville case will afford a vent for the
relief of a good deal of the pent-up feeling
against the alleged tendency of the executive de-
partment of the Government to exert undue au-
thority.

MUST USE HIS BIG STICK

If He Does Not the Present Session of Congress
Will Do Nothing.

The President's method of meeting the
attack is suggested in the following from the
Indianapolis News :

Washington. — Unless the President uses his
"big stick" this session of Congress will not
accomplish anything worthy of mention.

It is the determination of the leaders in the
Senate and House to make it a do-nothing session
unless the President, with public sentiment be-
hind him, forces legislation. It has not been the

expectation of the President that he would get
much from the session, but there are a few things
he is exceedingly anxious to have done.

First of all he wants the Philippine Tariff Bill,
decreasing duties on the products of the Islands
entering the United States, put through. So far
not a move has been made toward getting that
bill out of the Senate Committee on Insular Af-
fairs, and the inside talk about the Senate is
that the measure will not be considered.

A special message from the President has
asked for speedy action on the bill to confer the
right of American citizenship on Porto Ricans.
It is significant that the very day the message
reached the Senate the bill was reached on the
calendar. "Let it go over under rule 9," said
Senator Kean, of New Jersey, and over it went.

There is a tacit understanding among the legis-
lative leaders that neither the bill requiring the
publicity of campaign affairs nor the bill to pro-
hibit corporations from contributing to campaign
committees shall be passed. The "practical" poli-
ticians are opposed to both measures.

Senator Smoot is not to be unseated unless a
distinct understanding among the leaders on the
Republican side is declared no longer in force.
Excuses will be found for postponing a vote, and
the session will end with the Mormon senator still
in his seat.

DEMOCRAT TO THE DEFENSE

Senator Carmack Charges Foraker With Insincer-
ity in His Attack on President.
One of the points which the Opposition
appeared to count upon for weakening the
President's power was the discharge of the
negro troops. But this very soon turned its
edge back upon the assailants, especially
when it served to bring so strong a Demo-
crat as Senator Carmack to the President's
defense. Said the San Francisco Chronicle :

In his address Senator Carmack gave what
he regarded as the real purpose of the agitation —
an attempt to unhorse Roosevelt as the Repub-
lican leader. He said: "It seems to me that
there is something else behind these uncalled-for
attacks on the President than a passion for Jus-
tice and for law. This particular act of the
President is simply the occasion, but it is not
the cause of this violent and concerted attack on
the administration. The President has done
enough in all conscience to alarm every real
friend of the constitution, but through it all he
has had the united and enthusiastic support of
all the senators on the Republican side.

"It is by the best acts of his administration
that the President has aroused so deadly an an-
tagonism within his own party. He might have
continued to trample on the law to the end of
time, and there would have been no voice of pro-
test if he had not otherwise offended. The Presi-
dent has made the mistake of compelling his

174

THE PANDEX

party to break with its old-time friends, to turn
its guns upon its allies of a hundred battles; he
has brought the great railways and trusts to
know that there are such things as government.
His party leaders have yielded a snarling and
reluctant half-way obedience to his will, biding
time and opportunity to strike."
• He told the Republican senators they must
make choice of the alternative "either to renomi-
nate President Roosevelt or give us back our
platform. ' '

He then turned his attention to Foraker's criti-
cism of Major Blocksom and declared that "the
Senator from Ohio may be God Almighty to the
Republican party of Ohio, but not of the uni-
verse. I can remember with what frantic energy
he used to wave the bloody shirt, a shirt dyed
with the crimson current of his own rhetoric; I
remember how he used to go raging over the
land, a bifurcated, peripatetic volcano in peren-
nial eruption, belching fire and smoke and melted
lava from agonized and tumultuous bowels. I
can see how in public speeches he spattered the
gall of his bitterness upon the South, until I
came to think that the Senator wished all the
white people of the South had but a single neck,
that he might sever it at a blow. I would not
have to go back forty years, or make any inquiry
into the Senator's pedigree to prove that the
Senator from Ohio is the last man to sit in judg-
ment in a case of murder where a negro was the
murderer and a southern white man was his vic-
tim.

"But I will not do the Senator such gross in-
justice as to judge his heart by the testimony of
his own mouth; and when my southern friends
ask me if the Senator from Ohio is really as
rabid and bitter as he seems, I tell them no, his
ferocity is purely oratorical ; it is simply the
lingering force of a tyrannical habit."

PRESIDENT RIGHT; NO ROW

Fear of Clash Over Brownsville Affair Purely
Imaginary, Raymond Says.

Another view of the negro affair was the
following, as given by "Raymond" in the
Chicago Tribune :

Washington, D. C. — There is not the slightest
danger now, nor, in fact, has there ever been, of
any real clash between the President and Con-
gress over the Brownsville affair. There has
been an honest difference of opinion and some
heated argument, but there has been no time
when the cordial relations between the executive
and the legislative branches of the Government
have been in danger of being severed.

There are sycophants and hangers on about the
White House who have reported to the President
direful stories of threatened doings in Congress.
There have been legislative touts and lobby loaf-
ers who have sought to inflame the minds of dis-
tinguished senators and representatives with the
idea that the President was defying them, and

that he would defy them to the limit of impeach-
ment, no matter what Congress might do nor how
it might do it.

In point of fact, throughout the whole of this
extraordinary Brownsville incident the President
and Congress have acted strictly within their
rights, and there has not yet been any evidence
of an intention on the part of either to interfere
with the prerogatives of the other.

CHARGED WITH "FATUOUS MEDDLING"

J. P. Morgan's Newspaper Organ Declares the
President's Attitude is Ruinous.

What is generally •construed as an inside
view of the Opposition sentiments was the
following :

New York. — "Mr. Roosevelt's hatred of the
railroads, which has reached the proportions of
an intellectual obsession, bids fair to bear sub-
stantial fruit in the not distant future. Indeed,
it is quite certain that we shall all have to pay
deeply for the sins of the railroads."

With these words the Sun, controlled by J.
Pierpont Morgan, introduces a bitter editorial
attack upon the President, and voices the feel-
ings of the great railroad magnates of the land.
It continues:

"The transportation rates of the United
States are the lowest in the world and are a
scientific wonder. There is no page in the his-
tory of commerce that is so wonderful as that
which records the fall in the cost of railroad
transportation during the last thirty-five years.
Natural causes brought it about, and if natural
causes are not checked in their operation by fatu-
ous and ignorant meddling rates will go lower
yet. If they are checked, and there is a reckless
and mischievous effort now on foot to do so, then
disaster will ensue as surely as the night follows
the day, and with disaster will come increased
cost of transportation.

"The roads are between Mr. Roosevelt and
the deep sea. The gross earnings are suffocat-
ing them, the net earnings are steadily vanish-
ing, and behind all is the specter of an intoler-
able usurpation which means only bankruptcy
and disaster. Communities are howling for coal;
farmers are distracted for means to get their
grain to market; merchandise of all kinds en-
cumbers the sidings and chokes the railroad
yards, and only open weather palliates the imme-
diate prospect.

"But never mind the railroads. They have
earned and they fully deserve the punishment
that is coming to them. If the laws are not en-
forced we must make new laws. But what we
want to know is, How does a paternal and illus-
trious ruler propose to provide for the unem-
ployed millions who will presently appeal to hi?
omnipotence for succor?"

THE PANDEX

173

CAN HE MAKE THEM SAW WOOD?

— Indianapolis News.

FINE McCUTCHEON, SAYS CONGRESS

Overworked Lawmakers Laugh at
Cartoon.

'Message'

Nothing, apparently, bristles Congress
more than what it regards as the President's
attempts to preach to it. One phase of this
preaching is reflected in the following from
the Chicago Tribune, apropos of a cartoon

by McCutcheon, which is printed in conjunc-
tion with this symposium:

Washing-ton, D. C. — McCutcheon 's cartoon in
The Chicago Tribune, descriptive of the way in
which the President has flooded Congress with
messages, created considerable amusement in
Congress. An examination of the Congressional
Record shows how cleverly it represents the
truth.

The two houses of Congress have been in ses-
sion exactly twelve days. The lower house has

176

THE PANDEX

been in session fifteen days, but usually does not
receive communications from the President when
the Senate is not assembled. Altogether the
President has sent in eighteen messages, an aver-
age of one and a half for each complete legislat-
ive day.

Three Messages Every Two Days.
Here is the list :

Dec. 3. — Congress convened.

Dec. 4. — Message on the treatment of criminals
by probation.
Message transmitting the annual report of the

Civil Service Commission.
Message on control of the yellow fever.
Message on church claims in the Philippines.
Message recommending the authorization of
the President to dismiss officers of the navy
without trial.
Dec. 5. — Message recommending legislation for

Alaska.
Dec. 10. — Message recommending the reimburse-
ment of the owners of the British schooner
Lillie.
Message transmitting the ordinances of the

Executive Council of Porto Rico.
Message recommending payment to Lieutenant
Colonel L. K. Scott, United States Army, for
an invention used by the army.
Message recommending the return of customs
duties collected from certain British im-
porters.
Message recommending an appronriation for
the payment of the cable company whose
wires were cut by Admiral Dewey during the
war with Spain.
Dec. 11. — Message describing conditions in Porto
Rico and recommending citizenship for its
people.
Message transmitting the report of the Keep
Commission on the purchase of department
supplies.
Dec. 17. — Message describing conditions on the
Isthmus of Panama.
Message concerning revision of the public land

laws.
Message recommending reorganization of the
naval personnel.
Dec. 18. — Message transmitting the report of
Secretary Metcalf on the Japanese questions.
Dee. 19. — Message on the discharge without honor
of three companies of the Twenty-fifth
United States Infantry.
Dec. 20. — Congress adjourned for the holidays.

"The President has given us enough subjects,"
observed one member, "to keep two Congresses
busy. I wonder if he expects anything to be
done?"

WILL BREAK MESSAGE HABIT

the "message habit" by allowing the press
to make the inferences reflected in the fol-
lowing from the Cleveland Plain Dealer:

Washington. — President Roosevelt has taken
heed of the criticism in Congress of his "message
habit. ' ' There is a fair promise that hereafter
the Executive will not so freely communicate his
views to the legislators on topics in which he is
interested or which are urged upon him by en-
thusiastic champions of proposed reform.

Mr. Roosevelt is not sorry that senators and
representatives have criticized and found cause
for laughter in his message-writing proclivities.
He knows all about the sharp remarks that have
been made and has read some of the newspaper
articles setting forth the Congressional comment
on messages multitudinous and overlapping. He
is glad that the comment has got into print, be-
cause he believes it will be the means of ridding
him of a burden.

Some of the sharpest critics of Mr. Roosevelt's
facility in letter writing have been the same men
who had urged him to indite messages on sub-
jects dear to them. The President feels that it
is hardly kindly or gracious for those who have
had their wishes gratified in the one instance to
be quick with the criticism when the attempt is
made to gratify the wishes .of some of the critic 's
colleagues. The President rather rejoices in the
publicity that has been given Congressional criti-
cism. There will be little fuel for the fire from
now on, and some men will get chilled.

FINES AND JAIL SCARE RAILWAYS

The President Decides to Send Fewer Communi-
cations to Congress.

Characteristically the President promptly
robbed his enemies of fire in the matter of

Moody Says Corporations Now Promise to Obey
Laws.

Something of the reason for the financial
anger at the President is disclosed in the fol-
lowing from the Philadelphia North Amer-
ican :

Washington. — Granting rebates on railroads to
large corporations in discrimination against
smaller shippers has virtually ceased, and the
I'ailroads and corporations now have a wholesome
respect for the law, according to the ofBeials of
the Department of Justice.

This opinion is based on advices from many
reliable sources, which indicate that the imposing
of heavy fines and the imprisonment of two de-
fendants have frightened those who have hereto-
fore violated the law with impunity.

Attorney-General Moody is in receipt of let-
ters nearly every day from railroad officials and
officers of corporations advising him that they
propose to observe the law. United States dis-
trict attorneys throughout the country have also
advised the Department that the Elkins anti-
rebate law is not being violated on an extensive
scale.

THE PANDEX

177

THE PRESIDENT SENDS A FEW MESSAGES TO CONGRESS.

178

THE PANDEX

ROOT FOR SENATOR

Secretary Said to Be Choice of the President
for Piatt's Shoes.

Another point in the President's adminis-
tration of which the Opposition took full
advantage was the issue of State Rights,
which Secretary Root made the more serious
thru a speech which was widel.y miscon-
strued. In view of this speech of Root's and
of Root's general relationship to the admin-
istration, the following is interesting. It is
from the Washington Post :

Many explanations have been sought for the
reluctance of Senator Thomas C. Piatt to resign
his seat in the Senate, which both physically and
mentally, by the best testimony of his friends,
he no longer is. able to fill.

Superficially it has looked to political ob-
servers that the only thing a man of Piatt's ad-
vanced age would consider would be his own
convenience and pleasure. But beyond and be-
hind this change in the personnel of a United
States Senator from New York lies an interest-
ing chapter of 'high finance.' The final page
will not be written until the battle of two great
contending financial forces which seek to domi-
nate the election of Piatt's successor has been
fought out decisively.

There are, of course, two great financial com-
binations contending for control, not only in the
field of railroad supremacy in the United States,
but also in relation to the financial domination
of various other extensive industrial and com-
mercial enterprises, as well as the majority in-
fluence in the next Republican National Conven-
tion. What may be described as 'premature' re-
ports of President Roosevelt's aspirations after
he shall leave the White House have a material
influence in this regard.

There is no doubt that a movement has already
begun to render impossible the election of Mr.
Roosevelt as a Senator from New York when his
term in the White House has expired. It is not
necessary in this connection to narrate the vari-
ous questions of controversy which have arisen
between Mr. Roosevelt as Chief Executive and
not only the corporations and trusts on the other
hand, but the combined individualities' of various
candidates for the Republican nomination to suc-
ceed him. It is easily imaginable that if Mr.
Roosevelt as President can defy Congress to a
standstill, can assert unequivocally that he will
refuse to enforce laws enacted by the Congress
if not in accord with his own ideas of right and
public welfare, in this course he, as a political
individual, has stored up for himself trouble im-
measurable in the future.

Recent reports of E. H. Harriman's alleged
willingness to rehabilitate Benjamin B. Odell in
supremacy in New York politics is regarded here
as only one factor in the great game of the polit-
ical financial giants which will become more ap-

parent as the months develop between the pres-
ent time and the next Republican National Con-
vention. There is high authority for the state-
ment that the Rockefeller-Harriman interests in
the financial world which just now are seeking
to throttle the Morgan-Hill interests in the rail-
road world are determined to force the nomina-
tion of Charles W. Fairbanks, the present Vice-
President, as the next Chief Executive of the
Nation.

Politics to-day, as all readers know, depends
largely upon the game of finance as played be-
tween the moneyed kings. Piatt and Depew are
Morgan pawns in the United States Senate. Root
also would be a Morgan pawn. Cortelvou, who is
to be the Secretary of the Treasury on March 4,
if confirmed by the Senate, will be another Mor-
gan pawn. Long months ago the Republican
national organization cut loose from the Rocke-
feller-Harriman outfit and made its political bed
with that of the Morgan-Hill interests. There is
in this statement perhaps an intimation of why
Leslie M. Shaw will retire from the Cabinet on
March 4.

Mr. Roosevelt, who believes in his own right
that he is the leader of the Republican organiza-
tion of New York, has determined that Elihu
Root shall be the next United States Senator
from New York — that is to say, according to
advisers of the President, who, of course, wish
it to be understood that the President shall not
be quoted. Timothy L. Woodrufl', Prank S. Black,
J. Sloat Fassett, and all the others who had be-
lieved that they might be in the running for
Senator when "Old Man" Piatt should quit, will
have their trouble for their pains if the Ad-
ministration program is carried out. Roosevelt
insists again, it is said, that Root shall be the
next Senator from New York if Piatt is to give
up his toga. There is the hitch in the problem
of Piatt's resignation from the Senate. Piatt
personally does not prefer Root. Many Repub-
licans will remember the night of the 'Amen
Corner' dinner, when Piatt was the guest of
lionor and Root, as Secretary of War, made an
effusive reponse to a toast in Piatt's honor.

Root for years had been Piatt's factional
enemy in the Republican organization in New
York. He had been a 'reformer' in organiza-
tion politics. When, after making his flattering
speech in Piatt's honor, Piatt was asked what
he thought of Root's effort, he replied: "In
vino Veritas," but Piatt has not long to serve in
public or private life.

GOMPERS CRIES FRAUD

Says Ship-Subsidy Petitions Are Forgeries De-
vised by a Corrupt Gang.
That there is ample ground for the fear of
disclosure and punishment on the part of the
moneyed interests is evident from the fol-
lowing from the Washington Post:

In the January issue of the American Feder-
ationist, the official organ of the American Fed-

THE PANDEX

179

eration of Labor, President Samuel Gompers
makes the charge that the petitions signed by
labor organizations urging the passage of the
ship-subsidy bill, that were poured in upon Con-
gress just before the holidays, were obtained
through fraud.

Mr. Gompers devotes several pages to a dis-
cussion of this subject and tells how the matter
was investigated and the alleged fraud proven.
He says that in all the country ' ' there is not a
more corrupt gang than the well-organized coterie
who engaged in the scheme to 'promote' ship-
subsidy legislation." He says the promoters of
this proposed legislation were well aware of the
attitude of organized labor on this bill and un-
dertook to deceive members of Congress and
labor organizations through practices that have
laid some of them liable to prosecution in the
courts.

From Mr. Gompers' recital it appears that
the request that labor organizations sign and
transmit these petitions to Congress was repre-
sented to have been initiated by the '(Marine Trades
Council of the City of New York. Believing that
this organization had not taken a part in this
matter, Mr. Gompers tells how he instructed
General Organizer T. E. Flynn, of Cleveland,
Ohio, to go to New York and investigate the
whole subject, cautioning him to be sure of his
facts and make a full report.

This report was submitted to Mr. Gompers un-
der date of December 13, 1906. Mr. Flynn re-
ports that copies of the petitions to be signed
were sent throughout the country in the name of
the Marine Trades Council, and that "after their
examination by the delegates of the council they
denied absolutely their authorization. A reso-
lution to this end was unanimously adopted by
the council."

Mr. Flynn says he discovered the printer of the
documents, who declined to make public the name
of his customer. The matter was taken before
the District Attorney of the City of New York,
who summoned the printer and others and ob-
tained the information. Mr. Gompers names as
the alleged guilty person a man in Cleveland.
The entire lot of petitions and documents are
shown by Mr. Gompers to be forgeries.

DARE NOT REVISE TARIFF

Republican Leaders Fear Changes Would Be
Fatal to Party Success in Next Campaign.

The one line along which as yet the ad-
ministration of Mr. Roosevelt pleased the
Vested Interests is shown in the following
from the Chicago Tribune :

Washington, D. C— In spite of vigorous pro-
tests by the agricultural implement men of the
West and the shoe and leather manufacturers
of the East, there will be no step taken toward
tariff revision during the life of the present or
the next Congress.

It may be that President Roosevelt next year
will think it wise to refer to the tariff revision

sentiment, but there is not the slightest chance
of ■any attempt by Congress to change the exist-
ing schedules. Even the men who are in favor
of tariff revision admit that the time has now
gone by when it can be safely undertaken from
a political point of view. If the tariff was to be
revised at all it should have been done at the
long session of the present Congress. In that
way conditions would have been adjusted to the
new rates long before the next Presidential elec-
tion, and there would be no question at that time
as to whether the change in the tariff was good
or bad.

Serious Demands for Revision.

There have been some serious demands made
for tariff revision within the last six months or
year which have not reached the public. Speaker
Cannon and other prominent Republican leaders
have at one time or another met representatives
of various important industries which claimed
they are being discriminated against under the
existing tariff schedules. The shoemen of Mas-
sachusetts have a thorough organization, and
they have presented the cause of free hides not
only to their own delegation but to influential
Republicans from other sections as well. The
protest of the agricultural implement men is not
a new one. It has been presented privately to the
President and to a number of Republican leaders.

There will be no legislation in Congress until
after the next Presidential election, whether the
President recommends it or not. There is a good
deal of tariff revision sentiment scattered about
the country, but the trouble is it is not cohesive.
The Massachusetts men want free hides, but the
Western cattle growers paw the ground when
such a thing is even suggested. The people in
the treeless, semi-arid belt of the Middle and
Southern West have presented a petition for a
reduced rate on lumber, but the representatives
from Washington, Oregon, and the panhandle of
Idaho, where they still have valuable forests,
can not be induced to look at the situation from
the same point of view. The Southerners who
were once rampant free traders are now gradual-
ly becoming protectionists all along the line in-
stead of for their own local products.

In coming to their decision regarding the tariff,
which practically is positive now, the Repub-
lican leaders are united in the belief that it
would be political suicide for them to attempt
to touch the tariff schedules at the next session
of Congress, either at an extra session or other-

"THRU" IT SHALL BE

"Who Asked Government to Interfere, Any-
way?" Say the Simplified Spellers.

"Although Congress nailed 'Thru' along with
the other simplified words to the mast on Fri-
day," said Dr. I. K. Funk, "the work of keeping
the 'three hundred' in style will go merrily
along, and in the course of time our efforts in
this great saving of time and energy in letter-
writing will be appreciated."

Dr. Funk, of the Funk & Wagnalls Company;

180

THE PANDEX

Henry Holt, the publisher, and Charles Sprague,
president of the Dime Savings Bank, who are a
committee to stimulate the use of the simplified
form of spelling, asserted that their ardor had
not diminished.

"We never asked that the National Govern-
ment," said Dr. Funk, "assist us in the under-
taking. To have the National Government take
up the simplified spelling at this time would only
be putting the cart before the horse. What we
must first do is to prevail upon the business men
to adopt it in their letter writing, and in this
way the new method will get a steadfast grip
and unconsciously all will gradually drop in
Une."

The Missionary Review, the Literary Digest
and the Circle, three publications of the Funk
& Wagnalls Company, observe the simplified
spelling, and, unless the authors object, it is also
observed in the books printed by that company.
— New York World.

"THE BELOVED, EXALTED ROOSEVELT'

Morocco's Sultan Can Give Cards and Spades
When It Comes to 'Jollying.'

Washington. — President Roosevelt has received
a letter from the Sultan of Morocco expressing
gratitude for the appointment of Samuel R.
Gummere as Minister to Morocco. The letter is
written in Arabic.

The Sultan addresses the President as "The
Beloved, the Most Cherished, the Exalted, the
Most Gracious Friend, Most Honored and Excel-
lent President of the Republic of the United
States of America, who is the pillar of its most
important affairs, the most celebrated preservier
of the ties of true friendship, the faithful friend,
Theodore Roosevelt."

Minister Gummere, the letter says, will be
shown every courtesy and attention by the Gov-
ernment of Morocco. — New York World.

FIGHTING "THE MEDDLER"

HARRIMAN LEADS THE WALL STREET FORCES IN THE EFFORT
TO OVERTHROW PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT.

AN INTIMATE glimpse of the ambitions
and fighting plans of the Business
leader, Mr. Harriman, was given recently in
Pearson's Magazine, from which the follow-
ing is an extract:

In an article in Pearson's Magazine for Janu-
ary, James Creelman tells some news about Presi-
dent Roosevelt's fight to smash the control of
Wall street in the National Government. He
writes :

"In the back rooms of Wall Street Theodore
Roosevelt is known as a meddler. Pale, wrinkled
captains of speculation and great arch million-
aires, upon the waving of whose hands the tide
of prices rises or falls, will tell you to-day bitter-
ly that he is the most meddlesome President the
country has ever had, either in peace or war,
and that his meddling has unsettled the existing
order and loosed upon the American continent
wild forces of political, economic, and social revo-
lution.

"Mr. Roosevelt is a meddler. It is in his blood.
He has been a meddler since boyhood. He has
meddled with the predatory elements of life,
four-legged and two-legged; the crack of his
rifle in the West has been no more destructive
than the whisk of his official pen in the East;
he has trailed his game as faithfully in Wall
Street as in the mountains of Colorado or the
Dakota Bad Lands; nor has he failed to bring
down the big beasts of polities.

"It is not so many weeks since Edward Henry
Harriman, president of the Union Pacific Rail-
road Company and overlord of countless Ameri-
can corporate combinations representing, literal-
ly, a billion of dollars, said privately that Presi-
dent Roosevelt must be got rid of politically at
any cost. Mr. Harriman is a Republican and
has secretly exercised great power in his party.
Preferred Bryan or Hearst.

" 'But if you put Roosevelt out of power, you
will have to take Bryan or Hearst. Are you pre-
pared for that!'

" 'Yes,' said Mr. Harriman, passionately.

THE PANDEX

181

FRENZIED RAILROADING.

— Duluth News Tribune.

182

THE EANDEX

'I'll take Bryan or Hearst rather than Roosevelt.
We can not be worse off than we are now with
that man in the White House. I'll take any one
rather than Roosevelt; for, if it comes to that,
we can get at the other crowd.'

"Mr. Roosevelt has meddled with financial-
political plans of Mr. Harriman and his accom-
plices— therefore the forked fingers and the hissed
anathema maranatha.

"Mr. Harriman is the successor of Jay Gould
in the field of manipulative finance. He is a
small, spectacled man, with a large forehead and
slight, narrow chin. He has deep-set gray eyes
and a dark-skinned, expressionless face. His
jaws are short and wide; his nose is straight,
thin, and pointed.

"He looks like a Frenchman of the small pro-
fessional type. His manner is cold and dry. But
for the lines of muscular contraction on either
side of the chin, ninning almost from the cor-
ners of the secretive mouth to the thin, wiry
neck, and an occasional bunching of muscles at
the tight-gripped angles of the jaws, it would be
hard to reconcile the weakness of Mr. Harri-
man's dwindling lower face with the terrific
force which he sometimes displays in his cease-
less struggle for money and power.

Harriman Tempting Hill. ^41^'

"Mr. Harriman is a man of black vindictive-
ness and remarkable energy. He can fight open-
ly, but his great strokes are delivered in secret.
On the day of the great 'corner' of Northern
Pacific stock, when Wall Street staggered under
the blows of the contending Harriman and Mor-
gan forces and thousands of men and women
were ruined in a few hours, Mr. Harriman sat
on a sofa in New York and tempted James J.
Hill, president of the Great Northern Railroad
Company, to surrender stock control of the
Northern Pacific line, promising to pay for the
treachery by making him president of the Union
Pacific Railroad Company.

" 'Then there will be two railroad men in the
country — Cassatt in the East and Hill in the
West,' said Mr. Harriman, watching the massive
countenance of Mr. Hill for a sign of weakness.

"That was a critical moment in the history of
the country, for upon Mr. Hill's answer hung
the whole future of transcontinental traffic in
America.

"Mr. Hill told Mr. Harriman that the owner-
ship of the Northern Pacific line by the Union
Pacific interests — a device to destroy competition
— was forbidden by law, and declared that the
thing could not be done.

Tried It Himself.

"Yet, forgetting that memorable scene, Mr.
Hill later on, in company with J. Pierpont Mor-
gan, attempted to unite the Great Northern and
the Northern Pacific lines in one ownership
through the Northern Securities Company — the
very thing in principle which he had warned Mr.
Harriman against as a lawless act — and - when
President Roosevelt interfered with the at-
tempted monopoly and smashed it in the courts.

Mr. Hill, too, cursed him as a meddler, a dema-
gogue, a reckless enemy of private wealth.

' ' So that to-day the Harrimans and Hills and
Rockefellers and all their like are planning the
end of Rooseveltism, and the cry of predatory
Wall Street is that the President has deserted
those who raised him to honor and power and
has become a desperate enemy of legitimate busi-
ness, a menace to prosperity, a fomenter of class
hatred — in short, that he is a violent radical
who stole into office disguised as a conservative.

"But J. Pierpont Morgan knows that he can
go to the White House and be as welcome as
Chief Stone, of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers, but not any more welcome. Mr.
Rockefeller knows that he can get as fair, but
not fairer, hearing from the President as John
Mitchell, of the United Mine Workers.

Fair Play for All.

"The President has stuck to the idea which he
uttered on a railroad train in California two
years ago.

" 'What message shall I take to organized
labor?' asked one of his heartiest supporters.

" 'Take this message to organized labor,' he
said, clenching his hand and leaning forward :
'I intend to give a square deal to oreanized labor
and to unorganized labor and to capital, too.'

"This last fierce struggle for mastery began
when Mr. Roosevelt was Governor of New York.
The corporations opposed the nomination of Mr.
Roosevelt for Governor of New York, but the
popularity earned before the trenches of Santi-
ago made his nomination and election inevitable.
Besides, Wall Street could not bring itself to be-
lieve that a man born of a rich and distinguished
family, a graduate of Harvard University, and
an associate of the most substantial men in the
community, would fail to recognize the estab-
lished paramountcy of the great corporate in-
terests in the State of New York.

"They had a rude awakening when Governor
Roosevelt took up the now historic franchise tax
law [which the New York World originated and
advocated. — Ed..] and persuaded the Legislature
to pass it.

Piatt's Vain Protest.

"Senator Piatt, the party mouthpiece and
champion of Wall Street, was stunned. Mr.
Morgan, the suzerain of Wall Street, was in a
rage. Mr. Ryan and Mr. Whitney, representing
the street railway interests, were in a state of
angry resentment.

"Senator Piatt wrote a letter to Governor
Roosevelt. The politician who brought this re-
markable Piatt letter to Mr. Roosevelt told him,
as an additional reason why he should not press
the franchise tax bill, that certain great cor-
porate interests not affiliated with the Republican
party had contributed $60,000 to his campaign
fund.

"Mr. Roosevelt replied that he had been as-
sured that these particular interests had paid
$100,000 into the campaign treasury of his op-
ponent, Mr. Van Wyck. The politician admitted
that that was probably true, but that if such

THE PANDEX

183

measures as the franchise tax bill were pressed
too far, these interests would, in the future, con-
fine their large contributions to the Democratic
party.

"That settled it. The Governor saw at once
that he was dealing with a question that trans-
cended all party lines, and was face to face with
a power that was asserting itself against people
and Government alike. He struck again and
again, and did not cease until the franchise tax
was a fact, and not a theory.

Morgan Baffled.

"The Governors of six Northwestern States
appealed to the President for relief from the
Northern Securities railroad merger, which de-
stroyed competition between the Great Northern
and Northern Pacific lines. The President re-
ferred the matter to Attorney-General Knox,
with instructions to deal with the case without
fear or favor. The Attorney-General reported
that the merger was a clear violation of national
law. He was ordered to bring suit at once.

"Down went J. Pierpont Morgan to the White
House, wrathful, but wary of the President's
temper.

" 'It's all a mistake, Mr. President,' he said,
with a wave of his hand. 'The whole thing is
simply a misunderstanding. We can easily com-
promise the matter. Let us get together and
there will be no difficulty about a satisfactory
compromise.'

"Mr. Roosevelt bared his teeth.

" 'I'm afraid that you do not understand my
viewpoint, Mr. Morgan,' he said. 'I am here to
enforce the laws of the United States.'

" 'But there has been no violation of law.'

" 'Then you can not be hurt.'

" 'Yes; but the affair should be compromised.'

" 'I am not here to make compromises,' said
the President. 'There can be no compromise in
the enforcement of the law.'

No Favoritism for Either.

"The man at whose nod Wall Street smiled
or trembled went back to New York burning with
anger. So Samuel Gompers recently retreated
from the White House after practically threat-
ening the President with the political vengeance
of organized labor.

"Other representatives of the Morgan-Hill
merger interests went to the White House. At-
torney-General Knox was present with the Presi-
dent.

"'You should have given private notice be-
fore filing a bill in the courts against the North-
ern Securities Company,' said one.

" 'Why?' asked the President.

" 'We were taken by surprise and the action
of the National Administration suddenly knocked
the prices of our stocks to pieces in the market.
You should have given notice for the sake of the
innocent widows and orphans whose money was
invested in stock.'

" 'I would like to ask you,' said Attorney-
General Knox, heartlessly, 'whether you gave ad-
vance information to the widows and orphans
when you cornered Northern Pacific stock?'

"Again the President showed his teeth.

" 'The Government doesn't give notice,' he
said. 'When it believes that a man has com-
mitted a crime, it arrests him, and then notifies
him of what he is accused. Why should the
Government give notice to one man and not to
another?'

They Wanted a Chance.

" 'But you might at least have notified five or «
six of the biggest men in Wall Street.'

"The President smiled and, rubbed his hands
together softly.

" 'I'm afraid that the little men would not
have appreciated it,' he answered with cruel
gentleness.

" 'I'll say this for the President,' exclaimed
the Attorney-General, leaning back in his chair.
'There is no stock ticker in the White House.
That might as well be understood right now.'

"Whereat the President had to struggle to sup-
press his laughter, so stricken were his visitors
by the unfeeling remark.

"Before permitting the Government to regu-
late freight rates, Mr. Roosevelt had consulted
the most experienced railroad men in the country
in order to do no injury to legitimate business.
He sent for President Cassatt, of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad, and let him read it.

" 'It's perfectly sound/ said Mr. Cassatt
heartily. 'I approve of it. I see no reason why
the Government should not regulate the railroads.
The rebate system is ruinous as well as unfair.
The Government should break it up by enforcing
the law against everybody.'

"Then the President asked for the criticism
of President Ripley, of the Santa Fe system. He,
too, indorsed the plan, declaring that it was to
the interest of legitimate railroad enterprise as
well as the general public, that the rebate sys-
tem should be ended, and all discrimination in
favor of large shippers made impossible by means
of enlarged Governmental powers strictly ap-
plied.

Morgan Played Politics.

"But Mr. Morgan opposed the President's
recommendations to Congress. He could see
nothing in them but an encouragement to the en-
croaching forces of radicalism, a vicious med-
dling with vested property rights. Living in the
narrow spaces of Wall Street, he failed to see
the black cloud on the horizon that signalled the
approach of a hurricane of popular wrath.

"There was a meeting of railroad presidents
at the Metropolitan Club in New York. Mr.
Harriman and Mr. Hill were there; so were Mr.
Cassatt, of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Mr. Rij)-
ley, president of the Santa Fe system ; Mr. Spen-
cer, president of the Southern Railroad Company ;
Mr. Newman, president of the New York Rail-
road Company, and several others of the most
f)owerful railroad corporation representatives in
the country. Mr. Ripley urged that the railroad
companies should throw aside all minor consid-
erations, recognize the sound reformatory na-
ture of the President's ideas, and earnestly sup-
port and promote the policy of Government regu-
lation of railroad rates and the extinction of the
rebate system. Mr. Cassatt also pressed the

184

THE PANDEX

President's plan upon his associates. But the
others shook their heads and declared their un-
alterable opposition.

"Those who are in the habit of doing rever-
ence to the judgments of "Wall Street might
naturally suppose that those powerful men, rep-
resenting hundreds of millions of dollars' worth
• of property depending upon the prosperity and
peace of the Nation, would have entered into a
conflict with the President only on the theory that
he was wrong in principle. Alas, that was not
the ground of their opposition. One after the
other said frankly that the railroad interests
could beat the President in Congress, and that,
as they did not have to make concessions, they
should stand up and fight.

"Now, when Mr. Roosevelt became aware in
this unmistakable way that there was a private
power in the United States which held itself to
be greater than the law or the President or Con-
gress, he made it known to his advisers that he
considered the issue thus deliberately raised as
a direct challenge to the Nation.

Publicity His Best Weapon.

"Mr. Roosevelt believes in publicity. It is his
sharpest sword. When he finds a corrupt com-
bination confronting him he makes the matter
known, and leaves the rest to public opinion.
No man can whisper a threat in his ears. He
opens the doors, throws up the windows, calls
in the crowd and shouts the secret out. It is this
characteristic that embarrasses the stealthy ad-
venturers of Wall Street. They dare not
threaten. It will be in the newspapers next
morning.

"No other President was ever compelled to
face such an alliance of money power, backed
by training and experience, as that which op-
posed the proposed Bureau of Corporations. Yet
it was Mr. Roosevelt's consummate ability to
recognize opportunities and his instinct for swift,
ruthless action that won this memorable struggle.

"John D. Rockefeller's son sent a telegram to
several Senators calling upon them to defeat the
President's bill. It exposed the Standard Oil
Company's desperate interest in the effort to
prevent the Bureau of Corporations from com-
ing into existence.

"A copy of this amazing telegram fell into
Mr. Roosevelt's hands. The moment he read it
he snapped his fingers, leaped to his feet and
cried, 'That passes our ear bill.'

"So great was his joy that he snapped his
fingers repeatedly, a sound as of a whip cracked
over beaten curs, and laughed aloud.

"Without a moment's delay the President
sent for thirty newspaper correspondents and
gave them the telegram. In an hour it had been
flashed to all parts of the country. The Nation
was thoroughly aroused by the revelation.

"That very day Henry H. Rogers and John i).
Archbold, the formidable and arrogant Rocke-
feller regents of the Standard Oil Company,
went to Washington personally to take charge
of the flght against the President. But they ar-
rived only to find that, by his simple device for
calling the sentiment of the whole country to his
aid, Mr. Roosevelt had passed his bill. Not a
Senator dared to bat his eye after the fatal
Rockefeller telegram had been published.

" 'Never strike till you have to,' says the
President, 'but then strike as hard as you can.' "

CRITICISM RESENTED BY PRESIDENT

Washington Says Harriman Merger Probe Is Ac-
tuated, by Desire for Revenge.

Washington, D. C. — E. H. Harriman is being
punished by President Roosevelt because Harri-
man harshly criticized the President.

This action on the part of Harriman is de-
clared, on reliable authority, to be responsible for
the investigation which will be begun by the
Inter-State Commerce Commission in New York
January 4, which, it is believed, will lead to the
dissolution of the Harriman railroad merger.

During the late Congressional campaign Harri-
man was not even lukewarm in his support of the
Republican ticket and he supported the Hearst
ticket in New York. Mr. Harriman, who is by
no means an admirer of Roosevelt, not only de-
clined to contribute to the Republican Con-
gressional campaign fund, but he went to a
member of the Republican Congressional Com-
mittee and told that ofiicial what he thought of
President Roosevelt.

This opinion was anything but complimentary.
In general, Harriman stated that Roosevelt was
a firebrand; that he was irresponsible, and that
his Administration of the office of President had
been responsible for much trouble experienced by
the business world.

The member of the Congressional Committee
lost no time in informing Roosevelt what Har-
riman had said. This report displeased the
President, and he shook his fist in the face of
the member of the committee and asked:

' ' Did Harriman say these things about me ? "

Upon being assured as to the truth of the
statement, the President said :

"All right; I will attend to this matter."

Shortly after this incident the Inter-State
Commerce Commission ordered an investigation
of the Harriman merger, and it is declared by
the Administration that all the power at its com-
mand will be exerted to bring about a dissolution
of the merger. — Pittsburg Dispatch.

THE PANDEX

185

LABOR AT THE PLAY

IN CHARLES KLEIN'S new play, "Daughters of Men," at
the Astor Theater, Capital and Labor are boldly treated.
The Organizers of trusts and Leaders of labor are so boldly,
so brutally portrayed that the New York World asked Samuel
Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, and
the most widely recognized labor leader in the country, to
see the play. The following is Mr. Gompers' review:

The "Daughter^ of Men," now playing at the Astor Theater, is
a great play. Mr. Charles Klein has not only added to his already
well-deserved reputation, but he has also performed a great public
service in the presentation of that play, and particularly its pre-
sentation at a theater where the attendance is usually made up from
the theater-going well-to-do and fairly well-to-do people.

Having been asked to review the play, "The Daughters of Men,"
and record my opinion of its merits, if I were asked to epitomize its
salient features, I would say that it is a play, clean, intensely in-
teresting, of a high moral, public purpose with its characters at once
boldly and clearly as well as delicately brought out.

186

THE PANDEX

/^

I

I

s

The play opens with a room
in the Fifth Avenue mansion of
the millionaires, Crosbys, who
are principal owners in and di-
rectors of one of the large coal,
iron and transportation com-
panies, of which so many exist
in our time.

Grace Crosby (Miss Effie
Shannon), sister of Mathew and
Reginald Crosby, and niece of
Richard Milbank, the tempor-
arily retired director of the
company, and its chief owner,
is deeply in love with John
Stedman. Stedman, while so-
cially and financially the equal
of the Crosbys, has been
^ won over to the cause of

^^ labor and the people, and
o at the opening of the play
is the leader of the or-
ganized workingmen who
are engaged in strike in
all the company's enterprises. '

Grace attended several meetings and listened with growing in-
terest to the graceful oratory and earnest pleadings of Stedman, and
learned to respect and finally to love him, to love him for his sin-
cerity and the cause he so beautifully portrays. The love of Grace
Crosby and John Stedman is of the highest and most ennobling char-
acter. It is the love of and for the good and the true man and
woman.

Their love and their characters are put to severe tests, by reason
of their affiliations, their families and the divergent paths resulting
particularly from the strike. In addition to the human interest and
labor features of the play, it is a beautiful and thrilling love story.
In the second act the strike is at its crucial point for both sides.
The men are living on little, and the directors of the company are
on the verge of financial ruin. The leaders of the striking work-
men's organization are pitting the hungry stomachs of the men
against the dire straits in which they know the company to be.
Something is impending. Unless either or both bend a break must
come somewhere.

The manner in which Mr. Klein worked up to the situation which
brought about the meeting of the board of directors of the company
and the leaders of the workmen is not only happy but indeed little
short of ingenious. Miss Crosby being forbidden by her family to
see Stedman and not seeing him for weeks, visits his room at an
'unconventional hour.' She makes this visit to plead with him to
end the strike, which she urges he has fought more relentlessly be-
cause she has been compelled to give him up.

Louise Stolbeck (Miss Dorothy Donnelly), the daughter of Louis
Stolbeck, a theorist and revolutionist and member of the workmen's
leaders, loves Stedman. She is jealous of and hates Grace Crosby.

I

THE PANDEX

The scene between Louise Stolbeck and Grace Crosby is beyond
doubt one of the strongest and of the deepest human interest, not
only in this play, but of any play I have seen in many years. The
ribaldry, frivolity, hate, anger, passion, bravado, daring, anguish,
and despair are all portrayed by Miss Donnelly with a sincerity so
convincing as to thrill her audience to the very core.

It is not my purpose to speak of the ability of the company, of
the exceedingly capable players which interpret their several parts.
I could not resist the temptation to express my great appreciation
and the evident great appreciation of the audience of Miss Don-
nelly's splendid work.

Quite apart from the sterling character of John Stedman, the hero
of the play, there are two characters the very antitheses of each
other. One, Mathew Crosby, the other James Burress. In one
feature alone are they similar, the dogged determination to dominate.
Crosby, the member of the "Federated Companies," whose men are
on strike; Burress, one of the "Federated Brotherhood."

Crosby typifies that cold-blooded, determined man who looks
upon the masses of workei-s as so many instruments to yield him and
his their labor for his own personal aggrandizement, who has no
conception that the labor and the man are one; who is scornful of
the fact that the laborer is human, that he has the same loves and
affections, duties and obligations to himself; that he is made warm
by the same summer sun and chilled by the same winter's blast, and
that after all the laborer is a human being with a soul and heart
as well as possessing the power to produce wealth.

Crosby is the cold, cruel type of man who could witness with in-
difference and without turning scarcely, without the quiver of a lip
or causing a tremor in his entire being, the crushing of human hearts
and human souls. He is bereft of all moral responsibility and con-
science for the well-being of his fellows.

Burress, on the other hand, is that type of brutal ignorance
brought about by the worst conditions under which workmen toil
for just such employers as Crosby.

Such as Burress, thanks to the growing power of the labor move-
ment, are fast disappearing from any position of influence in the
real labor movement of our time. He has been fed upon the cold in-

188

THE PANDEX

i

difference and brutal course of the Crosby regime, and he would,
out of sheer force of powei-, annihilate Crosby upon the first impulse.

Mathew Crosby would put to work all the secret machinations
which money could employ. He would not stain his hands even
though he would his deadened conscience with human blood. He
fights with the rapier, Burress with the battle-axe.

The "Daughters of Men" is a tribute to the well-ordered trades
union movement of America as understood and represented by the
American Federation of Labor. It demonstrates that labor, to be
respected and to have consideration given to the attainment of the
rights to which it is entitled and to the abolition of the wrongs from
which it has suffered, must organize and possess power.

The assertion of the aged Richard Milbank, the temporarily re-
tired chief of the board of directors of the Federated Companies,
that he will resume his old position of authority, that he is in ac-
cord with Stedman, with the intelligent, kind-hearted McCarthy,
president of the workmen's organization, that both Stedman and
McCarthy realized that it is not only power, but consideration and
love, that will win — it is Milbank 's splendid declaration that helps
in the magnificent denouement when he says :

"A little sentiment and a little compromise is an absolute neces-
sity— damn it, let's be human!"

Lines Gompers Listened to in the Play.

MILBANK — Mathew, I don't want to even criticize; you and
Thedford are handling the Federated properties very skilfully. The
dividends are splendidly large and all that, but the workmen were
more satisfied with their lot in your father's day. I don't know —
you young business men are all business. There's no sentiment, no
compromise. Good God, we're only here for a hundred years, more
or less. Can't something be done for
the men? I thought when I retired
from business that I should be free from
responsibility, that I should enjoy peace
and happiness — instead of
which what happens? At this
moment over a million men are
arrayed against us in a struggle
for supremacy; my nephew
married to a woman who
squanders his patrimony and
disgraces our family name; and
my niece in love with a stump
orator who publicly denounces
us — our business methods — our
very existence. A
pretty kettle of fish.
And you two stand
there like a pair of
obeli.sks.

MATHEW (To
Stedman) — You, the
leader of a band of
malcontents whose
sole purjiose in life

(Continued on-page 189)

THE PANDEX

189

is to sow seeds of discord among the working
classes, to get them to rebel against established
conditions! You, an agitator, the friend of Jem
Burress, an Anarchist of the worst type 1

STEDMAN — The great masses are utterly
ignorant of the real conditions of life and they
need some one in whom they trust to show how
to progress without destroying everything in their
eagerness to attain their object. If I — if I re-
sign my position in the Interstate Federation and
become a corporation lawyer- — if I help the cor-
poration to evade the law as your uncle has sug-
gested— don't you see how it would hurt the
cause — of the people. It would look as though
none of their leaders could be trusted — as if we
were as lacking in sincerity as the men we ac-
cuse.

BURRESS (To Martin)— You needn't mister
me. I know who you are, and I want to tell
you, my friend, right here — if you ask me to
sign any more petitions opposing the action of
the General Council you'll lose your standing.
See? I don't want to interfere, understand —
all men have equal rights and privileges, but we

want no anarchy — no kickers — you trust your
leaders, don't you?

STOLBECK— We know more than you do or
we wouldn't be leaders. Instead of studying
your Bible, study your Karl Marx — your Jack
London — ^your Eugene Debs — and you will know
something, too.

LACKETT — Intellectual energy, my dear fel-
low, is what qualifies a man for leadership. We
have intellect, plus energy — you men have energy
but nothing to direct it— you must follow those
who have.

BURRESS — ^We have an equal right to hap-
piness and we claim that right. Our political
democracy is a mask behind which industrial
plutocracy tries to hide itself. We produce
everything and get nothing — you produce nothing
and get everything.

M'CARTHY— Come now, we've got this far
— let's go on — leave the question of recognition
to the last.

BURRESS — No — we have them whipped now
— the bottom is out of the stock market — there
is nothing doing and we've got 'em going, I tell
you.

Rockefeller as "King of the Republic"

MAXIM GORKY PUBLISHES AN IMAGINATIVE INTERVIEW WITH
THE MASTER OF AMERICAN BUSINESS.

STUNG by unceasing criticism and appar-
ently astonished that his character and
motives should be impugned, Mr. Rockefeller
comes before the public more and more, either
thru a regular press agent or thru his own
power to command attention, in the light of
his religious piety, his personal companion-
ableness and his other attributes which are
inconsistent with the black lines in which he
has been painted hitherto. Here, however,
follows an imaginary view of the Oil King
as Maxim Gorky sees him. It is from the
New York American:

London. — Maxim Gorky has begun the publica-
tion of a series of imaginative interviews here.
The first is entitled "One of the Kings of the
Republic. ' '

"The steel kings, petroleum kings, and all
other kings of the United States have always

been confused in my imagination, ' ' writes Gorky.
"I couldn't think of such persons as being or-
dinary men."

Then Gorky depicts his conception of the
American millionaire as a Gargantuan person of
extraordinary appetite, with an inordinate desire
to possess everything in the world. From
Gorky's description of his millionaire it is easy
to see that he is personifying John D. Rocke-
feller.

"Face of a New-Bom Child."

"My astonishment may be imagined," says
Gorky, "when I found that this millionaire is
one of the simplest of men. In an easy chair
before me sat this long, thin, old man, who
clasped his wrinkled hands on his waist.

' ' The withered skin of his face was carefully
shaven. His lower lip, drooping in tired fashion,
disclosed a pair of well-made jaws, with golden
teeth. His upper lip is cleanly shaven,
bloodless and thin, and clung close to his
teeth, hardly moving when the old man spoke.
His lusterless eyes have no brows, and his head
was bald. It seemed as if this face lacked

190

THE PANDEX

skin. Ruddy, motionless, and shining as it was,
it reminded one of the face of a newborn child.
It was hard to determine whether this human
being was beginning life or approaching the
end."

Makes Money to Make More.

After expressing his astonishment on learning
that the millionaire ate frugally, Gorky con-
tinues :

" 'Then, what do you do with your money?'
I asked. He shrugged his shoulders and an-
swered: 'I make more money with it.'

" 'Why?' I asked.

" 'To make still more,' he answered.

" 'Why?' I repeated.

"He leaned toward me and asked, 'Are you
mad?'

" 'And you?' I answered, interrogatively. The
old man bowed his head and muttered : ' Strange
man. It is, perhaps, the first time I've seen
such a one.'

" 'What do you do?' I asked.

" 'I make money,' he said, bluntly.

" 'How do you make money?' I asked.

" 'Oh,' he said, nodding, 'it's very simple. I
possess railways. Farmers produce goods. I
put these on the market. Now I must see how
much money to leave the farmer so that he will
not starve, and will continue working, and I
take the rest as my tariff for transportation. It 's
very simple.'

" 'Are the farmers satisfied?' I asked.

" 'Not all I think,' he said with childish
simplicity, 'but it is said men are always dis-
satisfied with everything. There are funny fel-
lows everywhere who are always grumbling.'

" 'Doesn't the Government prevent you?' I
asked modestly.

" 'The Government?' he repeated thought-
fully. Then he nodded as if a fine idea sudden-
ly had struck him. 'Ah, the people in Washing-
ton? No, they don't hinder me; they're nice
young fellows; some belong to my club, but I
do not often see them, so I'm apt to forget them.
No, they do not hinder me,' he repeated, and
then asked, 'Are there any governments which
hinder people from making money?' I felt eon-
fused in my heartlessness and his wisdom.

"Idealism Doesn't Work Here."

" 'No,' I said. 'You see, I only thought gov-
ernments sometimes must forbid open robbery.'

" 'Ahem,' he said, 'that's idealism. It doesn't
work here. The Government has not the right
to interfere in private affairs.'

" 'Then, if many people are ruined by one, is
that a private affair?' I asked.

" 'Ruined?' he repeated. 'Ruined? Yes, if
workmen are dear and if they strike; but there
are immigrants here. They always reduce work-
men's pay and take the places of strikers.
When there are enough of them who work cheap-
ly and buy necessaries largely everything is all
right.'

"He became somewhat livelier. His harsh
voice sounded more quickly. 'A good govern-
ment,' he went on, 'is a necessity. It solves

problems. There must be as many people in the
country as I need in order that they buy what
I want to sell. There must be so many work-
men that I shall not lack any, but not one too
many. Then there would be a socialistic gov-
ernment. The government must not tax peo-
ple highly.

"Soldiers to Enforce Laws."

" 'I take everything the people can give.
That's what I call a good government. It is
necessary for me that order should reign. Gov-
ernment at small cost engages various phil-
osophers, who teach people at least eight hours
every Sunday to obey the laws. If philosophers
do not suffice, they use soldiers. The method is
of no consequence, but the result is important.
The consumer and workman must be obliged to
keep the law, that's all.'

"I asked, 'Are you satisfied with the present
government?'

"He did not answer immediately, then said:
' It does less than it can do. I say immigrants
must be allowed to come in. We have political
freedom, which they enjoy, and that must be paid
for. Each immigrant should bring in $500. A
man with $500 is ten times as good as a man with
only $50. Tramps, beggars, invalids and other
sluggards are not wanted anywhere.'

' ' Enough Americans Now. ' '
" 'But that lessens the number of immigrants,'
I interposed. The old man nodded, answering,
'Yes, I propose to close the country to them
altogether, in time. Now everybody may bring
money. It is useful for the country. Then we
ought to increase the time required for becoming
a citizen. Afterward we must abolish natural-
ization altogether. Let those work who want to,
for the Americans, but it doesn't follow that
they ought to get the right of American citizen-
ship. There are enough Americans. The Gov-
ernment must be differently organized. All mem-
bers of the Government must be stockholders in
industrial undertakings, then they'll understand
the country's interests quicker and easier. Now
I'm obliged to buy senators in order to convince
them of several details necessary to me.'

Tells of Religious Belief.

"Now that his political views were clear, I
asked what he thought of religion.

" 'Oh,' he replied, clapping his knee, 'I think
religion is necessary for the people. I believe in
it entirely. I even preach myself on Sundays.
I say to them: "Dear brothers and sisters, all
this life is an empty void. If we do not love our
neighbor, whoever he may be, don't leave your
hearts in the power of evil spirits of envy. Of
what should you be envious? Earthly goods are
illusions, instruments of the devil. We must all
die. Rich and poor, kings, miners, bankers, are
sweeps in paradise. Perhaps the miners will be
the kings, and the kings the sweeps. Don 't listen
to men who arouse sinful feeling of envy and
show you the poverty of one and the riches of
another.

" 'These men are ambassadors of the devil.

THE PANDEX

191

THE TICKER IN RAILROADING

MOT Tor

' WT/wr NOT m

MeAttM OR FOfl.
ANt ^DY clue's

WML STREET OFFICE
Ol' THE
GOLD LUST TWINS

STEEL CARS, EH?

SAFE But Too expen- i

SIVE. they'd CUT OUR
DIVIDENDS IN Two"

The Master Pays Too Much Attention to It.

The Man Pays Too Little.

— Chicago Tribune.

192

THE PANDEX

Don't listen to sermons about equality and other
inventions of the devil. What's the meaning of
equality here on earth? Only to strive to equal-
ize each other in purity of soul, to bear your
cross patiently. Obedience will lighten your
burden. Heaven's with you, my children; you
need nothing more.'

"The old man became silent; looked at me
triumphantly, his golden teeth glittering.

" 'You understand how to make use of relig-
ion,' I observed.

" 'Yes, I know its value,' he said. 'Religion
is necessary for the poor. I like it. Religion is
an oil. The more we oil life's machine with it,
the less friction we will have, and the easier will
be the engineer's work.'

" 'You think you are a Christian?' I asked.

" 'Of course,' he answered, 'but I am an
American at the same time, and as such, a strict
moralist. '

"Millionaires Ought to Govern."

" 'What do you think about the socialists?' I
asked. 'They're servants of the devil,' he re-
plied. 'There should be no socialists in good gov-
ernment. They originate in America. People
at Washington do not understand their task
clearly. They ought to refuse civil rights to
socialists. A government must have the interests
of life more at heart. All its members ought to
be chosen from the ranks of the millionaires to
fight socialists. We must have more religion and
soldiers' religion against atheism, soldiers
against anarchy. Krst we pour the lead of ec-
clesiasticism into his head. If that doesn't cure,
then soldiers pour lead into his body.'

Buys Art, Like Poetry.

" 'What do you think of art?' I asked. He
looked at me childishly. 'What do you say?' he
asked. ' I asked what you thought of art. ' ' Oh, '
he answered, quietly, 'I don't think about it. I
simply buy it.'

" 'How do you like poetry?' I asked. 'I like
poetry very well,' he said. 'Life is jolly when
they write advertisements in verse.'

" 'What's your favorite book, excluding, of
course, the check book?' I asked. 'I love two
books,' he said, 'the Bible and my general ac-
count book. Both raise my spirits. '

"I stood up to go. 'Tell me,' I asked, 'what
is there in being a millionaire?'

" 'It's a habit,' he answered.

" 'Do you think tramps, opium smokers, and
millionaires belong to the same order of crea-
tion,' I asked. That offended him and he said:
'You're an ill-mannered person.'

"I started to leave. 'Are there any super-
fluous kings in Europe?' he asked. 'They're all
superfluous,' I said. 'I should like to hire a
couple of kings,' he said.

" 'What for?' I asked. 'For fun,' he an-
swered. 'What do you think it will cost to have
two kings box here half an hour daily for three
months?' "

A WAIL.

Our laws are being Bryanized,

and Ryanized
and Zionized.

Our sports are being candified

or dandified
and Andified.

Our art is all a mockery

of Bokery —
Ccmstockery.

Good words that Shakespeare credited
are edited
and Teddited.

We're cursed with Castellanity,
insanity
and vanity.

Our industries are dustifled

or trustified
or bustified.

Or else they're superorganized

and Morganized
and gorgonized.

But courage! heart, and do not fret;
Depew and Piatt are with us yet.

— New York Times.

STORY OF THE RICH MAN.

De rich man eat his 'possum.

En Latherus at de gate;
De rich man say: "Dis 'possum good —

I'll set up wid him late!"

De Night, hit keep a-comin' —

De shadders creep en creep;
01' Latherus so hongry

He dunno whar he'll sleep.

De rich man say: "Dat Latherus

Hez got ter go his ways ;
I'll sen' him ter de stockade,

En give him thirty days!"

En den all er a sudden

01' Satan's voice he know;
He says: "Put by dat 'possum —

Hit's come yo' time ter go!"

En den, whar wuz de rich man?

Oh, ever' sinner knows!
He in de fire department

Whar dey don 't turn on de hose.

— Atlanta Constitution.

THE PANDEX

193

COMBINATION OF THE ELEMENTS AND

OF COMMERCIAL CIRCUMSTANCE

AND CONSPIRACY TO WORK

HARDSHIPS UPON ALL

CLASSES

RAILROAD CAR SHORTAGE GIVEN AS EXCUSE FOR A FUEL
FAMINE IN THE MIDST OF SEVERE WINTER. UNINTER-
RUPTED RISE IN PRICES OF NECESSITIES
INCREASES THE SUFFERING

IF OBJECT lesson were needed to impress
the critical nature of the issue between
Harriman and Roosevelt, as outlined in the
preceding symposium in this issue of The
Pandex, the amazing conditions in the west-
em coal fields, in the national arena of
prices, and in the atmospheric world of
climate have served to drive the considera-
tion of the hour home to everyone. While
the "prosperity" of the country has been
creating an alleged shortage of transporta-
tion equipment those who use the misfortune
of others to increase their own wealth have
been giving the car shortage as an excuse for
a widespread and cruel famine and advance
in prices of fuel ; and it appears to have mat-
tered little to them that the season has been

unduly cold and miserable. Selfishness has
had its full sway; and the only forceful
enemy of it has been the redoubtable occu-
pant of the White House.

MAY COST MANY LIVES

Farmers in Northwest to Ask for Troops to Save
Them from Freezing.

Something of the tragic possibilities of the
selfishness in the coal fields was reflected in
the reports of the New York World, as
follows :

Minneapolis, Dec. 14. — With the cold-wave
signal flying, the coal shortage in the Northwest
becomes not only a cause of severe suffering, but
an absolute menace to human life.

Glenburn, N. D., is seriously considering an
appeal to the governors of North Dakota and

194

THE PANDEX

Minnesota to employ the state militia in forc-
ing the movement of coal trains. Eveleth, Minn.,
faces darkness and suffering through deprivation
of coal and apprehensive reports have come from
many other places.

The Glenburn situation is summed up in a
statement from the Glenburn Commercial Club
as follows :

"The dealers advise that the situation is en-
tirely up to the railroads, as shippers are unable
to obtain ears to load with coal. To-dav we will

FAMINE FELT IN CANADA

Export Coal to United States While Hundreds
Freeze.

That the range of the fuel famine was
more than national was reflected in the fol-
lowing from the Chicago Tribune :

Ottawa, Canada, December 13. — In the discus-
sion in the House of Commons on Saskatehe-

The Employer — Be grateful! See how I'm raising you that you may keep up with my In-
creased-Cost-of-Living-Balloon.

— International Syndicate.

wire Governor Searles requesting him to take
up the matter with Governor Johnson, of Minne-
sota, and if necessary call out the militia of the
two states to run coal trains.

"The situation all through this section is des-
perate, and with the liability of blizzards at any
time many may freeze to death if fuel is not
available soon. Farmers are already coming to
town with reports of burning sheds and other
out-houses for fuel."

wan's coal famine, President Roosevelts' refer-
ences to government ownership in his recent mes-
sage to Congress were cited by Mr. Roche, con-
servative, as an example Sir Wilfrid Laurier
would do well to adopt in regard to Canada's
vast unworked coal areas in the West.

The discussion arose in a motion by Mr. Heron,
conservative, declaring that the coal lands
owned by Canada should only be alienated under
such conditions as would insure a supply of coal

THE PANDEX

195

THE MODERN BLOCK (HEAD) SYSTEM.
As Some Railroad Companies Appear to Apply It.

— Chicago News.

196

THE PANDEX

to the people at all times adequate to their re-
quirements. It was shown that the coal famine
had caused great suifering to thousands of set-
tlers, and this, coupled with the scarcity and
heavy cost of lumber for building, resulting from
combines and the car famine, had brought about
conditions so serious as to endanger the develop-
ment of the country.

Thousands of tons of Canadian coal were being
exported from the Alberta mines to the United
States by J. J. Hill and other American million-
aires while the families of settlers in Saskatche-
wan were in danger of freezing to death for want
of fuel. The majority of settlers, even the com-
paratively well to do, are forced to live in
houses, according to Mr. Heron, that do not
protect them from the weather.

STARVATION BEHIND FAMINE

Suffering Northwestern Cities Faced Shortage in
Food Supply.

Still another picture of the scope and sig-
nificance of the coal shortage was shown in
the following in the Chicago Record-Herald :

Minneapolis, December 19. — Danger of starva-
tion is now added to the horrors of the fuel
famine in the Northwest. The already inade-
quate railroad service has been interrupted by
the cold and blizzards on the western prairies,
and now several towns are not only suffering
from lack of fuel, but are short of food. The
situation at Ambrose, N. D., is declared to be
desperate. A telegram from the Citizens' Com-
mittee there, received to-day, says:

"Ambrose is without coal and provisions.
Twenty cars of fuel and food in the hands of the
railway company must be brought here by special
train at once in order to relieve the situation or
great suffering will result. Have wired the gen-
eral manager of the Soo Line, but no assurance
of relieving present needs has been secured."

FUEL FAMINE A CONSPIRACY

Commissioner Declares That Northwest Dealers
Are in Plot to Boom Coal.

Up to the time that The Pandex went to
press nothing conclusive had been offered in
evidence as to the manner in which the coal
shortage was brought about, but the general
consensus of opinion was that it was en-
tirely artificial and uncalled for. The fol-
lowing from the New York Herald reflected
the ofiScial view of the Interstate Commerce
Commission :

Washington, D. C, January 3. — "Throughout
this inquiry the thought has repeatedly sug-

gested itself that many of the problems pre-
sented must rest in the character and intelli-
gence of the railroad managers — their foresight,
initiative adaptability, and public spirit."

This paragraph, written by Commissioner
Lane, epitomizes the report which the Interstate
Commerce Commission has rendered to the Presi-
dent on the subject of the car shortage in the
Northwest.

The fuel famine in North Dakota is attributed
to a conspiracy of wholesale and retail dealers
to "maintain prices and boycott all who do not
agree." The indisputable proof which the Com-
mission says it has of this will be handed to the
Department of Justice, which, it is expected, will
be at once directed to bring proceedings under
the Sherman Law forbidding combination in re-
straint of trade. This combination operates in
North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

The fact that but thirty-eight per cent of the
grain crop of North Dakota has been shipped to
market and that millions of bushels lie under
snow on the fields is laid to the policy of the
railroads of the Northwest, including the Great
Northern and Northern Pacific, in showing pref-
erence to long hauls and in subordinating time
of transportation to tonnage transported.

Commissioners Lane and Harlan conducted
the investigation at Minneapolis and Chicago.

Referring to the report that the coal shortage
was due to the presence of a trust or combination
between dealers in coal who fixed prices in the
Northwest and refused to sell to 'outsiders' and
'irregulars,' the report says:

"The Commission has gained indisputable
proof of an agreement between coal dealers to
maintain prices, and to boycott all who do not so
agree; but there is no evidence at all justifying
the contention that this combination is charge-
able with the coal shortage prevailing nor that
the railroads were party in any way to such a
conspiracy."

SOUTHWEST LOSING MILLIONS

Lumber, Cotton, and Other Products Piled Up
at Every Siding, Shippers Say.

Another picture of the extent of the disas-
ter wrought by the fuel famine was given- as
follows in the St. Louis Republic :

The hearing conducted by Interstate Com-
missioner C. A. Prouty, assisted by P. J. Farrell,
relative to the general freight congestion, brought
out statements by shippers that strikingly re-
sembled the complaints in the North and the
Northwest about the fuel famine.

While the reports from North Dakota and
other states emphasize physical suffering and
want, however, the testimony at the hearing
here charged the railroads with responsibility
for great financial losses to farmers, manufac-
turers, cattle men, cotton growers, lumber deal-
ers, and merchants. The relators declared that

THE PANDEX

197

WHAT THE FUEL FAMINE IS COMING TO

— Bellingham Bay Herald.

the losses caused by freight congestion are ines-
timable.

The car shortage in Texas has paralyzed the
grain industry of the state and practically
ruined, in several instances, dealers and growers,
who are considering the advisability of discon-
tinuing business, according to the testimony of
W. 0. Brackett, chairman of the Arbitration
Committee of the Texas Grain Dealers' Associa-
tion.

Mr. Brackett read a series of letters from firms
in various cities. He blamed not only the lack
of transportation facilities, but the policy of cer-
tain railroads in refusing free interchange of
cars at junction points. This, he stated, causes
the most aggravating and costly delays, and he
suggested that the Commission evolve some
method by which it may be eliminated.

Mr. Brackett told of one grower in Oklahoma,
who for two months had had stored in temporary
bins on the ground sixty thousand bushels of
corn, representing $20,000. This man wrote that
he expected "comparative ruin," as he was abso-
lutely unable to obtain cars in which to ship his
crops to market, and must hold his corn until
proper transportation is available.

SHIPPERS PARTLY TO BLAME

Chairman of Commission Asserts Roads Can Not
Handle Traffic.

Distribution of fault, of course, always is

to be found in any crisis, and that blame

attaches other than to the railroads in the

car shortage is set forth in the following

from the Philadelphia North American:

Washington. — Shippers of the country, accord-
ing to Chairman Knapp, of the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, are quite as much to blame
as the railroads for the shortage of freight cars
which has created such a furore throughout the
country during the past few weeks.

Judge Knapp said that, while the acute stage
has been passed in the Northwest and in the
southwestern states, the situation is still very
grave.

"In that growing region," said the Chief Com-
missioner, "prosperity is so great and crops so
heavy that the railroads are swamped. They
have often neither cars nor track facilities to
handle the traffic offered for transportation. But

198

THE PANDEX

lack of ears, although not the only difficulty, is,
of course, the greatest.

"If the shippers would load and unload cars
with less delay, the car shortage question would
be solved, to a great extent.

"Co-operation on the part of the shipper in
avoiding all unnecessary delay in loading and
unloading is absolutely essential, therefore, to
even an approximate solution of the vexatious
problem of ear shortage."

In fact, since Congress has called upon the
Interstate Commerce Commission to suggest leg-
islation which will prevent car shortage, and
since investigation has disclosed the responsi-
bility of the shipper in the matter of delays, in
order to eradicate the evil it would seem that the
National Government might have to go into the
business of regulating shippers as well as rail-
roads. While this may seem absurd, yet on the
face of the returns there is ample ground for the
statement.

J. J. HILL ON COAL FAMINE

He Says That a Storm and Zero Weather at First
Delayed Trains.

An ex-parte view of the whole situation is
the following interview with James J. Hill,
taken from the New York Sun :

Washington. — James J. Hill, president of the
Great Northern Railway Company, in a letter
received by a friend in Washington throws
additional light on the cause of the alleged coal
famine in the Northwest. The letter says:

"The commission was here and after three
days' investigation they found that in a very
stormy week, with the thermometer at from
thirty-five to thirty-eight degrees below zero, it
was difficult to move trains and to keep open
some of the branch lines. Our company has
moved into the section affected this year nearly
ninety thousand tons more coal than last year.
Yesterday the Commission received reports from
all points from which complaints have been re-
ceived to the effect that coal was being supplied
rapidly. Speaking for the Great Northern, I
think to-day there are from sixty thousand to
eighty thousand tons of coal in loaded cars west-
bound from the head of Lake Superior which are
rapidly reaching destination. This would supply
North Dakota at the rate of any previous con-
sumption until March 1, but the people in that
section have been very prosperous and those who
have heretofore used local lignites, which are
mined in their neighborhood, have changed to
better qualities of coal."

Mr. Hill enclosed a letter which he had re-
ceived from a merchant in Staples, Minn., in
which the writer said:

"If the coal dealers in the Northwest would
prepare for winter as the dry-goods dealers do
there would not be such a howl about car short-
age. I buy my winter stock in July, August, and

September. The coal man waits until November.
I am surprised that the railroads have handled
traffic as well as they have, considering the de-
mands made upon them. When retail coal deal-
ers refuse to lay in a supply of fuel early the
wholesale dealer should sell direct in car lots to
the consumer. This they refused to do in the
past. It would be the solution of the whole prob-
lem."

HIGH PRICES FOR EVERY NECESSITY

Universal Cry for Relief From Additional Bur-
dens Upon Reasonable Existence.

While the coal situation was so pressing,
and while in all parts of the country people
were complaining of the pinch of rising
prices and the inadequacy of the rising
wage, the New York World, thru its mul-
tiple correspondents, was able to present the
following comprehensive survey of the Amer-
ican field:

Investigation by World correspondents in all
parts of the country as to the increase of wages
and salaries as compared with the increase in the
cost of living indicates that generally the wage
increase has not kept pace with the cost of the
necessaries of life. It is also shown that while
incomes have been liberally advanced within only
recent months, the cost of living has been increas-
ing for five or six years, and has now reached
the maximum for a quarter of a century.

The people of some of the states are extremely
prosperous and satisfied, but the cry from nearly
every section is that present incomes are not
sufficient to meet the reasonable demands of liv-
ing.

Fails to Better Conditions.

Cleveland.— Despite the large number of work-
ing men who have received an advance in wages
in the last year, industrial conditions are pro-
nounced but little better than they were a year
ago. According to reports in the hands of Harry
D. Thomas, secretary of the United Trades and
Labor Council, the larger cost of living more than
counterbalances the increase paid to union men.

In order to equalize the differential between
the cost of living and wages, a campaign of or-
ganization is being conducted with the intention
of uniting the independent workers and strength-
ening the movement for better conditions.

Hoosiers Ahead of Expenses.

Indianapolis. — Experts declare that the ad-
vance in the cost of living is going on in such a
way that it will demonstrate itself in the figures
of future statistics in an alarming manner. At
present, taking the entire state, inquiry shows an
average advance in wages of about ten per cent,
and an advance in living hardly six per cent.

THE PANDEX

199

200

THE PANDEX

Chicago May Come Out on a Level.

Chicago, December 26. — Professor Albion W.
Small, head of the Sociology Department of the
University of Chicago, says: "Living expenses
are higher now than for any other period within
twenty-six years. In 1881 they reached a level
in many channels as high as to-day. Then there

from every city in the state, and by a system of
points has worked out a percentage by which, in
a report just issued, it is shown that the net in-
crease in the price of these commodities is ap-
proximately 20.38 per cent.

A comparison of prices between October of this
year and the corresponding month two years ago,
shows that eighty-two articles of food show an

RUBBING IT IN.

-Pittsburg Gazette Times.

was a gradual decline until ten years ago, when
the advance set in. During that time the wages
of skilled labor have advanced in even greater
proportion than living expenses. The wages of
unskilled labor have not had the same advance.
"For the last three years the railroads have
been advancing wages of employees that always
have been paid below the percentage of increase
of living expenses, and this year the indication
is that the increase in railroad wages will equal
the percentage of increase of living expenses."

Foods Cost 20.38 Per Cent More.

Boston. — The Massachusetts Bureau of Statis-
tics of Labor, investigating the increased cost of
living, has obtained prices on necessary food

increase in price, fifty a decrease, and nine no
change. In the increased list are buckwheat, rye
and Graham flour, black tea, cut loaf sugar, mo-
lasses, vinegar, butter, cheese, eggs, kidney beans,
rice, sago, meat of all kinds, several varieties of
fish, vegetables, and fruit.

In the decrease list are bread and pastry flour,
meal, coffee, green and mixed tea, cheaper grades
of sugar, the better grades of butter, medium and
pea beans, split peas, starch, oil, pickles, coal, and
wood.

Rents Up in Denver.

Denver. — John C. Gallup is authority for the
estimate that house rents have increased during
the past year in Denver about eight to ten per

THE PANDEX

201

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202

THE PANDEX

cent. The cost of provisions of all kinds has
been also materially advanced in the year. Fuel
is about the same as in 1905. Flour is slightly
higher. Sugar and meats have been uniformly
five per cent hisrher during the whole year. Some
of the staple meat products of the best grades,
especially those shipped from the East, have
risen eight to ten per cent. Poultry and green
truck retained the high prices of last year till
Thanksgiving, since when there has been a slight
decrease. Clothing and all other dry goods have
not decreased any from the marked advance of a
year and a half or two ago.

Increase in Michigan Only Three Cents.

Detroit. — In the race between wages and the
cost of living in Michigan honors went to the lat-
ter during the last year. The Wolverine State
is prospering, as the great increase in the number
of employees attests, but the manufacturer, capi-
talist, farmer, are reaping the benefit rather than
the wage earner or the man on a small salary. It
is estimated that the increase in wages for the
year will average less than three cents per day,
obviously an insufficient advance to meet the cost
of living.

Wages and Cost Unequal in Ohio.

Cleveland. — Union labor in Ohio is receiving,
according to figures by H. D. Thomas, secretary
of the United Trades and Labor Council, twenty
per cent more in wages than they were five years
ago; on the other hand, his statistics show that
provisions, shoes, clothing, and rents have ad-
vanced more than thirty-five per cent within five
years.

Balance Against the People.

St. Paul. — Incomplete reports of the State La-
bor Commission show that the increase in wages
in Minnesota mines and factories has been 8 per
cent during the past year, mostly in the mining
and lumbering regions. The statistics of the cost
of living, says the Labor Commission, are not yet
complete, but they show that the increase in
wages has not kept pace with the increased cost
of living, not mentioning the item of room, flat,
or house rent, which has increased tremendously.

The balance is against the workman, trades-
man, and professional man by a five-per-cent in-
crease. Rents have advanced twenty to twenty-
five per cent, though building operations have ad-
vanced thirty-three per cent.

Can't Meet Their Expenses.

Lewiston, Me. — It is announced by the mail
agents here that beginning December 31 the
wages in all of the Lewiston cotton mills will ad-
vance five per cent, the second increase of wages
in these mills within six months, as last August
the wages were voluntarily advanced five per
cent. This makes a total of ten per cent increase
during the last half of the year, and still many

of the employees claim that their income is insuf-
ficient to properly support their families, since
the cost of living has increased double the in-
crease in wages.

Many of the operatives are running behind
this winter, and hope to be able to pay next sum-
mer for fuel and other articles now being bought
on credit.

The wages in the Edwards mills at Augusta,
the Biddeford mills, and other smaller manufac-
turing towns have been recently advanced, mak-
ing the total increase for the year about ten per
cent. In all of these places careful investigation
shows the increase of living to be not less than
twenty per cent. Many of the mill operatives
have gone into the woods to work this winter at
good pay and reduced cost of living;

Increase in Wages Comes All at Once.

Milwaukee, December 26. — Statistics prepared
by Labor Commissioner J. D. Beck show that
practically all of the increase in wages in Wis-
consin in the past ten years has come within the
past three months, while the increase in the cost
of living has been gradual, or at a rate of a little
under four per cent a year for the past five years.
The increase in wages per man since 1900 has
been, in factories, 18.2 per cent, and for salaried
employees ten per cent. The cost of living has
increased ten per cent in five years.

Big Jump Upward in Maine.

Lewiston, Me. — ^While wages to employees of
the leading industries of the state have been
advanced from five to ten per cent during the
past year, reliable estimates of the increased
cost of living place the increase from fifteen to
twenty-five per cent higher than it was a year
ago. Canned goods, fruits, meats, and provisions
of all kinds, with the possible exception of flour,
have advanced upward of twenty per cent dur-
ing the last twelve months; clothing is from fif-
teen to twenty per cent higher, and all other ne-
cessities ten per cent or more.

Prices High; Wages Not EquaL

Atlanta. — That even in Atlanta, the most pro-
gressive city of the state, the increase in wages
during the past year has not kept count with the
increase in cost of living, is the statement of ex-
perts, while the rest of the state has not fared
so well as has Atlanta. All over the state the
living price has greatly increased. In Atlanta
rent has gone to the skies, and both luxuries and
necessities in food have vastly increased.

Nym McCullough, wholesale merchant, ^ays
that foodstuffs are far more expensive, but thinks
that the increase in cost of living is only slightly
in advance of the increase in wages. Mayor
Woodward declares that the increase in both has
been equal. Jerome Jones, editor of the Journal
of Labor, says that within the last five or six
years wages have increased at the rate of twenty
to thirty-five per cent, but that the starting point

THE PANDEX

203

was unequal, very poor wages being paid before
that time. He says that rent costs at least five
per cent more in Atlanta than in Nashville, and
figures an increase in living in advance of the
increase in return for work done. Everything
costs more.

Costs $1.66 Now for Tood Once Costing $1.00.

St. Louis. — Inquiry as to the increased cost of
living among merchants of all kinds, including
those who fit out the house and supply the table
wants, indicates it costs as much now to feed
three persons as it did to feed five persons five
years ago. In other words, the food that $1
bought five years ago costs $1.66 now.

. Virginia's Increase Pitifully Small.

it may be said that the purchasing power of a
dollar is not so gi-eat to-day as it was the first of
the year, notwithstanding the apparent increase
in the business prosperity of the state and of the
country.

Prices in New York.

Richmond. — The increase in wages in Virginia
in the past twelve months is conservatively esti-
mated at not more than two per cent. In no. case
has there been an increase by any large corpo-
ration or firm in excess of ten per cent. Two
railroads have announced a ten-per-cent raise
this year. One or two large manufacturing con-
cerns have made a similar announcement. The
greater number of railroad employees and fac-
tory workers have received no increase at all. If
the total increase in the few instances mentioned
were apportioned among all the men and women
who work for wages the average increase would
probably not exceed one per cent.

The cost of living, the cereals, dairy products,
vegetables, house rents, and fuel have increased
certainly ten or fifteen per cent in twelve
months. In this city, for instance, milk is re-
tailing at forty per cent increase over the year
before, and wood for fuel has increased nearly
fifty per cent.

Dollar Buys Much Less in Hampshire.

Concord. — According to figures of the State
Labor Commissioner, the only general advance in
wages in the state during the year has been in
the cotton and woolen mills, where the operatives
have been granted an increase of ten per cent.
In other industrial lines wages remain about the
same. Laborers employed in mill and at other
work have benefited by a shortage of supply, and
have thus been able to command an increase
from the $1 per day to $1.75, and in some cases
$2.

Estimates furnished by large retail houses
show that the cost of living has gone beyond any-
thing that has come to the worker in the way of
better wages. In groceries alone, taken as a
whole, a dealer estimates the increase during the
year at eight per cent. In beef and its products
the margin of increase has been small, but in
pork and pork products there has been a heavy
advance.

Farm products are held at a somewhat higher
figure than at the commencement of the year,
but by reason of the drought conditions butter
and eggs are now quoted at figures that put them
beyond the reach of many families. To sum up,

There has been an average rise of twenty per
cent in the price of food, clothing, and building
material in New York during the last year. Flour
is almost the only article of food that has de-
clined. Fresh and salt meats, dairy products,
cotton and woolen goods, lumber, furniture, steel
— all have gone up in price since the first of the
year.

The following table, compiled from data gath-
ered by the Bradstreet Company, shows the
wholesale prices of many leading articles as com-
pared with those of twelve months since. The
advance in the wholesale prices has been less
than that in retail, as a rule. The average retail
advance has been twenty-five per cent:

Commodity. Dec. 1, '06. Dec. 1, '05.

Flour, per barrel $3.40 $3.85

Beef, per pound 09 .08l^

Pork, per pound 09 •071/2

Mutton, per pound IO14 -091/2

Milk, per quart 041/2 .041

Eggs, per dozen 37 .33

Bread, per loaf 04 .04

Pickled beef, per barrel 13.50 11.50

Bacon, per pound 09 .08

Ham, per pound I31/2 -101/2

Lard, per pound 09 .07

Butter, per pound 30 .24

Cheese, per pound 14 -13%

Coffee, per pound O814 .O71/2

Sugar, per pound ,047 .046

Tea, per pound 17 .161/2

Molasses, per gallon 30 .30

Salt, per sack 93 1.00

Potatoes, per barrel _. 1.50 2.50

Apples, per barrel 1.50 2.50

Tanned leather, per lb 38 .38

Raw cotton, per lb 11 2-10 11 6-10

Wool, Australian, per lb 86 .85

Print clothes, per yard 03 9-10 .03 6-10

Gingham, per yard 06% .05%

Pig iron, per ton 26.00 18.87

■Steel beams, per ton 34.00 32.00

Silver, per ounce 69% .65i/g

Copper, per pound 22% .17 6-10

Hard coal 5.00 5.00

Brick, per 1000 5.25 9.00

Window glass, per box 2.42 1.91

Pine lumber, per 1000 ft 32.00 26.00

Timber, per 1000 ft 22.00 20.00

Alcohol, per gallon 2.47 2.51

Wheat and rye are the only cereals that are
cheaper. That was due to the enormous crops
of those grains. Corn, oats, and barley are all
higher priced. Live sheep are a little cheaper.
Horses are $2.50 apiece lower. The wholesale' and
retail prices of bread are the same, although flour
has gone down.

204

THE PANDEX

Alcohol is lower but whisky is higher, due to
increased consumption. The report everywhere
is the same — the consumption of whisky is in-
creasing. Mackerel are $7 a barrel higher. Cod-
fish has gone up $1.50 a barrel. Rice is un-
changed. Dried beans have declined from $3.25 a
bushel to $2.50. Dried peas have declined
slightly. Potatoes are considerably lower. Cran-
berries are lower; peanuts are higher; lemons
are the same as a year ago. The California earth-
quake doubled the price of raisins and raised
dried currants fifty per cent.

Shoes, owing to the increased cost of hides, are
now fifteen to twenty per cent higher than a year
ago.

Ten years ago cotton was worth 7 4-10 cents a
pound. To-day it is worth II14. Although this
is a slight shading down from the price a year
ago, cotton goods, except sheetings, have heavily
advanced, owing to an alleged combine among
the big mills. The same is true of woolen goods.
Wool was worth less than 5 cents a pound in
1906; now it is worth 8 6-10 cents. Though this
is a rise of only a tenth of a cent a pound in the
last year, the retail cost of woolen garments has
risen on an average fifteen per cent within eight-
een months. According to the retailers, the
manufacturers have not only put up the price
all they thought the market could stand, but have
skimped on the size of the garments. Cotton be-
ing now higher than wool, there is less than the
usual amount of adulterating woolen goods with
cotton.

The advance in the price of building materials,
coupled with the general advance in wages in New
York City, has nearly doubled the cost of build-
ing operations in the last five years. Many skilled
laborers can now make $40 to $60 a week nearly
the whole year round. This applies to masons
and structural steel workers especially. Last win-
ter was so open that scarcely a day was lost to
the contractors and their men.

The beef trust has boosted up cottonseed oil
per gallon from 27 to 44 cents. All naval stores
have gone up, including rosin, turpentine, and
tar. Chemicals and drugs are about the same
price now as a year ago. Hops are cheaper, rub-
ber is higher. Tobacco is unchanged. Paper has
gone up. So has hay.

Thirty-six Items Cost Twenty- four Per Cent More.

Philadelphia. — Commercial reports and census
figures now at hand show a general increase in
the state in the cost of food-stuffs amounting to
more than twenty-four per cent upon thirty-six
items of food rated necessities. In Philadelphia
there has been marked increases in house rents,
and a proposition to increase the tax rate from
$1.50 per $100 to $1.65 per $100 promising still
higher rents.

Not Unlikely.

Charley Vaudeville (at the classical concert) —
This music by the old composers may be all
right, in some respects, but it strikes me as be-
ing too reminiscent.

"What!"

"Well, I seem to have heard snatches of it
before, somewhere. ' ' — Puck.

The Wasp Waist Again.

Women, it is reported, are returning to small
waists. There are one or two of our acquaint-
ances who are going to have trouble in getting
back. — Puck.

Good Old Days.

"I can't help longing for the good old days,"
said the engineer.

"The good old days?" repeated the eminent
oflBeial.

"Yes; the time when the work of building
the Panama Canal seemed half completed when
you had drawn a line with a blue pencil across
the map of the isthmus." — -Washington Star.

The Anatomy of Jocosity.

"I say, D'Orsay, have you ever heard that
joke about the guide in Rome who showed some
travelers two skulls of St. Paul, one as a boy
and the other as a man?"

"Aw, deah boy — no — aw, let me heah it." —
Boston Transcript.

When We Are Civilized.

Public servants will devote more time to duty
and less to politics.

Big criminals will be pursued as relentlessly as
little criminals.

There will be truth in trade.

There will be more art and less commercialism.

There will be fewer moral cowards.

There will be greater effort to obey and less
effort to evade laws.

Wealth will be less arrogant.

There will be no favored classes.

Pain will make fewer tyrants.

Men will be as anxious to pay debts as to col-
lect them.

Advantage will not be taken of ignorance.

Man will not fear the truth.

Hypocrisy will be a lost art.

Manhood will take precedence over position.

Men will not submit to wrongs to avoid effort
and trouble.

There will be as much patriotism in time of
peace as in time of war. — H. C. F., in Life.

THE PANDEX

205

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FIFTY- SEVEN
days on the At-
lantic, fifteen days
without eating at a
table, three days sub-
sisting on hardtack and
canned goods because
fires could not be
started in the galleys;
those were some of the
trials of the men who
took the United States

floating drydock Dewey from Newport to
Manila. In addition to these physical discom-
forts, the sailors faced death with their ships
on more than one occasion, and with the excep-
tion of two weeks, the first part of the journey
around the world, the trip from the Chesapeake
Bay to the Canary Islands was spent in a con-
stant struggle with some of the worst storms
that ever ravaged the Atlantic.

One Cleveland man was aboard the convoy,
and he has just returned from Manila after a
trip that lasted ten months. J. C. Tressel of No.
3080 East Sixty-fifth Street enlisted in the navy
two years ago as a third-class electrician. When
the Government decided to send the Dewey to
Manila and undertake a feat the world said was
impossible, Tressel was serving on the auxiliary
ship Glacier as a first-class electrician. The
Glacier was detailed as supply ship to the Dewey
and the tugs Potomac and Caesar, and accom-
panied the dock and the tugs to the Orient.
Seven months were consumed in the trip to
Manila, and the Glacier cruised home by way of
the Suez Canal, stopping at all the important
ports en route.

The newspapers told how panicky the Gov-

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Dealer.

ernment grew when the dock had been seven
weeks on the Atlantic without being sighted by
passing craft, and what a sigh of relief went
through the Navy Department when at last a
message came that the convoy had reached Las
Palmas harbor in the Canaries. The relief was
but slight, however, when compared with that
experienced by the oflBcers and men on board the
supply ship and tugs. The forty days of storm
had worn them out. From midnight to the next
midnight, day after day, it was a constant strug-
gle against winds and waves, contrary currents
and accidents the elements caused.

Fight With the Elements.

"For hours at a time, in the worst weather
our ship careened forty-five degrees. For two
weeks it was impossible to eat at a table because
no matter what the precaution, nothing would re-
main where it was put," said Tressel a few days
ago. "Two of the fourteen days the seas ran so
high that it was impossible to put a fire in the
galley stoves, and to cook food was impossible.
Men and oflScers ate when they could from boxes
of hardtack and tins of prepared food. To walk
the deck meant death if no guiding ropes were

206

THE PANDEX

at hand, and even" then it was sometimes neces-
sary to crawl on hands and knees.

"In the midst of the worst weather, the fifteen-
inch cable attached to the dock broke one night
at midnight. The dock could not be located by
the searchlights, and the convoy steamed around
for hours looking for the tow. It was daylight
when we again picked up the dock, and then it
was found thirty miles away. Its immense bulk
had taken the place of sails and the wind carried
it rapidly.

"During the trip across the Atlantic, our
fifteen-inch cables broke five times. It was neces-
sary to stop the ship and pull in the ends for
splicing, and in a rough sea the task was not a
little one. The dock was more than the tugs
could manage, and on occasions it threatened to
destroy us. In one collision the Glacier was so
severely wrenched that a two-days' delay re-
sulted.

Blown to the Equator.

"When we reached Las Palmas, after having
been blown several hundred miles off our course

and running as far south as the equator, we tied
up for supplies and a fresh breath before put-
ting off for the Mediterranean. The Mediter-
ranean is usually quiet enough, but we struck
one of the worst storms there we had experienced.
We got to the Suez and took two days to run
through. At Port Said our captain was warned
not to attempt to run through the Indian Ocean,
as typhoons and hurricanes had been frequent.
We had already lost so much time that the of-
ficers thought we could not wait, so we entered
the Red Sea. There the water was as quiet as a
mill pond, and we only had one stirring experi-
ence in the Indian Ocean. The sea was smooth
and we were making good time, but one after-
noon the lookout discovered three water spouts
running toward us. The call was sounded and
the guns manned, the intention being to shoot
the spouts and break them up before they reached
us. About half a mile away they were exhausted,
and the only difficulty we had with them was a
solid sheet of water that fell about two inches
deep over everything."
— By Rae D. Henkle in Cleveland Plain Dealer.

THE GOLDEN BAIT OF NEVADA.

EXTRAORDINARY THIEVING BY THE MINERS OF TONOPAH

AND GOLDFIELD AND THE RELUCTANCE OF THE

OPERATORS, BEFORE THE LATE STRIKE,

TO ATTEMPT TO CHECK IT.

Goldfield, Nevada, December 18. — If anyone
wants to get a single impression of the real value
of the golden bait that has lured fifteen thou-
sand men to a bleak, barren, windswept, frozen
desert where three years and a half ago there
was nothing but sagebrush and coyotes, let him
consider the fact that at the present moment the
day-wage mine workers employed in the various
Goldfield mines are getting away with precious
ore at the estimated rate of about $150,000 a
month.

In plain words they are stealing that amount
from their employers, and so rich is the property
on which they are working that their thefts are
blandly winked at by the men they daily rob.
To come down to figures again, the theft of gold-
bearing ore at the rate of $2,800,000 a year is
regarded as mere peculation, so vastly greater
is the ore that remains.

This daily stealing on the part of the miners
is called high grading, for the reason that all the
ore stolen is selected in small lumps from the
richest ore in the mines. It is a comparatively
simple matter for a miner who is working in a
rich vein of ore to sneak two or three lumps into
his pocket when the foreman isn't looking, and
when the ore runs its best it takes only two or
three little lumps to make a total of from $15 to
$20 in value.

So general is the practice of high grading
among the mine workers that the mere day's
wage of $5 or $5.50 is scarcely an object. Many
of the mine superintendents have difficulty in
getting the men to come around to sign the pay
roll and get the money at the end of the week.
What are wages with high grading so profitable ?

Little secret is made of this practice. The
owners and superintendents all know about it.

THE PANDEX

207

Some of them even joke the miners about it and
tlie workers laugh about it and discuss it among
themselves quite openly, regardless of who is
about to hear them.

It's "Well, Jack, what did you do to-day,
hey?" and "Oh, just fair, just fair; two or
three nice ones to-day. How did they run fer
you?"

This thieving could be stopped and would be
stoDDed if it were not for the strength of the
miners' union. It could be stopped by having a
dressing room and compelling the mine workers
to change their clothes there on emerging from
the mines at the end of their day's work.

But any attempt to put such a rule in force
would undoubtedly precipitate a strike that
would tie up every mine in Goldfleld. This, the
mine owners think, would cost them so much
more than the miners steal that in the end they
would be the losers. So they shut their eyes
and the daily robbery goes merrily on.

Of course it is only in the richest mines that
high grading can be made to pay and in these
mines the foremen are overrun with applicants
for work, while some of the others can scarcely
get men enough to keep things moving. Most of
the mines are now being operated by lessees.

In the case of the Mohawk, for example, the
lease runs out January 1. Here time is money,
as it seldom is on- this earth and with the ore
coming out at the rate of perhaps $1,600,000 a
month, the lessees are not going to chance stop-
ping the work for a paltry loss of say $25,000
a week. There is some talk that when the leases
expire and the real owners of the mines take
control there will be some organized effort to
stop the high grading, but that it can be done
without a fight with the union is very generally
doubted.

Goldfleld is probably the most optimistic
mining camp that ever existed. Everybody is
booming Goldfleld. Everybody is excited and
hopeful.

There are so many new-made rich in town
that everybody else expects his turn will come.
Of course, it won't come for all of them, but it
is safe to say that the majority of the 15,000
who have rushed to Goldfleld and kept their eyes
open, worked hard and used horse sense have
made money.

A good many have made money out of Gold-
fleld who never saw the town and never will see
it. But a good many more in this class will lose
money through lending a credulous ear to the
sweet songs of promoters and fakers who trade
upon the genuine success of the really valuable
properties to boom enterprises whose sole assets
are a name, a few acres of sterile rock and end-
less adjectives displayed in big type.

That Goldfleld contains some of the most valu-
able mining properties the world has ever seen
can not be doubted, and is so declared by scores
of mining experts who have made impartial in-
vestigation, and most of them say that the ground
has only been scratched as yet. The result of
this sincere and well-informed opinion is visible
in the fact that from October 7 to November 7

the stock market values of the shares of thirteen
Goldfleld companies increased over $30,000,000.
Naturally somebody made a heap of money out
of this phenomenal jump.

In one of the little banks of Goldfleld are
stacked tiers of bags of ore. They look for all
the world like bags of oats.

Late every night, when most places are fast
asleep, but when Goldfleld 's tenderloin is just
beginning to get lively, a two-horse team comes
in from the mines with a new load guarded by
three men who know how to shoot and shoot
straight. Thus the heap grows, tier by tier.

Of course it isn't oats at all, but some of the
richest gold ore the world has ever known. It is
the selected high grade of the richest of the Gold-
field mines, set aside especially for shipment in
one carload. The owners of the mine say that
bv Januarv 1 there will be a carload of it and
that it will be worth $1,000,000. So far as is
known it will be by far the most valuable car-
load of gold-bearing ore ever shipped to the
smelters.

In the first two weeks of October seven leases
on one mine produced gold ore estimated to be
worth $670,000. In the single week ending Oc-
tober 20, Goldfield mines shipped ore worth
$423,000.

Some of the richest ore has been assayed to
run at the stupendous rate of $300,000 a ton.
Of course there is very little of this or gold would
soon be as cheap as tin. One of the Goldfleld
banking houses displays in its window a lump of
ore which, if broken up, would scarcely fill a
peck measure. Yet the assayers appraise it at
$4300.

The Sun correspondent was allowed to inspect
the workings of the Mohawk mine, whose shares
were vainly hawked about a few months ago
at 25 cents and are now selling at anywhere from
$16 to $18. The Mohawk is out on the bare side-
hill of Columbia Mountain, like all the others
in this district.

You put on an old jacket and a cap, take a
candle and get into the huge bucket that swings
at the top of the shaft. Somebody pulls a rope
and down you go, slowly and circumspectly. It's
not exciting. A ride in a Syndicate Building
elevator beats it to death for sensation.

At the bottom of the shaft you find yourself
at the beginning of a crooked tunnel just high
enough to walk in. You light your candle and
follow your guide.

The ore along here, he tells you contemptuous-
ly, is low grade — only about $20 a ton. ■ You
contemplate the soft gray rock on either side of
you and you believe him. If you found it in a
New England pasture you wouldn't give ten
cents a mountain for it.

Presently you hear the sound of picks and
shovels and you come upon a little group of men
digging in the side wall. Here, says your guide,
the ore gets pretty fair — say $100 a ton. You
look at it as closely as you can and you can't
see any difference in it.

You go along a little further and you find
two or three men boring into the rock with dia-

208

THE PANDEX

mond drills run by compressed air. Here, you
are told, is ore mounting to $1000 a ton. Your
guide calls your attention to it and picks at it
with a chisel.

You stare at it dutifully and here and there
you see a shiny dot which, you hear, is almost
free gold. But it isn't free to you, and for all
you can tell it might be mica or tin. Your heart
doesn't beat a single stroke faster.

Dodging a man pushing a handcar full of
steam yachts and Fifth Avenue houses over a
narrow trolley road, you turn another corner and
slide down a dimly lighted gorge between stacks
of heavy timber cribs built up to retain the roof.
Presently you emerge into another level tunnel.

Your guide lifts his candle and traces a nar-
row, triangular vein that somebody has gauged
out for twenty-five or thirty feet. You are told
what the stuff is worth that filled that vein. It
is a stupendous sum.

You wonder why it doesn't excite you. But
it doesn't. All you see is a gouge in a dirty
gray rock.

On you go, slipping and stumbling, your con-
ductor talking the while of stopes and winzes
and tellurides and things till you come to a fore-
man who says that they're going to shoot pretty
soon.

You ask what that is and you find out it's
blasting. Then you remember about a man on
whom the roof fell last week when they fired a
blast in that very mine. You discover that you
are very tired. Moreover, you have to see a man
at some place in Goldfield within the next half
hour.

As you reach the foot of the shaft once more
and gaze anxiously up the 280-foot hole to see
if the bucket isn't coming down, you hear half
a dozen muffled booms that shake the ground
under your feet and the walls and the roof above
your head, and you try to guess how many thou-
sand dollars each blast meant.

Once on the surface again, you find that your
low shoes are full of tiny fragments of rock.
You start to take them off and empty them.
But you don't do it. You reflect that they are
full of money and you craftily resolve to wait
till you get home.

Just outside the shaft is a big heap of broken
stone.

' ' How much gold is there in that pile of ore 1 ' '
you ask.

"About $250,000 worth," says your guide.
"We haven't been able to get cars enough to
haul it away."

' ' Ah ! ' ' you say politely. " That 's a nuisance. ' '

But it doesn't excite you a bit. If you saw a
trainload of it on the railroad somewhere you'd
probably wonder where the macadam road was
going to be built.

Yet that 'S the sort of stuff, taken from that
black, damp, smelly hole you've just left and
, that you're so mighty glad to be out of, that has
already ftiade at least four millionaires. Prob-
ably th* most remarkable of them is George
Wingflilld, and inasmuch as America is in all
probability going to hear a good deal of this

young man and his wealth, it may be as well to
tell what manner of person he is.

George Wingfleld is to-day the most powerful
and notable figure at Goldfield. His present
wealth is variously estimated at from $12,000,-
000 to $15,000,000, with infinite possibilities of
increase.

He has made nearly all of it in the last eight
months. Less than a year ago he was vainly
trying to sell a big block of Mohawk shares at
15 cents. They are worth nearly 200 times that
to-day.

One day about eight years ago a young man
walked into the little bank that George S. Nixon,
now United States Senator from Nevada, was
running in the town of Winnemueca, Nev. Tak-
ing from his finger a diamond ring, he threw it on
the counter, and remarking to the teller:

"Say, pardner, I'm broke and I'd like to get
$75 on that ring."

"You've got into the wrong shop," replied
the teller. "This isn't a pawnshop. We don't
do that kind of business."

It happened that Mr. Nixon himself was be-
hind the counter. Something in the young man 's
manner took his fancy.

Turning to the teller, he instructed him to give
the penniless one the $75 he asked and charge
it to his account. Moreover, he declined to take
the ring.

"How do you know I'll ever pay you?" said
Wingfield, for it was he.

Senator Nixon smiled.

"Oh, I guess I'll take the chance," he said.

They say in Goldfield that George Wingfield
never forgets a friend or forgives an injury.
Certain it is that his liking for Nixon began at
that time and when he made his big strike in
the Mohawk the Senator was the first man he
let in on it.

To-day the firm of Nixon & Wingfield con-
trols not only the Mohawk, but also the $50,000,-
■000 merger of that and four other Goldfield
mines. They are in addition the most powerful
factors in all the Nevada mining fields.

Wingfield is only 29. The son of a Nevada
cattle man, he has in his few years seen a good
deal of the seamy side of life. He has herded
sheep, ridden cattle ranges, prospected and
tended bar. Practically all of his life has been
spent in the wilds of the West, in cattle towns
and mining camps.

When things began to boom in Tonopah a few
years ago Wingfield drifted in and got a job
as faro dealer. He had acquired a little cash
and soon bought an interest in the place.

The game prospered and he put in a roulette
wheel. Other gambling devices followed, and it
wasn't long before Wingfield was $100,000 ahead
of the game.

Then he went in prospecting, and after Harry
Stimler, the Indian, had located the now famous
Sandstorm claim, first of the Goldfield strikes, it
wasn't long before Wingfield located the Mo-
hawk.

Not for three years later did he know whether
he had a mine or a heap of worthless rock. But,

THE PANDEX

209

though he no longer deals the faro game at
Tonopah, he still owns an interest in the place.

Of medium height and build, this young min-
ing king is a singular mixture of attraction and
repulsion. Anybody's first guess would be that
he was shrewd, and he has the quiet deadly readi-
ness, the cold, half furtive, almost fishy, eye of
the professional gambler. He looks like a bad
man to pick up carelessly. And so he is. Gold-
field has had evidence of both his shrewdness
and his courage.

Last September there was a labor fight on
against the Goldfield Sun. People who entered
its office were photographed and their pictures
posted outside the miners' union hall. In fact,
the most active kind of boycott was declared.

One night a crowd of miners were annoying two
newsboys who were selling the boycotted paper.
Hearing the uproar, Wingfield stepped out of his
office. Seizing one of the fleeing boys, he took a
paper from him and gave him a quarter. The
crowd advanced threateningly and at its head
was a huge fellow who made a rush at the mining
man.

Like a flash Wingfield whipped a gun from his
pocket, smashed the big man full in the face with
its butt, and, so quickly that nobody could see
how it was done, and had him covered with a sec-
ond gun produced with miraculous speed from no-
body knew where.

In three seconds there was nobody in the street
but Wingfield. Since then no one in Goldfield
questions what he does.

Yet there is nothing of the braggart or the
bully about him. Only once in a great while
does he seem to remember the wild days of
the past.

Then for twenty-four hours or so Goldfield
makes bibulous holiday at his expense, and if
there's a constant rain of twenty-dollar gold
pieces about his head, why — so much the better
for those who scramble for them; and if 300
men in Tex Rickard's northern saloon are all
drinking champagne together at his expense,
who's to find any fault? Certainly nobody in
Goldfield.

But the next day it's all over. Unassuming,
reserved, almost diffident — the newest, and prob-
ably before long one of the biggest of American
millionaires, goes quietly about his work as if
the world had no such things as roulette wheels
or bubble water or .44 " sawed-offs. "

HOW HARRIMAN DEFEATED HILL.

Chicago, Dec. 18. — The Chronicle to-day
says : Edward H. Harriman has repaid James
J. Hill in his own coin by wresting victory
from him in the shadow of defeat through
one of the most effective coups ever executed
in financial battles. The control of the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad,
which Morgan and Hill confidently believed

to be theirs, yesterday morning, is still
lodged with the Harriman-Standard Oil in-
terests and will be strengthened.

As Hill threw Harriman out of ownership of
Northern Pacific in the Christmas season of 1901,
so Harriman ousts Hill from an ownership in St.
Paul this year. Hill executed his flank move-
ment by retiring the preferred stock of Northern
Pacific, in which his opponent's control cen-
tered; Harriman and his friends maintain St.
Paul by issuing two-thirds of a $100,000,000
stock increase to the holders of the preferred.
Hill's Control Only Ashes.

While Hill's control of Northern Pacific com-
mon was a golden apple, his control of St. Paul
is but ashes. For a month there has been a
Titantie struggle for the ownership of St. Paul
in the open market. Quietly and almost unsus-
pected, the Morgan-Hill people have been buying
St. Paul in the hope of getting control and turn-
ing the Pacific Coast extension southward into
the Harriman territory. In the last week this
battle for stock has been acute and a disturbing
feature to Wall Street and the money market.

Much of the old bitterness had been aroused.
The attack of Jacob H. Sehiff upon banks charg-
ing excessive money rates for stock loans was
directed against Morgan institutions. For several
days the Morgan banks were calling loans as the
money was needed to buy St. Paul stock, the
high rates and the calling of loans forcing out
large blocks of this security, keeping down the
price, and, to some extent, deceiving the trained
speculators as to the real purpose.

Yesterday the crucial point was reached.
The Morgan-Hill interests . were within safe
grounds; they could count on enough stock to
swing the management of the road, and they
reached for a god margin over actual control.
To their surprise stocks came from quarters
known to be friendly to St. Paul interests. There
was a hesitation in the purchases, a searching in-
quiry and the information from friends in the
enemy's camp that there would be a coup in the
announcement of a stock issue of $100,000,000,
which was $25,000,000 more than was expected
at this time. Then the contest was given up
and the stock broke and weakened the market.

The official announcement betrayed the cun-
ning of the Harriman forces to make safe their
agreement to make sure the extension of St.
Paul into Hill territory. Of the $99,511,000 new
stock the preferred is $66,327,000, or 135 per
cent of the present issue of $49,654,000. There
is to be $33,184,000 new common, or 40 per cent
of the present issue of $83,183,000.

Subscriptions to this new stock at the rate of
75 per cent of present holdings of preferred and
common are given to shareholders of record
to-morrow (December 19), and the first install-
ment of 10 per cent must be paid Friday, De-
cember 21. In other words, subscribers who own
the stock, or who buy to-day, must exercise their ,
right by 3 o'clock Friday at the place of regis-
tration in New York. All stock not taken at
that time reverts to a syndicate which has been

210

THE PANDEX

formed, and this syndicate consists of friends
of the present management, or of Harriman and
the Rockefellers.

Standard Oil in Evidence.
Owing to the short notice not half the share-
holders outside the warring factious will be able
to avail themselves of the opportunity to sub-
scribe. It is reported that the Morgan-Hill in-
terests hold $48,000,000 of the common stock,
which would give them the privilege of taking

$33,750,000 of the $99,511,000 new securities and
make their total holdings $78,750,000.

The Standard Oil men own $30,000,000 of the
preferred issue and $30,000,000 of the common.
Their proportion of the new stock would increase
their holdings to $95,000,000. Through the short
notice they will profit by securing $25,000,000
more of the new stock, which would give them
$120,000,000, or a clear majbrity of the $230,-
348,000 of stock, as increased.

Song of the Wild Chauffeur.

I want to go out in my automobile.

My automobubblety-bobblety-bubble.

And rattle and roar till I run against trouble;

I want to cut loose with the Gabriel tooter,

To skip and to scamper about with my scooter,

My howler, my yeller, my shrieker, my hooter.

My automobubblety-bobblety-babble.

That roars at the rubbering rig of thejabble.

My triple expansion and forty-horse double,

My automobubblety-bobblety-bubble,

W